N-dimethylaminosuccinamic Acid Research Articles

The effect of paclobutrazol on in vitro rooting and growth of GF-677 hybrid peach rootstock

This paper deals with the evaluation of the influence of paclobutrazol (N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid) and 2-naphtoxyacetic acid on rooting and growth of GF-677 hybrid peach rootstocks. The influence of these substances on the average number of roots per plant, the average length of roots per plant and the height of plants was evaluated as well as the effect of the addition of paclobutrazol before and after media sterilisation. As the obtained results indicate, plants, which were rooted on media with paclobutrazol and without auxin had the lowest number of roots per plant. Paclobutrazol showed a statistically significant negative effect on both the length of roots and the height of plants. It canbe concluded that, for the rooting of GF-677 rootstock it is helpful to use auxin plus paclobutrazol in concentration 0.43 µM. Higher concentrations affect inhibition, mainly in height of plants 14 days after transplant to soil.

Plug Source and Growth Retardants Affect Finish Size of Bedding Plants

Eight bedding plant species were grown from plugs obtained from two sources. The plugs were transplanted into jumbo six packs and sprayed with a solution of chlormequat/daminozide with concentrations of 1000/800, 1250/1250, or 1500/5000 mg·L-1 when new growth was ≈5 cm in height or width. Three different species were grown in the fall (Dianthus chinensis L., `Telstar Mix', Petunia ×hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr., `Dreams Red', and Viola ×wittrockiana Gams., `Bingo Blue'), winter [Antirrhinum majus L., `Tahiti Mix', Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br., `Midget Red', and P. × hybrida, `Dreams Mix'], and spring [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, `Cooler Pink', Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult., `Empire Red', and Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum Hort., `Cocktail Mix']. The treatments significantly reduced finished plant size of all species for each season. There was a significant difference in finish size between sources for Dianthus, Antirrhinum, Matthiola, Catharanthus, Salvia, and Begonia. The efficacy of chlormequat/daminozide also differed for each source of Dianthus, Matthiola, and Begonia, but the treatments minimized the differences in finish size between sources for Petunia and Viola. Chemical names used: (2-chlorethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat); (N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid) (daminozide).

A method of producing seed tubers from true potato seed

First-generation seed tubers (seedling tubers) derived from true potato seed (TPS) were produced in nursery beds; the yields were up to 12 kg and total numbers up to 1242 tubers (>1 g) per m2 of bed. Direct sowing of TPS in beds followed by thinning gave yields similar to those from transplanted seedlings and reduced the total growing period. The optimum plant population was 100 plants per m2 spaced at 10 cm×10cm. The application of 3 cm of substrate (1∶1 shredded peat moss:sand) after seedling emergence was sufficient to maximize tuber number and to minimize tuber greening. Two or three applications of N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (B9) gave sturdier plants but did not increase the number of tubers >1 g. The seedling tubers when multiplied gave yields similar to those of low virus clonal seed tubers.

リンゴの早期落果と新梢生長との関係

Early fruit drop of ‘McIntosh’ apple was enhanced by night temperatures of 25°C. The relationship between this fruit drop and shoot growth was investigated.Shoots grew more vigorously as the temperature rose, with fruit drop occurring simultaneously. It was concluded that early drop of fruit occurred because of competition with shoots for reserve substances. Shoot growth was inhibited by spraying with N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (SADH) and fruit set was increased. Shoot tipping treatment also increased the number of fruit retained through the “June drop” period. These two treatments increased fruit set by reducing competition between fruits and shoots.Spraying with BA markedly increased the number of shoots and the frequency of fruit drop. The increase in early drop of fruit was probably due to severe competition from shoots which was enhanced by BA.Spraying of GA4/7 increased fruit set at 50, 100 and 500ppm, whereas shoot growth was promoted at 500ppm of GA4/7, but inhibited at 50 and 100ppm of GA4/7.

