N-hexane Ethyl Acetate Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of N-Hexan and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Gaharu Leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis) Against Bacteria Causing Skin Infection

Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis) leaves are plants that are useful in the treatment of infectious diseases. This study aims to obtain n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Gaharu leaves that have antibacterial activity against skin infection bacteria by agar diffusion. The results of antibacterial activity screening of the n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction at a concentration of 0.1% is bacteriostatic. The test results of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.6%, 3.2%, 6.4% and 12.8% obtained MIC value of n-hexane fraction at 0.2% against P. acnes, P. aeurogynes bacteria and 0.4% against S. aureus, S. epidermidis bacteria, MIC value of ethyl acetate fraction was 0.2% against P. aeuroginosa, S. aureus bacteria and 0.4% against P. acnes, S. epidermidis bacteria. MBC value of n-hexan fraction was 0.4% against P. acnes, P. aeuroginosa bacteria, 0.8% against S. aureus bacteria, 1.6% against S. epidermidis bacteria, MBC value of ethyl acetate fraction was 0.4% against P. acnes, P. aeuroginosa, S. aureus bacteria, 0.8% against S. epidermidis bacteria. The results of the antibacterial activity using concentrations of 1.56%, 3.12%, 6.25%, 12.5% and 25% obtained the largest inhibition zone diameter of the n-hexane fraction was 13,99 mm and the ethyl acetate fraction was 27,68 mm against S. epidermidis bacteria at a concentration of 25%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction against all test bacteria is stronger than the n-hexane fraction

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content from Extract and Fractions of Mangrove Leaves (Rhizopora mucronata)

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with a very wide coastal area. Lombok Island has a coastal area with quite extensive mangrove forest areas. Rhizopora mucronata was the most dominant species found in the region. The Rhizopora mucronata species was a plant from the Rhizoporaceae family reported to have antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity. These biological activities were caused by the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in R. mucronata, one of which is flavonoids. Research regarding the flavonoid content of R. mucronata leaves has not been explored. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content in extracts and fractions of R. mucronata leaves using the spectrophotometric UV-Vis method. R. mucronata mangrove leaves simplicia were extracted using the sonication method using 96% ethanol solvent, then fractionated using the liquid-liquid extraction method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The percentage yield of 96% ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction respectively were 42.33%; 43.147%; 40.49%; 9.74%; and 32.49%. The TLC test showed the presence of flavonoid compounds detected in the extract and fractions which were marked with blue spots. The total flavonoid contents in the 96% ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction were respectively (12,980; 14,160; 23,880; and 25,350) mg Quercetin equivalent/gram sample (mg QE/ g). The total flavonoid content of the extract and fractions of R. mucronata leaves were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA test method. The total flavonoid content in the n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction was significantly higher than the 96% ethanol extract and water fraction. The total flavonoid content of R. mucronata leaves was relatively high, which contributes to several of its biological activities.

Potential Antioxidant Compounds from the Spores of Dicranopteris linearis and the Branches of Averrhoa bilimbi

This study focused on bio-guided isolation based on antioxidant activities from Dicranopteris linearis spores and Averrhoa bilimbi branches. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined. For D. linearis spores, the ethyl acetate (EA) extract exhibited the highest TPC (120.13 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g) and TFC (21.94 ± 0.30 mg QE/g), along with strong DPPH antioxidant activity (96.3 ± 0.3% inhibition, IC50 of 39.4 ± 0.3 µg/mL). For A. bilimbi branches, the n-hexane–ethyl acetate (HEA) extract showed the highest TPC (165.21 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g) and TFC (26.20 ± 0.01 mg QE/g), with significant DPPH antioxidant activity (89.6 ± 0.7% inhibition, IC50 of 39.7 ± 1.9 µg/mL). Phytochemical investigation led to the identification of ten compounds (D1–D10) from D. linearis spores and twelve compounds (A1–A12) from A. bilimbi branches. Notably, compound A1 was identified as a new natural compound. The chemical structures were elucidated through NMR spectroscopy and comparison with existing literature. The antioxidant activities of selected compounds (D3–D5, D8–D10, and A1–A11) were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. Among them, compound A3 exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities (IC50 of 7.1 ± 0.1 µg/mL for DPPH and 14.8 ± 0.1 for ABTS, respectively). The results of this study highlight the potential of D. linearis and A. bilimbi for use in natural product-based antioxidant applications.

