Propyl Gallate Research Articles

Boric acid group-functional Tb-MOF as a fluorescent and captured probe for the highly sensitive and selective determination of propyl gallate in edible oils.

This study reports the development of a Tb-metal-organic framework (Tb-MOF)-based fluorescent platform for the detection of propyl gallate (PG). The Tb-MOF using 5-boronoisophthalic acid (5-bop) as the ligand exhibited multiple emissions at 490, 543, 585, and 622nm under an excitation wavelength of 256nm. The fluorescence of Tb-MOF was selectively and significantly weakened in the presence of PG due to the special nucleophilic reaction between the boric acid of Tb-MOF and o-diphenol hydroxyl of PG, and the combined effect of static quenching and internal filtering. Furthermore, this sensor enabled the determination of PG within seconds in a wide linear range of 1-150μg/mL, and with a low detection limit of 0.098μg/mL, and high specificity against other phenolic antioxidants. This work provided a new route for the sensitive and selective determination of PG in soybean oil, thus was perspective to monitor and reduce the risk of PG overuse.

Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of a Novel Tetraphenolic Compound as a Potential Antioxidant.

A novel antioxidant containing four hydroxyl groups, namely 2,2'-(2-methylpropane-1,3-diyl)bis(hydroquinone) (MPBHQ), was synthesized using hydroquinone and methylallyl alcohol as the raw materials, phosphoric acid as the catalyst, and toluene as the solvent system. The structure of MPBHQ was characterized by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that MPBHQ has a good radical scavenging effect, as measured by the ORAC assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABST radical scavenging assay, and Rancimat test. In fatty acid methyl ester and lard without exogenous antioxidants, MPBHQ showed better antioxidant performance than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), hydroquinone (HQ), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG), meeting the need for a new antioxidant with better properties to ensure the oxidative stability of lipids and biodiesel.

Ce(IV)-coordinated organogel-based assay for on-site monitoring of propyl gallate with turn-on fluorescence signal

Propyl gallate (PG) is a commonly used synthetic phenolic antioxidant in foodstuffs and industrial products. Due to the potential health risk of PG, rapid and on-site detection in food and environment samples are important to guarantee human health. Herein, we demonstrated rapid monitoring of PG by a fluorescence turn-on strategy based on a specific fluorogenic reaction between PG and polyethyleneimine (PEI). Specifically, Ce4+ with oxidase-mimicking activity oxidized PG to its oxides, which then reacted with PEI through the Michael addition to generate the fluorescent compound. The proposed fluorogenic reaction had good specificity for PG, which could distinguish PG from other phenolic antioxidants and interferences. Furthermore, portable and low-cost organogel test kits were prepared using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate for quantitative and on-site detection of PG via a smartphone-based sensing platform. The organogel-based assay detection limit was 1.0 μg mL–1 with recoveries ranging from 80.2% to 106.2% in edible oils and surface water. Suitability of the developed assay was also validated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study provides an effective fluorescent approach to rapid, specific, and convenient monitoring of PG, which is useful for diminishing the risk of PG exposure.

Study of the Mixture of Rapeseed Oil and Waste Cooking Oil used for Insulation in Transformers

The blend of waste cooking oil and rapeseed oil was studied as an alternative to mineral oil in transformers. Waste cooking oil after filtering, neutralizing and drying was mixed with refined rapeseed oil. The ratio between waste cooking oil and rapeseed oil was determined based on the pour point. Physico-chemical parameters of the oil mixtures were measured according to the ASTM D6871, and the oil mixture was examined in both new and aged conditions. For ageing, the oil mixture was heated at 120 oC for 164 h with an air flow of 5.5 L/h. In addition, the influence of antioxidants on the breakdown voltage and ageing of the oil mixture was also studied. Experimental results showed that the mixture consisting of 15 vol.% of waste cooking oil and 85 vol.% of rapeseed oil met the standards of ASTM D6871. Tert-butylhydroquinone and propyl gallate significantly increased the oxidation stability index, breakdown voltage and ageing resistance of the the oil mixture.

Epoxidized Soybean-Oils-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives with Di-Hydroxylated Soybean-Oils Copolymerizing and Antioxidant Grafting.

