Myzus Cerasi Research Articles

Mitochondrial COI and morphological evidence for host specificity of the black cherry aphids Myzus cerasi (Fabricius, 1775) collected from different cherry tree species in Europe (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene of forty eight European and two Turkish population samples of Myzus cerasi from different winter hosts (Prunus spp.) were subjected to phylogenetic analyses. The analysed M. cerasi samples emerged as paraphyletic relative to a Myzus borealis sample used as an out-group, and formed two major clades in neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference trees, corresponding to subspecies living specifically on Prunus avium and P. cerasus. Multivariate discriminant analysis (method of canonical variates) was applied to find out if morphological variation of samples correlated with mitochondrial COI and host plant information. Mean scores on the first two canonical variables clustered samples fully in accordance with their COI haplotypes and host plants confirming the existence of two morphologically similar winter host - specific subspecies of M. cerasi in Europe. No single morphological character enabled satisfactory discrimination between apterous viviparous females of the two subspecies. A three-character linear discriminant function enabled 92.37% correct identification of apterous viviparous females of M. cerasi cerasi (n = 118) and 93.64% of M. cerasi pruniavium (n = 110). A key for the morphological identification of the two subspecies is presented and their taxonomic status is discussed.

Aphid Feeding Behavior in Relation to Potato Virus Y (PVY) Acquisition

Potato virus Y (PVY) is transmitted by aphids in a nonpersistent manner and aphid species differ in their ability to transmit PVY. During host selection, aphids will land and probe on nonhost plant species and this behavior is an important component of the epidemiology of many aphid-transmitted viruses. In this study, we hypothesized that host selection behavior varies between aphid species and the host or nonhost status of the plant and this behavior will modulate their ability to acquire PVY. Three potato colonizers, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and Aphis nasturtii (Kaltenbach) and three casual visitors to potato fields, Myzus cerasi (F.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and Sitobion avenae (F.) were evaluated using two acquisition assays. In one assay, the normal host selection and feeding behavior of aphid species were eliminated using an artificial diet while the other considered the normal host selection and feeding behavior of aphid species on potato plants. PVY acquisition rates of aphid species widely differed between the two assays indicating the impact of host selection and feeding behavior on PVY acquisition. This behavior varied greatly between potato colonizers and noncolonizers. We recommend that laboratory evaluations of PVY vector efficiency consider the normal host selection and feeding behavior of aphid species on potatoes.

HIGH TUNNEL SWEET CHERRY STUDIES: INNOVATIVE INTEGRATION OF PRECISION CANOPIES, PRECOCIOUS ROOTSTOCKS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

ISHS IX International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems HIGH TUNNEL SWEET CHERRY STUDIES: INNOVATIVE INTEGRATION OF PRECISION CANOPIES, PRECOCIOUS ROOTSTOCKS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

Effects of the landscape context on aphid-ant-predator interactions on cherry trees

The loss and isolation of semi-natural habitats reduces biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, with potential negative consequences for the biological control of pest insects. We investigated effects of the landscape context on interactions between the black cherry aphid Myzus cerasi, ants, and aphid predators on young cherry trees. Thirty study sites varied independently in their amount of woody habitat in a 500 m radius and their isolation from woody habitats. We infested young cherry trees with aphids and applied glue rings to half of the trees to exclude ants and earwigs. Early-season densities of syrphids and coccinellids were reduced by ants, and cumulative aphid densities were 10 times higher on ant-accessed trees than on trees from which ants were excluded. Densities of earwigs and syrphids were significantly lower on trees isolated from woody habitats than on trees adjacent to forest. Cumulative aphid densities were two times higher on trees isolated from forest, but only in the absence of glue rings, suggesting that differences in earwig densities could have caused this pattern. Neither predator densities nor aphid densities were influenced by the amount of woody or open semi-natural habitat in a 500 m radius. Growth of cherry trees was reduced by aphids. We conclude that the mutualistic interaction between aphids and ants was largely independent of the landscape context. By contrast, the ecosystem service of aphid suppression was reduced by habitat isolation.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МИКРОБНЫХ АССОЦИАЦИЙ НЕКОТОРЫХ ВИДОВ ТЛИ В САРАТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Microbial ecological systems of Myzus cerasi F., Eriosoma ulmi L., Hyalopterus pruni L. in territory of the Saratov region was studied. 30 bacteria species belonging to 15 genera was revealed. Curtobacterium flacumfaciens, Erwinia carotovora and Erwinia rhapontici causing diseases of plants were among them. Quantity characteristic and occurrence of all taken bacterium species were shown. The comparative characteristics of microbial ecological systems studied species of the plant louse are presented.

High Tunnel Tree Fruit Production: The Final Frontier?