Bio-guided isolation of a new sesquiterpene from Artemisia cina with anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus L3 infective larvae.

Haemonchus contortus is a blood-feeding gastrointestinal parasite that impacts grazing sheep, causing economic losses in animal production. Due to its anthelmintic resistance, alternative antiparasitic treatments like plant-based anthelmintics are necessary to explore. Artemisia cina (Asteraceae) is a plant whose n-hexane extract and ethyl acetate extract exhibit anthelmintic activity against H. contortus, the n-hexane more active. To discover additional bioactive metabolites, a chemical analysis was performed on ethyl acetate extract, which presented an LC90 of 3.30 mg/mL and allowed the isolation of 11-[(1R,5S,7R,8R,10S,)-1,8-dihydroxy-5,10-dimethyl-4-oxodecahydroazulen-7-yl] acrylic acid. This new sesquiterpene was identified through one and two-dimensional NMR. The compound was named cinic acid and displayed an LC50 of 0.13 (0.11-0.14) mg/mL and LC90 of 0.40 (0.37-0.44) mg/mL, which, compared with ethyl acetate extract larvicidal activity, was 256-fold more active at LC50 and 15.71-fold at LC90. In this study, a new sesquiterpene with larvicidal activity against H. contortus L3 infective larvae was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Artemisia cina.

Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Leaf and Flower Extracts of Firmiana colorata

Background Firmiana colorata is notable for its use in traditional medicine. Isolation structural elucidation of its bioactive compounds and scientific reasoning for its traditional use renders authenticity to the plant and corroborate the search for novel semi-synthetic compounds with potent medicinal properties. Objective The current study aimed to report the isolation structural elucidation and identification of two bioactive compounds from leaf and flower extracts of F. colorata using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods.Methodology Pure compounds were isolated from leaf and flower extracts respectively through column chromatography using n-hexane ethyl acetate and methanol mixture.Results Two pure compounds one isolated from a leaf extract Compound 1 and the other from a flower extract Compound 2 were successfully obtained using column chromatography. Based on a comparison of the spectral data of F. colorata with literature references Compound 1 from the leaf extract was identified as stearic acid and Compound 2 from the flower extract was identified as p-Coumaric acid.Conclusion Leaves of F. colorata are a good source of stearic acid which may find application in the food cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. p-Coumaric acid is considered the contributor to the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties exhibited by the flower extracts of F. colorata.

Development of a highly sensitive and eco-friendly high-performance thin-layer chromatography approach for the determination of empagliflozin, pioglitazone, and rosuvastatin simultaneously in pharmaceutical preparations and different biological fluids

A simple, accurate, green and selective high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of empagliflozin, pioglitazone, and rosuvastatin in their synthetic ternary mixture and different biological fluids. These three drugs are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia and have shown synergistic effects on cardiovascular outcomes. The ternary combination was separated on silica gel TLC plates G60 F254, utilizing a mixture of n-hexane‒ethyl acetate‒methanol‒glacial acetic acid in ratio (4.2:4:1.75:0.05, V/V) as a developing system using ultraviolet (UV) detection at 230 nm. All experimental parameters were optimized with a linearity range of 5‒250 ng per band for each drug, with good sensitivity and low limit of detection values reached, namely 1.72, 1.79, and 1.52 ng per band for empagliflozin, pioglitazone, and rosuvastatin, respectively. The developed method was applied for separation of the studied drugs in their synthetic ternary mixture and different biological fluids, with good recovery results ensuring high efficiency of the proposed approach. Eco scale, green analytical procedure index, and AGREE metric tools were used to evaluate the greenness of the proposed method.

Cytotoxic Test of Fig Leaf Ethanol Extract Fraction (Ficus carica L.) Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Method

Cytotoxic test of fig leaf ethanol extract fraction (Ficus carica L.) has been conducted with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic activity of fig leaf ethanol extract using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Fig leaves are extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol, then proceed with fractionation based on polarity, fractionation using N-hexane solvent, ethyl acetate and water. The results of phytochemical screening of fig leaf ethanol extract fraction stated that, n-hexan fraction contains flavonoid, phenolic, triterpenoid and saponin compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction contains phenolic compounds, triterpenoids and saponins. While the water fraction contains flavonoids, phenolics and saponin compounds. The results of cytotoxic testing of the fraction of fig leaf ethanol extract obtained LC50 values in the n-hexane fraction were 41.78 ppm (toxic), ethyl acetate fraction 33.57 ppm (toxic), and water fraction 16.36 ppm (very toxic).

