Relational Logic Research Articles

RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI REKOMENDASI PEMBELIAN LAPTOP DENGAN METODE FUZZY DATABASE MODEL TAHANI BERBASIS WEB

A laptop is a computer that looks compact, small, lightweight and easy to carry anywhere. But choosing a laptop is not an easy thing for consumers who want to have a laptop as per the specifications and budget of the consumer finance. Therefore the purpose of this research is to build a web-based application that can give recommendation to purchasers or consumers as needed. The application is built by using PHP programming language and implementing the Fuzzy Database Tahani model which is still using the standard relation of fuzzy logic, and also using MySQL database for the data storage. It is found that the Fuzzy Database Tahani model can be implemented on the application built on to give a correct recommendation for the consumers.

Narcissism, director selection, and risk-taking spending

We explain why CEOs favor new directors who are similar in narcissistic tendency or have prior experience with other similarly narcissistic CEOs. Because powerful CEOs are more able to select such individuals onto their boards, CEO power is predicted to be positively associated with the above characteristics of new directors. These associations are expected to be stronger when a new director is more different from the CEO in salient demographic characteristics. Moreover, we explain why new directors favored by CEOs are more supportive of their decision making, strengthening the positive relationship between CEO narcissism and risk-taking spending. Our findings provide considerable support for our theory. This study introduces personality theories to corporate governance research on director selection and to research on how triads influence dyadic relations

Relational victimization, friendship, and adolescents' hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to an in vivo social stressor-ERRATUM.

Adolescents' peer experiences may have significant associations with biological stress-response systems, adding to or reducing allostatic load. This study examined relational victimization as a unique contributor to reactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses as well as friendship quality and behavior as factors that may promote HPA recovery following a stressor. A total of 62 adolescents (ages 12-16; 73% female) presenting with a wide range of life stressors and adjustment difficulties completed survey measures of peer victimization and friendship quality. Cortisol samples were collected before and after a lab-based interpersonally themed social stressor task to provide measures of HPA baseline, reactivity, and recovery. Following the stressor task, adolescents discussed their performance with a close friend; observational coding yielded measures of friends' responsiveness. Adolescents also reported positive and negative friendship qualities. Results suggested that higher levels of adolescents' relational victimization were associated with blunted cortisol reactivity, even after controlling for physical forms of victimization and other known predictors of HPA functioning (i.e., life stress or depressive symptoms). Friendship qualities (i.e., low negative qualities) and specific friendship behaviors (i.e., high levels of responsiveness) contributed to greater HPA regulation; however, consistent with theories of rumination, high friend responsiveness in the context of high levels of positive friendship quality contributed to less cortisol recovery. Findings extend prior work on the importance of relational victimization and dyadic peer relations as unique and salient correlates of adaptation in adolescence.

On the number of finite algebraic structures

We prove that every clone of operations on a finite set A , if it contains a Malcev operation, is finitely related – i.e., identical with the clone of all operations respecting R for some finitary relation R over A . It follows that for a fixed finite set A , the set of all such Malcev clones is countable. This completes the solution of a problem that was first formulated in 1980, or earlier: how many Malcev clones can finite sets support? More generally, we prove that every finite algebra with few subpowers has a finitely related clone of term operations. Hence modulo term equivalence and a renaming of the elements, there are only countably many finite algebras with few subpowers, and thus only countably many finite algebras with a Malcev term.

How Do IT Outsourcing Vendors Respond to Shocks in Client Demand? A Resource Dependence Perspective

IT outsourcing vendors depend on projects from their clients to reap gains and develop capabilities. Because of this dependence, vendors are vulnerable to shocks in client demand. However, the extant literature on how vendors mitigate the damage from demand shocks is very limited. This multiple case study examined five pairs of relationships between Chinese vendors and their Japanese clients, drawing on resource dependence theory, which considers two response strategies: bridging and buffering. Our findings suggest that both bridging and buffering should be specified further on the basis of their explorative and exploitative dimensions, and that the choice of a particular strategy depended on the power relation between the vendor and client. Results show that when the client was in a highpower advantage, the vendor chose bridging. More specifically, if the vendor also had high power, it adopted explorative bridging; otherwise, it adopted exploitative bridging. When the client was in a low-power position, the vendor would pursue explorative buffering. Exploitative buffering was a common response to demand shocks, independent of the dyadic power relation.