Vegetable-oils-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are being developed as a substitute for petrochemical-based PSAs for application in daily life. However, vegetable-oils-based PSAs face the problems of unsatisfactory binding strengths and easy aging. In this work, the grafting of antioxidants (tea polyphenol palmitates, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate (PG), tea polyphenols) was introduced into an epoxidized soybean oils (ESO)/di-hydroxylated soybean oils (DSO)-based PSA system to improve the binding strengths and aging-resistant properties. PG was screened out as the most suitable antioxidant in the ESO/DSO-based PSA system. Under optimal conditions (ESO/DSO mass ratio of 9/3, 0.8% PG, 55% rosin ester (RE), 8% phosphoric acid (PA), 50 °C, and 5 min), the peel adhesion, tack, and shear adhesion of the PG-grafted ESO/DSO-based PSA increased to 1.718 N/cm, 4.62 N, and >99 h, respectively, in comparison with the control (0.879 N/cm, 3.59 N, and 13.88 h), while peel adhesion residue reduced to 12.16% in comparison with the control (484.07%). The thermal stability of the ESO/DSO-based PSA was enhanced after PG grafting. PG, RE, PA, and DSO were partially crosslinked in the PSA system, with the rest being free in the network structures. Thus, antioxidant grafting is a feasible method for improving the binding strengths and aging-resistant properties of vegetable-oils-based PSAs.

Effect of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6J mice: preventive and protective.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the digestive system marked by oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and elevation of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we demonstrate the protective effect of ethyl gallate (EG), a phytochemical, and propyl gallate (PG), an anti-oxidant, given through normal drinking water (DW) and copper water (CW) in various combinations, which had a positive effect on the amelioration of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6J mice. We successfully determined the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-oxidant enzymes by ELISA, tracked oxidative/nitrosative stress (RO/NS) by in vivo imaging (IVIS) using L-012 chemiluminescent probe, disease activity index (DAI), and histopathological and morphometric analysis of colon in DSS-induced colitis in a model. The results revealed that oral administration of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate at a dose of 50mg/kg considerably reduced the severity of colitis and improved both macroscopic and microscopic clinical symptoms. The level of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) in colonic tissue was considerably reduced in the DSS + EG-treated and DSS + PG-treated groups, compared to the DSS alone-treated group. IVIS imaging of animals from the DSS + EG and DSS + PG-treated groups showed a highly significant decrease in RO/NS species relative to the DSS control group, with the exception of the DSS + PG/CW and DSS + EG + PG/CW-treated groups. We also observed lower levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), and restored levels of GST and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in DSS + EG-DW/CW, DSS + PG/DW, and DSS + EG + PG/DW groups compared to DSS alone-treated group. In addition, we showed that the EG, PG, and EG + PG treatment significantly reduced the DAI score, and counteracted the body weight loss and colon shortening in mice compared to DSS alone-treated group. In this 21-day study, mice were treated daily with test substances and were challenged to DSS from day-8 to 14. Our study highlights the protective effect of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate in various combinations which, in pre-clinical animals, serve as an anti-inflammatory drug against the severe form of colitis, indicating its potential for the treatment of IBD in humans. In addition, propyl gallate was investigated for the first time in this study for its anti-colitogenic effect with normal drinking water and reduced effect with copper water.

Preparation of lutein nanoemulsion by ultrasonic homogenization method: Stability and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity

Lutein is a natural antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory activity; thus, lutein-enriched anti-inflammatory agents have the potential for development. Nanoemulsions represent an effective molecular liquid for improving the solubility and stability of lutein. The oil and surfactant components, preparation method and preparation conditions are highly related to the stability and biological activity of nanoemulsions. In this study, lutein nanoemulsions were prepared by the ultrasonic homogenization method, the components and preparation conditions were optimized by the response surface methodology, and the final preparation conditions were confirmed. The contents of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and Tween 80 were 1.5 wt% and 11 wt%, respectively, and the ultrasonic time was 8.5 min. The anti-inflammatory activities and long-term stability of the prepared lutein nanoemulsion were then evaluated. Lutein affected the secretion levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), especially IL-6 and MCAF. On Day 28, the lutein retention rates of lutein nanoemulsion with Propyl gallate (PG) at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C were 97.75 ± 0.43 %, 75.77 ± 0.45 % and 47.72 ± 0.19 %, respectively. The addition of PG greatly improved the retention rate of lutein and the particle size stability of the lutein nanoemulsion at high temperature (37 °C). The current results demonstrated the potential utilization of lutein emulsion as anti-inflammatory agents.