Leaf extracts of three native medicinal plants, damages the reproductive organs of the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

The limitations encountered with chemical insecticides to control mosquito borne diseases and proliferation of mosquitoes, has prompted the researchers to focus on developing insecticides of botanical origin. Acetone and methanol extracts of three medicinal plants were tested against the first instar of Culex quinquefasciatus and the lethal concentrations estimated. The column fractions of methanol extracts of the selected plants, Andrographis paniculata, Polyalthia longifolia and Bougainvillea spectabilis exhibited significant larvicidal activities. The 24 hr LC50 of the methanol-ethyl acetate (MeOH-EA) 4:1column fractions of A. paniculata and P. longifolia and nHexane-ethyl acetate (nH:EA) 5:5 fraction of B. spectabilis are 3.013, 145.67 and 221.38 ppm, respectively. The effective concentration which affects 50% emergence (EC50) of the treated larvae is 1.05 ppm, 72.6 ppm and 110.693 ppm respectively for the active column fractions. Total developmental duration and growth index were also affected by the column fractions. Exposure of the sub lethal dose affect the gonotrophic cycle of Cx. quinquefasciatus and also exhibited more than 90% control of reproduction in the tested group of treated males with untreated females (T♂ x UT♀) and exhibited higher sterility index. Dissection of the ovary and testes of Cx. quinquefasciatus after treatment with column fractions shows that the testicular development was drastically affected. The testes and ovaries of the treated mosquitoes showed variation in length and size and number of ovarioles when compared to control mosquitoes. The tested botanicals at comparatively lower dosages could effectively interfere with reproductive viability and check proliferation in next generation.

Evaluation activity of Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic the Baby Fruit of Isem Kembang (Mangifera quadrifida Jack)

Isem Kembang (Mangifera quadrifida Jack) is a native and rare fruit found in Lampung, Indonesia. It is a member of the genus Mangifera, family Anacardiaceae. The objective of this research was to evaluate the capability of antimicrobial and antidiabetic activities for the baby fruit of isem kembang (Mangifera quadrifida Jack). This study was conducted in two steps namely extraction with a maceration method using n-hexane solvent, ethyl acetate and methanol. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antidiabetic were tested with disk diffusion assay method and antidiabetic activity test with α-glucosidase inhibition test. The research revealed Antidiabetic activity of the baby fruit of isem kembang (Mangifera quadrifida Jack) with various extracts increased with increase of concentration level. The antimicrobial activity of an ethyl acetate extract of the baby fruit isem kembang (Mangifera quadrifida Jack) was found to be greater than standard, with an inhibition zone of 28mm against Escherichia coli and 23mm against Bacillus cereus. Antidiabetic activity of The baby fruit of isem kembang (Mangifera quadrifida Jack) with methanol extract had antidiabetic activity with IC50 of 0.04mg/L. The three extracts of baby fruit isem kembang (Mangifera quadrifida Jack) have high potential as antimicrobial and antidiabetic activity.

GUESS – A simple approach to accelerate optimization countercurrent separation

The generally useful estimate of solvent systems (GUESS) method, which is based on thin layer chromatography, is a simple and practical method for selecting solvent systems for countercurrent chromatography (CCC). However, it is rarely used for complex samples derived from natural products.In this study, GUESS was used for CCC solvent system selection and polarity-adjusted CCC separations of several fractions, which were obtained from a silica gel column containing complex compositions with a broad polarity from Salvia bowleyana Dunn. The GUESS method was performed on five fractions based on solvent systems in the n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol-water (HEMWat) family. Based on the GUESS results, the optimal solvent systems were selected for CCC separation.Twelve diterpenoids were obtained from the five silica gel column fractions of S. bowleyana Dunn using elution-extrusion countercurrent chromatography (EECCC). These demonstrate that GUESS guidance and the polarity adjustment of the solvent system accelerate the optimization of CCC separation conditions and simplify the process of accommodating a broad polarity of components in complicated mixture fractions.We therefore confirmed the feasibility and advantage of the GUESS method for complex natural chemical component separations.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN FRAKSI n-HEKSAN, ETIL ASETAT, DAN AIR EKSTRAK DAUN BIWA (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) DENGAN METODE DPPH