Mapping and Measuring Fragmentation in Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis

Over the past 20 years, world politics has become increasingly complex due to a proliferation of institutions, actors, norms, and discourses in global affairs. Lacking overarching organization and hierarchy, governance architectures, i.e. the “overarching system of public and private institutions that are valid or active in a given issue area of world politics” (Biermann et al. 2009, 15), have turned into a patchwork of institutions marked by diversity in terms of character, constituencies, scope, and subject matter resulting in institutional overlaps and gaps, contestation and synergy, integration and fragmentation. While scholars have started to study the dyadic relations among international institutions (Oberthur and Stokke 2011; Oberthur and Gehring 2006) as well as the complex interactions that occur within what Keohane and Victor (2011) have termed “regime complexes”, we currently lack a detailed understanding of the degree of fragmentation across different policy domains. Hence, to understand the contemporary architecture of global governance, improved mappings of governance structures and appropriate indicators and metrics for measuring degrees of fragmentation are urgently needed. This paper outlines a conceptual and methodological framework for mapping and measuring fragmentation in global governance architectures based on a 2-step approach. First, global governance architectures are mapped to include the key governance arrangements of an issue area. Criteria for inclusion/exclusion of governance arrangements are (a) international and transnational scope, (b) intentionality to steer the behaviour of members, (c) explicit mentioning of governance goal, and (d) identifiable governance functions. Second, four indicators are applied to measure fragmentation: institutional constellations, actor constellations, norm constellations and discourse constellations. The framework can be used to examine the structural properties of global governance architectures and thereby aid further studies on the fundamental drivers and explanatory factors underlying fragmentation of governance.

The Logical Structure of Truthmaking

This paper is an investigation in the use of truthmaker theory for exploring the relation of logic to world, and as a tool for metaphysics. A variant of truthmaker theory, which we call the simple theory, is defined and defended against objections. It is characterized formally, and its central features are derived. As part of this project, we give a formal metaphysics based on nondeterministic necessitation relations among possible entities. In what is called the fundamental theorem of truthmaking, it is shown that, as long as a logic is sound and complete, its inferential structure will be isomorphic to the necessitation structure of our metaphysics. We thus arrive at a purely structural logic–world relationship which can be used for metaphysical investigations. Other products of our investigation are a sound and complete semantics for first-order logic with identity and a solution to a result of Restall (Australian Journal of Philosophy, 74, 331–340, 1996) which has threatened to make truthmaker theory trivial.

Twinship as a resource: zygosity- and gender-based comparison of twins' attitudes toward twinship.

Aiming to perform the first sociological survey of Hungarian twins, our main question was whether being a twin has positive consequences on one's life. Adult twins completed our questionnaire at three Hungarian summer twin festivals, in hospitals during medical twin studies, and on some websites online. Data represent 140 twin pairs (mean age: 38.2 ± 14.6 years). We employed some indices for measuring the resource nature of twinship. Three main types of benefits were distinguished: profit of attraction, as 'material capital'; the easier obtainability of cultural goods when twins take part in it, as 'cultural capital'; and positive aspects of an a priori existing dyadic relation, as 'relational capital'. We were interested in the difference among types of twins regarding advantages. We paid special attention to the five groups of twins derived from gender and zygosity (i.e., monozygotic females, monozygotic males, dizygotic females, dizygotic males, opposite-sex pairs). Our analysis showed that Hungarian twins involved in our research basically enjoy their twinship; during their lives they used and still make use of different benefits given by it. In our twin samples, women had more advantages from being a twin than men. Significant differences could be observed on all indicators between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Relational victimization, friendship, and adolescents' hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to an in vivo social stressor.

Adolescents' peer experiences may have significant associations with biological stress-response systems, adding to or reducing allostatic load. This study examined relational victimization as a unique contributor to reactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses as well as friendship quality and behavior as factors that may promote HPA recovery following a stressor. A total of 62 adolescents (ages 12-16; 73% female) presenting with a wide range of life stressors and adjustment difficulties completed survey measures of peer victimization and friendship quality. Cortisol samples were collected before and after a lab-based interpersonally themed social stressor task to provide measures of HPA baseline, reactivity, and recovery. Following the stressor task, adolescents discussed their performance with a close friend; observational coding yielded measures of friends' responsiveness. Adolescents also reported positive and negative friendship qualities. Results suggested that higher levels of adolescents' relational victimization were associated with blunted cortisol reactivity, even after controlling for physical forms of victimization and other known predictors of HPA functioning (i.e., life stress or depressive symptoms). Friendship qualities (i.e., low negative qualities) and specific friendship behaviors (i.e., high levels of responsiveness) contributed to greater HPA regulation; however, consistent with theories of rumination, high friend responsiveness in the context of high levels of positive friendship quality contributed to less cortisol recovery. Findings extend prior work on the importance of relational victimization and dyadic peer relations as unique and salient correlates of adaptation in adolescence.