O85 | Antibacterial activity of propyl gallate in combination with orbifloxacinagainst E. coli in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model

O85 | Antibacterial activity of propyl gallate in combination with orbifloxacinagainst <i>E. coli</i> in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model

Use of Propyl Gallate in Cardoon Biodiesel to Keep Its Main Properties during Oxidation

The use of alternatives for petroleum-based products is becoming more and more important, especially considering the new and constantly changing geopolitical context, where excessive energy dependence is not desirable. Thus, biodiesel could play an important role in contributing to the implementation of biorefineries, which represent desirable goals in terms of sustainability, green chemistry and the circular economy. However, one challenge related to biodiesel based on vegetable oils is its low oxidative stability, which can alter the properties of these products during storage. To avoid this problem, interesting antioxidants, such as propyl gallate (PG), could be added to biodiesel to allow it to keep its main properties during oxidation. Additionally, monitoring PG content during oxidation is interesting, and the use of voltammetry could be suitable for this purpose. The aim of this work was to assess the effectiveness of PG during cardoon biodiesel oxidation, while monitoring the process through cyclic voltammetry (CV). As a result, it was proven that PG was highly effective, increasing the length of oxidative stability to more than 10 h at low concentrations (600 mg·L−1) and retaining its main properties (viscosity and acidity) during oxidation. Regarding CV, this technique was successfully optimized to determine PG concentration in cardoon biodiesel during oxidation.

On the chemical fate of propyl gallate as stabilizer in Lyocell spinning dopes

Propyl gallate (PG, gallic acid propyl ester, Tenox®) is a very frequently used stabilizer and antioxidant in food and material applications, also used on large scale in the Lyocell process to stabilize the cellulose spinning dopes. In the present study we have investigated the fate of PG under classical Lyocell conditions (cellulose dissolved in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate at temperatures above 80 °C) by means of multiple analytical techniques, including NMR, GPC, and MS-hyphenated chromatography. It is demonstrated that propyl gallate is quickly hydrolyzed to gallate or, as a side reaction, aminolyzed to gallic acid morpholide. The products of the antioxidative action of gallic acid and propyl gallate, namely ellagic acid and its bis(ortho-quinone), are very easily adsorbed to cellulosic surfaces and are chiefly responsible for the discoloration of Lyocell spinning dopes and the resulting fibers. However, gallic acid morpholide and its parent compound gallic amide, while both having good antioxidant activity similar to propyl gallate itself, do neither form ellagic acid nor the bis(ortho-quinone) and are thus significantly superior to the conventionally used propyl gallate with regard to chromophore generation and resulting brightness loss. Also gallate moieties in tannins can be converted into the amide or morpholide to be further used as Lyocell stabilizers, which might open the way both to new Lyocell stabilizers and to a niche utilization for tannins.Graphical abstract

High-dose synthetic phenolic antioxidant propyl gallate impairs mouse oocyte meiotic maturation through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage.

Propyl gallate (PG) is one of the most widely used antioxidants in food products, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Increased research has suggested that exposure to PG influences reproductive health in humans and animals. However, until now, it has not yet been confirmed whether PG would impact oocyte quality. In this study, the hazardous effects of PG on oocyte meiotic maturation were investigated in mice. The findings showed that PG exposure compromises oocyte meiosis by inducing mitochondrial stress which activates apoptosis to trigger oocyte demise. Moreover, DNA damage was significantly induced in PG-treated oocytes, which might be another cause of oocyte developmental arrest and degeneration. Besides, the level of histone methylation (H3K27me2 and H3K27me3) in oocyte was also significantly increased by PG exposure. Furthermore, PG-induced oxidative stress was validated by the increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which might be the underlying reason for these abnormities. In conclusion, the foregoing findings suggested that PG exposure impaired oocyte meiotic maturation by yielding mitochondrial stress to activate apoptosis, inducing DNA damage and oxidative stress, and altering histone methylation level.