Loquat leaf ( Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) have been known to contain flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids and glycosides, these compounds have the potential to be antioxidants and can ward off free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the fraction of n-hexane ethyl acetate and water with extract of loquat leaf which have antioxidant activity, and to find out, respectively, which fraction had the most active activity from the IC 50 value in activity antioxidant. The extraction method of loquat was macerated using 96% ethanol and then fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The obtained fraction was tested for antioxidant activity against free radicals using the DPPH method using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 516 nm. The results of the loquat leaf fraction test have antioxidant activity which can be seen from the IC 50 value, namely the n-hexane fraction is 1792 ppm, the ethyl acetate fraction is 89.60 ppm, the water fraction is 394.99 ppm, and quercetin is 13.03 ppm, so the most active antioxidant is obtained ethyl acetate

How Extraction and Purification Affect MALDI-TOF MS Characterization of Mangrove Condensed Tannins, An Ecologically Important Secondary Metabolites in Coastal Wetland Ecosystem

Mangrove plants are rich in tannins, especially condensed tannins (CTs), which play an important role in biogeochemistry in coastal wetland ecosystem due to their functions of binding nutrients and heavy metal chelation. This study aims to obtain authentic chemical structures of mangrove CTs by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Four organic solvents (n-hexane, ether, chloroform, and EtOAc (ethyl acetate)) were used for extraction tests and three purification methods (Method 1, Sephadex LH-20 absorbed tannins, and nontannins fraction were washed by 50% methanol (mp) solution; Method 2, Sephadex LH-20 absorbed tannins and nontannins fraction were washed by 100% ethanol (ep), and released in 70% acetone solution; and Method 3, Yb3+ selectivity precipitated tannins) were conducted to investigate their influences on the characterization of CTs from two mangrove species, Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Kandelia obovata. The results showed that (1) EtOAc was used as an extraction solvent, leading to unauthentic structural properties of CTs; (2) the distribution patterns of the polymers in mangrove CTs purified with 50% methanol elicited the least different trends with those of CTs in the two mangrove crude extracts, and the lower oligomers (dimmer-hexamer) and higher polymers were lost during purification of CTs by 100% ep. Therefore, based on the toxicity and price of solvents, the crude CTs from mangrove plants can be extracted with n-hexane or ether to remove lipid and pigment impurities and then purified with 50% methanol, which is a complete set of methods to obtain completely authentic structural information of mangrove CTs. This study can offer more accurate structural information of mangrove CTs and new insights for the conservation of mangrove living environments for follow-up research.

A Neglected Issue: Stationary Phase Retention Determination of Classic High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography Solvent Systems

Obtaining an ideal solvent system for target compounds is still an obstacle to the wide application of high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The partition coefficient and retention of the stationary phase are two key parameters for solvent system selection. The retention of the stationary phase of the solvent system is roughly judged by settling time using a test tube, which is subjective and inaccurate. In this study, we demonstrated that high-resolution separation of HSCCC is tightly connected with the retention of the stationary phase. Notably, unlike the in vitro test of settling time, we investigated the retention of the stationary phase of classical biphasic solvent systems by a TBE300C HSCCC apparatus. Our results revealed that settling time is not always inversely proportional to the retention of the stationary phase. The n-hexane–ethylacetate–methanol–water solvent systems showed the highest correlation coefficient of settling time and retention of the stationary phase (r = −0.91, n = 16). N-heptane–n-butanol–acetonitrile–water solvent system showed the lowest correlation coefficient (r = −0.26, n = 7). These results may be helpful for HSCCC solvent system selection and accelerate the application of this technique.

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw: A first study from Kashmir Himalaya.