Effects of direct contact of Pinusresinosa seeds and young seedlings with N-dimethylamino succinamic acid, (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, or maleic hydrazide

Critical concentrations of two growth retardants, N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) and (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), and one growth inhibitor, maleic hydrazide, applied continuously to Pinusresinosa seedlings in the cotyledon stage greatly suppressed seedling growth and development and killed many seedlings. Both Alar and CCC arrested the elongation of stems, roots, cotyledons, and primary needles, inhibited the expansion of mesophyll cells, and decreased the amount of intercellular space in the cotyledons and cortex. Growth was inhibited by lower concentrations of CCC than of Alar. Maleic hydrazide reduced the growth of shoots, roots, cotyledons, and primary needles, with growth inhibited by much lower concentrations than those of Alar or CCC. Cell expansion was stimulated by maleic hydrazide at concentrations below 2500 ppm and inhibited by concentrations at or above 2500 ppm. Maleic hydrazide at 100 ppm caused chlorosis and induced wall thickening of ground tissue cells in the hypocotyl and cotyledons. The greater reduction of root growth than of shoot growth as well as the inhibition of the growth of primary needles by nonlethal concentrations of Alar, CCC, or maleic hydrazide will increase the mortality risk of Pinusresinosa seedlings in the cotyledon stage of development.

Effect of growth regulators and nitrogen on the growth, number and size of seed tubers and yield of potatoes

SummaryField investigations conducted at Ludhiana (India) showed that the foliar application of 2-chloroethyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (CCC) (50% a.i.) at 300,600 and 900 ml/ha about 5 weeks after planting did not depress plant height. The dose of 600 ml CCC/ha was most effective and increased seed yield by 1·31 and 0·74 t/ha over the control (water spray) in 1978–9 and 1979–80, respectively. The corresponding increases in total yield were 1·37 and 0·86 t/ha. However, in 1980–1 when CCC was applied 3 weeks after planting even the lower dose of 300 ml/ha depressed the plant height. Then the treatment of CCC increased significantly the number of tubers of seed size and seed yield by decreasing the ‘ware’ yield but did not influence the total yield. The yields of potatoes were not affected signifioantly by the application of N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid (B 9) and succinic acid (SA).In an experiment where the interaction of nitrogen and CCC was studied both factors not only increased the seed yield but also increased the total yield. However, there was no interaction between nitrogen and CCC.

Uptake, distribution and persistence of14C-labelled N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid in fruiting apple trees

The leaves of three-year-old apple trees, cv Cox’s Orange Pippin, were painted with 14C labelled daminozide in June. At intervals from 24 after treatment until December whole trees were sampled to measure the recovery of total radioactivity and its distribution between the various tissues. The proportion of radioactivity present as unchanged daminozide was also determined.There was no consistent change with time in the total amount of radioactivity found in each tree and the overall mean recovery was 23%. Daminozide moved rapidly throughout the plant and was found in all tissues except the roots within 48 h. Over half the radioactivity that migrated from the treated leaves was eventually accumulated by the fruits. Breakdown of daminozide in the trees was slow; for two weeks after treatment 70-80% of the radioactivity in each tissue was unchanged growth retardant. This value decreased steadily with time in all tissues except the fruit, in which a constant high percentage of daminozide was found at all times. Of the 80 mg daminozide applied to the leaves c. 20 mg was absorbed. Almost half of this was metabolized but about 7 mg persisted in the harvested fruit, 2 mg was in the fallen leaves and a similar amount remained in the tree framework. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to previous reports of the movement and metabolism of daminozide.

YIELD AND WEIGHT PER SEED IN BUCKWHEAT AFTER FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND ANTITRANSPIRANTS

Six growth regulators and three antitranspirants were applied to field-grown buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) during the flowering and seed development stages. Three rates of each chemical were applied and one and two applications of each were made. None of the treatments improved yield. Daminozide (N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid) increased weight per seed.

Effect of shoot girdling and season on rooting of slash pine cuttings

In six experiments over a 3-year period with 96 12- to 14-year-old Pinuselliottii var. elliollii Engelm. ortets, cuttings from shoots girdled and treated with a special rooting powder (containing 1% each indolebutyric acid, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, and n-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid, plus 10% each powdered sucrose and captan) rooted faster, had larger root systems, and survived better both before and after rooting than nongirdled cuttings given the same powder. About 33% of cuttings taken 2 months after a June or July girdle rooted, but only 1% of the nongirdled ones did. Rooting success increased from January girdling to a June–July peak, then decreased to a low in late October.