Enhancing the stability of lutein emulsions with a water-soluble antioxidant and a oil-soluble antioxidant

Lutein is critical for protecting the eye against light damage. The low solubility and high sensitivity of lutein to environmental stresses prevent its further application. The hypothesis is that the combination of one water-soluble antioxidant and one oil-soluble antioxidant will be beneficial to improve the stability of lutein emulsions. A low-energy method was performed to prepare lutein emulsions. The combination of a lipid-soluble antioxidant (propyl gallate or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and a water-soluble antioxidant (tea polyphenol or ascobic acid) were investigated for improving the lutein retention rates. It was shown that the highest lutein retention rate was achieved by using propyl gallate and tea polyphenol, 92.57%, at Day 7. It was proven that the lutein retention rates of emulsions with propyl gallate and tea polyphenol were 89.8%, 73.5% and 55.2% at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C, respectively, at Day 28. The current study is helpful to prepare for the further application of lutein emulsions for ocular delivery.

Natural Antioxidants from Herbs and Spices and their effects for Improving the Functionality and Shelf Life of food and Dairy products: A Review

In the food sector, oxidative reactions seriously threaten the shelf life of both fresh and processed foods. Several diseases are thought to be caused by the generation of free radicals, which then cause biomolecules to oxidise. Due to efforts to make foods healthier by adding more polyunsaturated fatty acids and more sustainable by creating lightweight oxygen-permeable and light penetrating packaging, many foods are becoming more prone to oxidative rancidity. Antioxidants are used in meals to protect the lipid constituents from losing quality. The most widely utilised antioxidants are synthetic compounds like tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG), and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). There is an increasing need for natural antioxidants because it is thought that these substances may function as carcinogenesis promoters. Additionally, antioxidants aid the body's defences against diabetes, cancer, arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disorders. Fresh herbs are considered to be good providers of natural antioxidants, so include them in your diet may help you meet your daily requirement. Due to natural antioxidant components, spices and herbs are great sources of antioxidants for food preservation. Therefore, use of spices and herbs present a better choice than synthetic antioxidants, which has become popular and is widely accepted by consumers. The main antioxidants found in spices are phenolic chemicals, and there is a linear correlation between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant effects of spices. Antioxidant capabilities can be found in essential oils, oleoresins, and even aqueous extracts of spices. All agree that the lamiaceae family of plants is a significant source of natural antioxidants. In both Europe and the United States, rosemary is a common antioxidant. The antioxidant capabilities of oregano, thyme, marjoram, sage, basil, fenugreek, fennel, coriander, and pimento are also superior to those of the synthetic antioxidant BHT.

Green Biogenic of Silver Nanoparticles Using Polyphenolic Extract of Olive Leaf Wastes with Focus on Their Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities.

Agro-industrial wastes are rich in polyphenols and other bioactive compounds, and valorizing these wastes is a crucial worldwide concern for saving health and the environment. In this work, olive leaf waste was valorized by silver nitrate to produce silver nanoparticles (OLAgNPs), which exhibited various biological, antioxidant, anticancer activities against three cancer cell lines, and antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi. The obtained OLAgNPs were spherical, with an average size of 28 nm, negatively charged at -21 mV, and surrounded by various active groups more than the parent extract based on FTIR spectra. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents significantly increased in OLAgNPs by 42 and 50% over the olive leaf waste extract (OLWE); consequently, the antioxidant activity of OLAgNPs increased by 12% over OLWE, recording an SC50 of OLAgNPs of 5 µg/mL compared to 30 µg/mL in the extract. The phenolic compound profile detected by HPLC showed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, naringenin, catechin, and propyl gallate were the main compounds in the HPLC profile of OLAgNPs and OLWE; the content of these compounds was higher in OLAgNPs than OLWE by 16-fold. The higher phenolic compounds in OLAgNPs are attributable to the significant increase in biological activities of OLAgNPs than that of OLWE. OLAgNPs successfully inhibited the proliferation of three cancer cell lines, MCF-7, HeLa, and HT-29, by 79-82% compared to 55-67% in OLWE and 75-79% in doxorubicin (DOX). The preliminary worldwide problem is multi-drug resistant microorganisms (MDR) because of the random use of antibiotics. Therefore, in this study, we may find the solution in OLAgNPs with concentrations of 2.5-20 µg/mL, which significantly inhibited the growth of six MDR bacteria L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, S. aureus, Y. enterocolitica, C. jejuni, and E. coli with inhibition zone diameters of 25-37 mm and six pathogenic fungi in the range of 26-35 mm compared to antibiotics. OLAgNPs in this study may be applied safely in new medicine to mitigate free radicals, cancer, and MDR pathogens.