The present study aimed to explore the antibacterial activity of various organic root extracts of Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw and the identification of major functional groups and phytoconstituents through fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains viz., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC424), Escherichia coli (MTCC739), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC139), Salmonella typhi (MTCC3224), and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC96). ESKAPE pathogens such as S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa are responsible for a majority of all healthcare acquired infections. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa (18 mm) followed by S. aureus (17 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract against strain of S. aureus (4 mg mL–1) demonstrated therapeutically significant antibacterial activity. The FTIR spectra of root extracts revealed the occurrence of functional characteristic peaks of alcohols, carboxylic acids, aromatic compounds, alkanes, alkenes, and amines that indicates the presence of various metabolites in the extracts. The GC-MS investigation led to the identification of diverse phytoconstituents in each of the extracts with varying concentrations and molecular masses. The highest number of compounds were identified from the methanol extract (112), followed by n-hexane extract (88) and ethyl acetate extract (74). The most predominant compounds were 5, 10-pentadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-(33.94%), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.41%) in n-hexane extract, 5,10-pentadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-(10.48%), 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane (7.94%) in ethyl acetate extract, and 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane (15.43%), cis,cis,cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienal (13.29%) in methanol extract. The results of the present study will create a way for the invention of plant-based medicines for various life-threatening microbial infections using S. anquetilia, which may lead to the development of novel drugs against drug-resistant microbial infections.

Analysis of UV-Treated Mushrooms: Dietary Source of Vitamin D2?

In recent years, dietary intake of vitamin D has become an issue of high concern because this bioactive molecule boosts the immune system and is presumed to provide some protection against Covid-19. Under these conditions, a search for nontraditional dietary sources has appeared as a new challenge. One of the possibilities is irradiation of champignons that contain a high amount of ergosterol, a vitamin D2 precursor. In our study, a fast and sensitive liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the determination of vitamin D2 in fresh mushrooms and its metabolite 25(OH)D2 in the blood of volunteers regularly consuming UV-treated mushrooms has been introduced. For extraction of desiccated mushrooms, solid-liquid extraction n-hexane–ethyl acetate was used, and n-hexane was employed for blood plasma samples. Separation of target analytes was performed on a polymeric bonding C18 phase column. Satisfactory limits of quantification (LOQs) were reached both for the control of vitamin D2 content in mushrooms (LOQ = 10 ng/g) and for the monitoring of vitamin D2 and D3 metabolite in human blood (LOQ = 2.5 ng/mL). For accurate quantification, isotopic dilution was employed.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR EKSTRAK DAUN (Ipomoea carnea Jacq) TERHADAP Candida albicans

Infectious diseases can be transmitted from one person to another or from animals to humans of the causes of infection diseases is fungi. Fungi are microorganisms in the form of cells or branched threads. These microorganisms have a rigid cell wall and composed of polysaccharides or chitin, have nuclei and spores, are not chlorophyllous and do not multiply sexually and asexually. Based on this, research was carried using of the welling method on antifungal bioactivity as well as a thin layer chromatography test of spotting to determine the content of secondary metabolites contained in the leaves of kale fence. This study aims to determine the bioactivity of secondary metabolites in n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate, and methanol of kangkong pagar leaves (Ipomoea carnea Jacq) against Candida albicans fungi. This study made four different concentrations namely 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, for positive control using ketoconazole and negative control using CMC 1%. Data analysis is using the One Way ANOVA test. From this study, the results were that kale fence leaf extract contains secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, tannins, steroids. Then the results of the antifungal activity test of fencing kale leaves have activities that can inhibit fungi at a concentration of 120% with an inhibitory zone diameter of 11,254 mm so that they can be classified as strong antifungal bioactivity, in the results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the three samples (N Hexana, Methanol and ethyl Acetate), it is known that the Sig value is 0.000 < 0.05 so it can be said that the rata_rata is "Significantly Different".

Phytochemicals, characterization and antimicrobial tests of red betel leaves on three solvent fractions as candidates for endometritis phytotherapy in Aceh cattle, Indonesia

Abstract. Armansyah T, Siregar TN, Suhartono, Sutriana A. 2022. Phytochemicals, characterization and antimicrobial tests of red betel leaves on three solvent fractions as candidates for endometritis phytotherapy in Aceh cattle, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2111-2117. The use of antibiotics to treat endometritis in cattle carries with it some weaknesses in the form of toxicity risks and unexpected side effects. The use of medicinal plants as antimicrobials and immunomodulators has the potential to be an alternative therapy. Red betel leaves could be considered viable candidates for phytotherapy in cattle with endometritis. This study aimed to determine the differences in biological activity and antibacterial ability of red betel leaf through the use of three different solvents, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The highest yield of betel leaf extract was obtained from the ethyl acetate solvent fraction consisting of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, phenolics, and saponins. The highest biological compounds in red betel leaf identified by GC-MS in n-hexane solvent, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were 5-isobutylidene-N, N-dimethylbarbituric acid, benzenamine, 4,4' - (1,2-ethenediyl) bis-, and 9-octadecadienoic acid, respectively. Among the three solvent fractions of red betel leaf extract, it was observed that ethyl acetate exhibited higher antibacterial activity than hexane and ethanol. Hence, it can be concluded that ethyl acetate extract of red betel leaves solvent has secondary metabolites and better antibacterial potential than ethanol and n-hexane solvents.