The Sense of the Transcendental Field: Deleuze, Sartre, and Husserl

ABSTRACT There are two ways in which sense has been approached in contemporary philosophy. The dividing line is between those who interpret sense as abiding with models of recognition and those who determine sense as arising with paradox. In The Logic of Sense, Gilles Deleuze puts forth a paradoxical constitution of sense in order to render that which is new in being something untimely, the always new in being. In placing paradox at the center of the constitution of sense, Deleuze effectively works to displace the two aspects of doxa, good sense and common sense. Such a conception of sense comes into direct tension with Husserl's theory of sense. By outlining the fundamentals of Husserl's position, I intend to show on what points the two part ways. This distinction will create the context in which we can posit the relationship of transcendental and formal logic in Deleuze's philosophy via Sartre's essay “The Transcendence of the Ego.” My aim is to show that the doubling of sense does not reinforce the act of recognition, which Husserl realizes in the two-leveled predicative process.

Adverse outcomes of critical illness from a dyadic perspective

Physical and psychological consequences are common in surivors of severe sepsis. Spouses are also affected from such traumatic experience. As a couple, interactions between the yads patient–spouse necessarily occur during recovery, which ould positively or negatively influence the outcomes of both atients’ and spouses’. This situation has led some researchers o consider the dyad patient–spouse as a unit of analysis in CU research. To study the interaction between two people (a yad), the Actor Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) has been roposed.1 The APIM is a model designed to explore dyadic relations hat involve the concept of interdependence in two-person elationships (actor and partner).2 The model can be used to invesigate interactions and measure the impact of one person’s (actor)

Self-enforcing clientelism

Political clientelism is a dyadic relation in which a politician (the patron) gives material goods and services to a citizen (the client), in exchange for political support. If, at different stages of this relationship, both the patron and the client have incentives to defect and not honor informal agreements, what makes clientelism self-enforcing? The following paper presents a game-theoretical model of political clientelism in which a candidate disciplines a majority of voters through the promise of a future flow of benefits. A mixed strategy involving a randomized allocation of resources among constituencies makes clientelism feasible when the politician’s action is contingent on the result of the election. Higher campaign budgets and lower voter aversion towards clientelistic parties, as well as higher patience and higher heterogeneity across groups of voters, make clientelism more likely. Swing voters tend to be gifted more frequently than core supporters with this frequency increasing as group heterogeneity increases, presenting a positive association.

Commutator relations and the clones of finite groups

We show that for n ≥ 3, the clone of the dihedral group \({D_{{2}^{n}}}\) is determined by the k-ary algebraic relations, where k = 2n−1. Further, we show that there does not exist a finite integer k > 0 such that for all finite groups G, the k-ary algebraic relations of G determine the clone of G.

Where do social relations come from? A study of personal networks on the Toulouse area of France

One of the fundamental ideas of structural analysis is that in order to understand social structures, one must begin with relations. Yet where do relations come from? A survey of personal networks in the Toulouse area (France) allows us to demonstrate the importance of social circles in the genesis of dyadic relations.

Antecedents and consequences of replacing international independent intermediaries

Purpose – What characterizes the relationships with intermediaries that are soon to be replaced, and are the replacements successful? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The study applies a longitudinal design. The paper conducted a survey among a sample of exporters concerning their relationships with independent intermediaries in terms of trust, commitment, communication, control and two performance variables; financial performance and strategic goal achievement. Five years thereafter the author contacted the same companies again and questioned which independent intermediaries had been replaced in the period. The author then compared the replaced intermediaries with the extended intermediaries before they were replaced and analysed changes in the evaluations of the relationships and of the performance after the replacement. Findings – The relationships with terminated intermediaries that were replaced by sales subsidiary or home-based direct sales were characterized having higher trust, communication and control than extended relationships before replacement. While it may be surprising that these quite successful relationships were terminated, this is in line with internationalization process theories. The replacements, both intermediaries that were replaced by other intermediaries and by sales subsidiary/home-based direct sales, were highly successful in terms of improvement in performance and behavioural relationship variables. Research limitations/implications – The empirical findings are limited by the sample and by data collection from the principal only in the dyadic relations. Practical implications – International independent intermediaries should analyse the likelihood of being replaced by the principal because the relationship or the performance is unsatisfactory, but also because of satisfactory evaluations. Terminations of satisfactory relationships tend to be accompanied by change in operation mode to internal organization. The independent intermediary should in such cases build a defence structure against unwanted termination and/or prepare for buyout. The success of the replacements suggests that international marketers benefit from being proactive in replacing intermediaries with new intermediaries or with a hierarchal entry mode. Originality/value – This is the first study that applies most of these variables from interorganizational relations theory in the study of international independent intermediary replacements. It is also the first to give insight into the consequences of intermediary terminations.