Antiviral Activity of Propyl Gallate against Replication of Dengue Virus Serotype 2: In Vitro and In Silico Study

Introduction: Dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are infectious diseases caused by dengue virus (DENV) with high mortality rates. The mainstay of treatment for DENV infection is supportive, since there were no commercial specific antiviral drug for DENV. Propyl gallate has potential to be an antivirus for DENV. However, the mechanism is still unknown. This study aims to identify the activity of propyl gallate in DENV-2 replication in vitro and analyze the binding energy of propyl gallate towards NS3 and NS5 protein in silico.&#x0D; Methods: We used DENV serotype 2 New Guinea C and Vero cells for in vitro study. Focus and MTT assay was conducted to measure inhibition percentage and to measure viability percentage. Furthermore, in silico was conducted to identify the binding energy and inhibition constant of propyl gallate towards NS3 dan NS5 protein.&#x0D; Results: The percentage inhibition of pre and post infection was 4,34±7,53% and 30,7±4,88% with viability of 94,64±0,4% and 95,31±3,38%, respectively. The binding energy of propyl gallate with NS5, NS3 protease, and NS3 helicase were -3,49 kcal/mol, -2,47 kcal/mol, and -3,72 kcal/mol.&#x0D; Conclusion: Propyl gallate has high inhibition activity towards DENV-2 adhesion-replication in vitro with low binding energy to NS5 and NS3 in silico.&#x0D;

Enhancement of the Antibiofilm Activity of Nisin against Listeria monocytogenes Using Food Plant Extracts.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen exhibiting a high mortality rate. In addition to the robust tolerance to environmental stress, the ability of L. monocytogenes to develop biofilms increases the risk of contaminating food processing facilities and ultimately foods. This study aims to develop a synergistic approach to better control Listeria biofilms using nisin, the only bacteriocin approved as a food preservative, in combination with gallic-acid-rich food plant extracts. Biofilm assays in the presence of nisin and gallic acid or its derivatives revealed that gallic acid significantly decreased the level of biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes, whereas ethyl gallate, propyl gallate, and lauryl gallate enhanced biofilm production. As gallic acid is widely distributed in plants, we examined whether extracts from gallic-acid-rich food plants, such as clove, chestnut, oregano, and sage, may generate similar antibiofilm effects. Remarkably, sage extracts enhanced the antibiofilm activity of nisin against L. monocytogenes; however, the other tested extracts increased biofilm formation, particularly at high concentrations. Moreover, sage extracts and nisin combinations significantly reduced the biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes on stainless steel. Sage is a common food spice and has various beneficial health effects, including antioxidation and anti-cancer properties. The findings in this study demonstrate that sage extracts can be potentially combined with nisin to prevent biofilm production in L. monocytogenes.