The potential of Mimosa pudica L as an α- glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant agent

Background: The putri malu plant (Mimosa pudica L.) is a South American and Central American native widely distributed throughout Indonesia. Indonesians utilise this plant as a herbal treatment to treat various ailments, including insomnia, acute eye inflammation, stone pee, fever, worms, bronchitis, and herpes. Objectives: This plant was studied for its antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water extracts. Method: The aerial part of the plant was extracted with methanol and partitioned with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and ethyl acetate to obtain n-hexane (EHMP) dichloromethane (EDMP), ethyl acetate (EEMP), and water (EAMP) extracts. All extracts were analysed for their α-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidants with the free radical scavenging activity method using DPPH. Results: EAMP showed antidiabetic activity with inhibition of 69.9% at a concentration of 500 ppm, and other extracts showed no α-glucosidase inhibition activity. For antioxidant activity, EDMP, EEMP, and EAMP showed relatively high activity with IC50 consecutively 77.4 ppm, 26.9 ppm, and 81.4 ppm, while EHMP had a reasonably low activity with IC50 635.6 ppm. Conclusion: The study results showed that M. pudica has considerable potential as a source of antidiabetics and natural antioxidants, so it is necessary to isolate secondary metabolites from the species.

Separation of gallic acid from Cornus officinalis and its interactions with corn starch

D101 macroporous resin combined with high speed counter-current chromatography (D101 MR–HSCCC) was used to separate gallic acid (GA) from Cornus officinalis, and GA was added to starch-based products to improve food quality. The interaction and action mechanism of corn starch (CS) with GA were investigated for prediction and thereby controlling the structure and functions of starch-based foods. Results show that GA with 98.72% purity was successfully obtained using the D101 MR–HSCCC technique. HSCCC solvent system was composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:5:1:5, v/v/v/v). GA inhibited CS dissolution and improved CS swelling. Based on the particle size distribution, GA could enlarge the size of CS-GA complexes. FT–IR spectra exhibit that the interactions between CS and GA may comprise the intermolecular hydrogen bond and non-covalent bond. The results of XRD, LF–NMR and AFM show that the presence of GA could increase the relative crystallinity of CS, decrease the spin relaxation time (T2), and change the surface morphology of CS via the modification of hydrogen bonds distribution. Finally, SEM analysis indicates that GA could change the microstructure of CS-GA complexes. These findings facilitate the development of CS-based products and utilization of CS.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Various Fractions of Heterotrigona itama Propolis Found in Kutai Kartanegara

BACKGROUND: In the current pandemic era, people are trying to find additional income, such as stingless bee cultivation. Especially bee species of Heterotrigona itama, because the selling value of stingless bee honey for maintaining health is quite high. However, the potential of other bee products such as propolis is still underutilized. AIM: In this study, the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of propolis from various fractions were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: H. itama propolis was extracted with 96% ethanol to obtain ethanol extract propolis (EEP). Then, it was used for liquid-liquid partition with different polarities (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) to obtain the n-hexane fraction (HF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF). These fractions were tested for antioxidants using the DPPH method and antibacterial against bacteria Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using the agar well diffusion method. Vitamin C was used as a positive control in the antioxidant assay and Thiampenicol was used in the bacterial assay. RESULTS: The EAF had better antioxidant activity (IC50 128.46 ug/mL) than the ethanol extract (IC50 205.86 ug/mL) and n-HF (IC50 350.01 g/mL). Antibacterial activity of EEP at 200 ug/mL against P. acne was 6 ± 1.5 mm, which was categorized as medium inhibition, while the other fractions were classified as weak. CONCLUSION: EAF had the highest antioxidant activity, meanwhile EEP is the most potent on antibacterial activity. The results obtained are influenced by the environment, where the sample is taken, which is less varied in plant sources and the time of sample collection.