Organogenesis in vitro cultures of embryonic shoots ofAbies balsamea (balsam fir)

Embryonic shoots of 15- to 20-year-old Abies balsamea (balsam fir) trees were soaked in (a) water for 15 min or 24 hr and (b) water with 1000 mg per 1 indolebutyric acid (IBA), N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (Alar-85), or 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PPZ), singly or in combination with 100 mg per 1 caffeic acid, for 15 min. After the soaking, the embryonic shoots were transferred to a nutrient medium. Nonsoaked (control) embryonic shoots elongated and often formed a basal callus but never showed organogenesis. The soaked embryonic shoots formed new apical buds, with or without bud scales, adventitious dwarf needles or shoots, and root- and embryo-like structures. One of the embryos germinated and formed an irregular shoot. No differences were found between the various soak treatments, except that the 15-min water soak was ineffective. The 24-hr water soak was as effective as the 15-min growth regulator treatments.

Gibberellin-induced inhibition and promotion of sprouting in aerial tubers of Begonia evansiana Andr. in relation to photoperiodic treatment and tuber stage

Gibberellic-acid (GA3) treatment, when applied within a period ranging from the start of short-day (SD) treatment until about 10 SD, GA3 strongly inhibited formation of aerial tubers in response to SD and brought about sprouting of developing aerial tubers. In contrast, when applied after about 10 SD or more, GA3 hastened the completion of the dormant state in the tubers and prolonged their dormancy. The dormancy-promoting effect of GA3 on detached tubers increased with their degree of maturation. Application of growth retardants N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (B-9), 2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-piperidine carboxylate methyl chloride (AMO-1618) and 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CCC) to the cuttings delayed the onset of dormancy in the aerial tuber. When the retardants were applied to detached aerial tubers, however, such a delay of dormancy was not observed, and GA3 application did not inhibit sprouting in aerial tubers detached from CCC-treated cuttings.

A new quaternary ammonium compound with plant growth regulatory activity

Of several quaternary ammonium derivatives tested, 1-allyl-1-(3,7-dimethyloctyl)piperidinium bromide showed the best growth-retarding activity. OnChrysanthemum morifolium the growth retardation obtained with a single application of 100–200 ppm compared favourably with that obtained from 2–3 applications of 3400 ppm of N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (daminozide).

The effects of gibberellic acid and two plant growth retardants on the beat of the clam heart

1. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA) and two synthetic plant growth retardants was tested on the heat of the isolated and perfused ventricle of the hard shelled clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. 2. Twenty-five per cent inhibition of the beat was obtained with 30 μM GA, 160 μM N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-9), 7 μM (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl-ammonium chloride (CCC) and 2 nM acetylcholine chloride (ACh). 3. CCC is a quaternary ammonium compound while B-9 is a tertiary ammonium compound and GA has no nitrogen.

VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF DETERMINATE TOMATOES AS INFLUENCED BY APPLICATIONS OF ETHEPHON, DCIB, NAA AND SADH AT THE SIX-CLUSTER STAGE

In an attempt to control fruit set and thereby increase fruit size, 2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon), sodium 2,3-dichloroisobutyrate (DCIB), naphthaleueacetic acid (NAA) and N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (SADH) were applied as sprays to plants of the determinate tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Summit’ when fruit was set on six clusters. In comparison, one set of plants was deblossomed manually after the six-cluster stage, and another untreated. Although none of the chemicals provided perfect control of fruit load, NAA (100 ppm), SADH (4,000 ppm) + NAA (100 ppm), DCIB (4,000 ppm) + ethephon (500 ppm) and DCIB (6,000 ppm) were approximately 81, 77, 75 and 73% effective, respectively, in reducing fruit load. However, decreases in fruit load were not accompanied by corresponding increases in fruit size. In all probability, this was due to the impairment of normal growth by the chemicals. Several of the treatments produced substantial increases in early and total yield, by maturing a greater number of fruits and thus may be of potential use to commercial growers.

Studies in the Alismataceae. V. Experimental modification of phyllotaxis in pseudostolons of Echinodorus tenellus by means of growth inhibitors

Treatment with triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-995), and (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) can modify the pattern of development of the pseudostolons of Echinodorus tenellus. In particular, CCC and B-995 can with a high degree of success suppress the normal reversal of genetic spiral of the pseudostolon. Other aspects of phyllotaxis, including phyllotaxis of lateral buds, are not affected by CCC and B-995.The pseudostolons, as previously described, are modified inflorescences bearing bracts in false whorls of three, and a vegetative bud in the axil of the first bract of each set after the first. After passing through a brief stabilizing phase the pseudostolon enters a stable state in which the direction of genetic spiral of the main axis reverses with the initiation of the second bract of each set, and in which the genetic spiral of the lateral vegetative bud is quite consistently homodromous with that of the main axis at the time of initiation of the bud.The experimental findings are discussed in relation to the earlier descriptive and analytical studies of E. tenellus. Some previously erected hypotheses relating to control of phyllotaxis in this plant are invalidated. It is suggested that in E. tenellus determination of maintenance or reversal of genetic spiral occurs within a short span of development between the initiation of the first and second bract of each set, and that direction of genetic spiral in the pseudostolon and its vegetative laterals may be controlled by mechanisms independent of those controlling other aspects of phyllotaxis such as divergence angle.