A spectroscopic and quantum chemical calculation method for the characterisation of metal ions complexed with propyl gallate and procyanidins

The deprotonation mechanism for the phenolic hydroxyl and the complexing of metal ions with a commonly used food additive, propyl gallate (PG) were studied theoretically and experimentally. The interaction of procyanidins [PC, epicatechin16 (4 → 8) catechin], and its basic monomeric unit catechin (CA) with metal ions was studied by the fluorescence quenching spectra. The results showed that the 9-OH quinoid PG was formed at higher pH (10.9) by the oxidization of phenolic hydroxyl. The binding affinities (Ka) and stoichiometry of these metal ions with PG were determined. The Al3+ in PG-Al complex [Al(PG)(H2O)2Cl2]- was coordinated at the 8,9-OH doubly deprotonated catechol site with double chloride ions (Cl-) and double water molecules (H2O). The fluorescence quenching titration with Sn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Al3+ and Fe3+ revealed that the stoichiometries of metal-bound PC were 1:1, 2:3, 2:3, 2:3 and 1:1, respectively. The presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) could enhance the complexing strength of PC with metal ions.

Alkyl Gallates as Potential Antibiofilm Agents: A Review

Biofilms, which consist of microorganisms embedded in a polymer-rich matrix, contribute to a variety of infections and increase antimicrobial resistance. Thus, there is a constant need to develop new chemotherapeutic agents to combat biofilms. This review article focuses on the use of alkyl gallates, gallic acid and its esters (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, and dodecyl gallate), most of which are found in plants, to inhibit biofilm formation. The studies under review reveal that alkyl gallates have the capacity to prevent biofilm development and eradicate mature biofilms through mechanisms that suppress the synthesis of the extracellular polymeric matrix, inhibit quorum-sensing signaling, and alter the microbial cell membrane. The effects are stronger the greater the length of the alkyl chain. Moreover, the alkyl gallates' preventive activity against biofilm formation occurs at doses below the minimum inhibitory concentration. More importantly, combining alkyl gallates with antimicrobials or blue-light irradiation produces a synergistic effect on the inhibition of biofilm formation that can be used to treat infections and overcome microbial resistance.

Review of the antioxidant potential of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and partial substitute for synthetic antioxidants.

This review describes the antioxidant activity of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and a partial or entire substitute for synthetic antioxidants. All relevant databases were searched using the terms "Phytochemical", "Polyphenol", and "Flavonoid". The oxidative reaction caused by free radicals is a reason for food spoilage, which causes unpleasant odor, loss of taste, and damaged tissues. The common antioxidants employed in foods include butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, and tert-butyl hydroquinone. Despite their high efficiency and potency, synthetic antioxidants have adverse effects on the human body, such as causing mutation and carcinogenicity. A whole and a group of them known as polyphenols possess high antioxidant activity. These compounds are potential antioxidants due to their capabilities such as scavenging free radicals, donating hydrogen atoms, and chelating metal cations. The antioxidant mechanism of action of flavonoids is transferring hydrogen atom to free radicals. Accordingly, the more the flavonoid structure makes the hydrogen transfer faster and easier, the more the flavonoid's antioxidant power will be. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of the flavonoids with hydroxyl groups in their structure is the highest among different flavonoids. In addition to health promotion and some disease prevention effects, various in vitro investigations have indicated that flavonoids possess high antioxidant activity that is comparable with synthetic antioxidants. However, to be commercially available, these compounds should be extracted from a low-price source with a high-performance method.

Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antioxidant Evaluation of Benzimidazole-1,3,4 oxadiazole Derivatives

In this research, we synthesised novel benzimidazole-1,3,4 oxadiazole derivatives and studied their antioxidant properties using the DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. A significant class of substances with a broad range of biological activities is the 1,3,4-benzimidazole family. Furthermore, enabling for various biological activities are the five-membered heterocyclic moieties. Thus, a number of benzimidazole derivatives have been created, there in vitro antioxidant activity has been evaluated, and they have been characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectral studies. Compounds 1A, 2A and 3A have the highest G-score i.e., - 7.575 kcal/mol, -6.932 kcal/mol, -6.911 kcal/mol, as compared to standards propyl gallate and Ascorbic acid, which had glide scores of -4.757 kcal/mol and -4.50 kcal/mol respectively. The benzimidazole-1,3,4 oxadiazole containing compounds that were created demonstrated impressive antioxidant activity. When compared to the reference standard, ascorbic acid, (IC50-11.51±0.31 µg/ml) Compound 2A demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value (53.00±1.31 µg/ml) respectively.