The Relationship between Environmental Uncertainty and Opportunism in Marketing Channels: The Moderating Effect of Network Embeddedness

Under environmental uncertainty, firms face opportunism of their exchange partners and have difficulty in expecting benevolence from their exchange partners because the participating firms are unable to predict changes in the external environments due to lack of information, knowledge and understanding. Meanwhile, firms’ economic actions and outcomes, like all social action and outcomes, are affected by the actors’ dyadic relations as well as by the structure of the overall relations, which is referred to as network embeddedness. Firms are embedded in the network by maintaining strong ties or weak ties with their exchange partners. As such, firms’ participating network embeddedness influences the inter-firm relationship under environmental uncertainty. This study hypothesizes that environmental uncertainty is positively related to opportunism and is negatively related to benevolence. This study also hypothesizes that these relations are moderated by the network embeddedness. The statistic results demonstrate that all of the hypotheses of this study turn out to be significant. The implication of this study is that network embeddedness acts as a moderator by way of managing opportunism when firms are under environmental uncertainty. Specifically, firms embedded in strong tie networks are unlikely to seek opportunism because firms’ participation in such strong ties serves as part of the control mechanism of environmental uncertainty. This study also portrays that firms’ participation in the network embeddedness promotes the benevolence of the exchange partners. Firms’ participation in strong tie networks enables the exchange partners to exchange fine-grained information and to deeply understand the operations of the partners. As such, firms have a belief that the exchange partners have the intentions and motives beneficial to the firms even in uncertain environments. Therefore, firms should carefully consider how they are embedded in the network with their exchange partners when they make a business decision under environmental uncertainty.

How Directors' Prior Experience with Other Demographically Similar CEOs Affects Their Appointments onto Corporate Boards and the Consequences for CEO Compensation

In recent years, new director appointments have increasingly posed a dilemma for corporate leaders: while CEOs prefer individuals who have similar backgrounds to them, they face increased pressure to appoint new directors who have a different demographic profile. We suggest that CEOs may resolve this dilemma by appointing new directors who have prior experiences working with other demographically similar CEOs. We then explain why this tendency is stronger when new directors are demographically more different from CEOs. Moreover, we posit that new directors’ prior experiences with other similar CEOs will reduce the negative effect of their demographic differences from the CEO on CEO compensation. Longitudinal analysis of Fortune 500 companies’ new director appointments and subsequent CEO compensation provided support for our theoretical expectations. This study identifies an important new role that interlock ties to other CEOs can play in corporate governance and leadership. In particular, we suggest that such ties are a means by which CEOs evaluate whether a new director will support their leadership and decision making. In explaining the role of directors’ ties to other CEOs in influencing director appointments and CEO compensation, this study also highlights the important influence of triads on CEO-director dyadic relations.

Mother of two children

The paper considers the place of the impersonal in the making of intimacies (in this case, the “mother-child dyad”), through examining examples of how temporality, grammar, measurement and knowledge are imbricated and naturalised in the events and processes of life-giving. Experimental in genre, the paper is expressive rather than rationalist, shifting between the personal voice and a more distanced analytic to unsettle taken-for-granted modes of scholarship and undo rigid distinctions between subjective and objective knowledge. Describing the interfaces and interleaving of embodied, intuitive and biomedical knowledge, I suggest that different modalities of knowledge, experience, intensity and duration weave together in the production of life, producing contradictions, contractions and expansions of the social world. Throughout, slightly tongue in cheek, I use the framing of “my culture” (a common South Africanism seldom used by English-speaking whites, who assume “culture” is elsewhere) to invite critical assessment and to reflect on the ways that individuals are uniquely positioned through socio-cultural practice. The refrain “I am the mother of two children” offers a heuristic through which to examine dyadic relations.

Land Developers, States, and Collusive Clientelism in Marketizing China

Their undeniable contribution notwithstanding, the interlocked interests of land developers and local states are frequently condemned as clientelistic collusion and engendered corruption by the party leaders, not to mention a majority of ordinary citizens. Even though the “patron–client”-type entanglement between these actors in the Chinese political economy has been widely recognized, the concrete conditions, which deepen such clientelist structure and mutual penetration, much more than other industries in China and its counterparts in other developing countries, have not been scrutinized. What are the political logics and dynamics of such dyadic relations between these two key actors in the Chinese context and in comparison with other industries? Who are the actors and what are the goods transacted in this industry? Which ownership types of land developer form the industry? How can we link the ownership forms to similar and distinct clientelistic characteristics and their variations? This paper tries to answer this set of questions in order to understand the enigmatic issue of land developers, whose importance is undeniable in contemporary Chinese politics, but on which the established literature has not provided concrete analysis.

‘Good’ in Terms of ‘Better’

There have been many attempts to define the monadic value properties of intrinsic or final goodness and badness in terms of the dyadic betterness relation. By reducing the number of primitive conce ...