Chemical and Environmental Treatments Promoting Rooting of Pine Cuttings

Cuttings from older pines rooted more abundantly and rapidly in a growth chamber than in a greenhouse. Numerous rooting powder formulations were tested, and those containing auxins, sucrose, a fungicide, and a growth retardant outperformed those lacking one or more of these components. Best treatment combinations gave 83% rooting of cuttings from 13-year-old shortleaf pine (Pinusechinata Mill.) in 12 weeks, 100% rooting of cuttings from 12-year-old Japanese black pine (P. thunbergiana Franco) in 8 weeks, and 100% rooting of cuttings from 1-year-old slash pine (P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) in 6 weeks. The most effective powder contained 1% each of indolebutyric acid, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, and N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid, plus 10% each of powdered sucrose and captan.

Effect of N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid on Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines

Alar (R) (n-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid) was sprayed at concentrations up to 4000 p.p.m. twelve and five days before and at full bloom in one experiment, and to 8000 p.p.m. at the seven to eight leaf stage in a second experiment to single whole vines of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. All concentrations of the growth retardant on all dates reduced berry weight in the first experiment, but only 4000 p.p.m. and 8000 p.p.m. had that effect in the second experiment. Berry number per bunch was increased by sprays of 1000 and 4000 p.p.m. twelve days before flowering in the first experiment, but bunch weight and yield per vine were not affected by treatment. In both experiments, maturity was delayed by treatment. Berry colour was reduced by 4000 p.p.m. Alar application twelve days before full bloom and at full bloom in the first experiment; a similar tendency occurred as a result of the 4000 and 8000 p.p.m. treatments in the second experiment.

SOME EFFECTS OF ALAR-85 ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ALFALFA AND LADINO CLOVER

The chemical Alar-85 (N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid) was applied to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Ladino white clover plants (Trifolium repens L.) as an aqueous spray between 2,500 and 15,000 ppm. It was found that Alar-85 altered the growth of the plants and improved the ability of these plants to withstand frost and drought. In addition, changes in carbohydrate content of the plant tissue took place as well as changes in leaf structure and the morphology of vascular tissue. Spectrophotometric determinations of extracts of plant tissue indicated increased photosynthetic pigments with increased treatment.

The effects of growth regulators, seed rates and row spacings on field beans (Vicia faba L.)

SummaryFour growth regulators were tested: N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (aminozide); N-pyrrolidinosuccinamic acid (F529); 2-chloroethyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (JF2579); potassium 2(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy) propionate (JF3072); all shortened stems. JF2579 and JF3072 were phytotoxic and lessened yield. Aminozide and F529 (tested in 1970 only) did not affect yield in 1970 but aminozide increased yield by 28% in 1971. Seed rates and row spacings had small effects on yield which varied with season. Growth regulators did not interact with seed rates or row spacing. Plant density and growth regulators had effects on yield via the number of stems and pods per stem. The effects of season on yield were greater and were caused via 100 grain weight. Speculative hypotheses are suggested to explain the different actions of season and treatments.

A Comparison of Ethephon, DCIB, SADH, and DPA for Abscission of Fruits, Flowers, and Floral Buds in Determinate Tomatoes1

Abstract At the highest concentration, sodium 2,3-dichloroisobutyrate (DCIB), 2-(chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (SADH) produced abscission (flowers + floral buds) of approximately 90, 66, and 32%, respectively. DPA, at the rates used, produced no abscission. Only DCIB at 6000 ppm caused significant fruit drop. Ethephon and SADH were more effective for the abscission of buds than flowers, the reverse was true for DCIB. At the highest concentration, ethephon and DCIB produced approximately 35% abscission within 2 days, whereas with SADH abscission did not begin until 8 days after application. The chemicals × cluster-age interaction was highly significant.