High tunnel production systems typically use horticultural crops that are annually or biennially herbaceous, high in value, short in stature, and quick to produce. At best, tree fruits may fit only one of these criteria–high value. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) may command high enough values in premium market niches to make high tunnel production strategies worth attempting. Furthermore, sweet cherry production can be a risky endeavor, even in optimal climates, due to the potentially devastating effects of preharvest rain that cause fruit cracking. Consequently, environmental modification by tunnels in regions like the Great Lakes provides a significant risk reduction. Additional potential benefits, such as protection from frosts, diseases, insects, wind scarring, etc., add further production value. Multi-bay high tunnels were constructed in 2005 at two Michigan State University experiment stations, over established and newly planted sweet cherry trees on dwarfing rootstocks, to study and optimize the effects of production environment modification on vegetative and reproductive growth, marketing season extension, and protection of cherries from diseases, insect pests, and/or physiological disorders. Results with tunnels thus far include premium fruit quality and high crop value; increased leaf size and terminal shoot growth; decreased radial trunk growth; decreased chemical pesticide inputs; decreased incidence of cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) and bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae); increased incidence of powdery mildew (Podosphaera clandestina); inconclusive effects on brown rot (Monolinia fructicola); no or reduced infestation by plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) or cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cingulata); dramatically reduced japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) damage; and increased black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) populations.

High Tunnel Tree Fruit Production: The Final Frontier?

High tunnel production systems typically use horticultural crops that are annually or biennially herbaceous, high in value, short in stature, and quick to produce. At best, tree fruits may fit only one of these criteria–high value. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) may command high enough values in premium market niches to make high tunnel production strategies worth attempting. Furthermore, sweet cherry production can be a risky endeavor, even in optimal climates, due to the potentially devastating effects of preharvest rain that cause fruit cracking. Consequently, environmental modification by tunnels in regions like the Great Lakes provides a significant risk reduction. Additional potential benefits, such as protection from frosts, diseases, insects, wind scarring, etc., add further production value. Multi-bay high tunnels were constructed in 2005 at two Michigan State University experiment stations, over established and newly planted sweet cherry trees on dwarfing rootstocks, to study and optimize the effects of production environment modification on vegetative and reproductive growth, marketing season extension, and protection of cherries from diseases, insect pests, and/or physiological disorders. Results with tunnels thus far include premium fruit quality and high crop value; increased leaf size and terminal shoot growth; decreased radial trunk growth; decreased chemical pesticide inputs; decreased incidence of cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) and bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae); increased incidence of powdery mildew (Podosphaera clandestina); inconclusive effects on brown rot (Monolinia fructicola); no or reduced infestation by plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) or cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cingulata); dramatically reduced japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) damage; and increased black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) populations.

Non-Chemical Control of Some Important Pests of Sweet Cherry

Non-Chemical Control of Some Important Pests of Sweet CherrySome non-chemical insecticides were tested for efficacy of control of fall webworm,Hyphantria cunea(Drury), and of cherry weevil,Rhynchites auratus(Scop.) in the laboratory and black cherry aphid,Myzus cerasi(Fabr.) under field conditions. Hendreson & Tilton formula was applied for evaluation of efficacy. NeemAzal T/S (azadirahtin) at the concentration 0.5% and Naturalis (Beauveria bassiana) used at 0.2% or 0.3% have shown the best results against black cherry aphid. Good results were also obtained with Pyrethrum FS (pyrethrin + sesame oil + soft potassium soap) used at 0.05% or 0.1%, with NeemAzal T/S at 0.3%, PreFeRal WG (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) at 0.2% and with Naturalis at 0.1%. The effect of PreFeRal WG, applied at 0.1% was unsatisfactory. Against the fourth instar larvae of fall webworm, excellent results were noted for Pyrethrum (0.05% and 0.1%) and Naturalis (0.1% and 0.2%). Very good effects were also obtained with the BMP 123WP (Bacillus thuringiensis), used in concentration of 0.1%. NeemAzal T/S - 0.5% had still good, albeit lower, efficacy. Against the cherry weevil only Pyrethrum FS was tested. This insecticide resulted in a very good efficacy, when used at the concentration 0.1% and still satisfactory - at 0.05%.

Late dormant rapeseed oil treatment against black cherry aphid and cherry fruit moth in sweet cherries

Abstract: Black cherry aphid [Myzus cerasi (Fabricius)] and cherry fruit moth [Argyresthia pruniella (Clerck)] are the main insect pests on sweet cherries in Norway. In this study, application of rapeseed oil alone and rapeseed oil mixed with pesticides were tested as a control method against overwintering eggs of both black cherry aphid and cherry fruit moth. Results showed that rapeseed oil applied at the late dormant stage significantly reduced damage by black cherry aphid. Efficiency of oil mixed with pesticides was higher, but only significant in three of seven trials. The efficiency of rapeseed oil against cherry fruit moth was low compared with what was achieved for black cherry aphid, but within the range that has been reported for other botanical pesticides. As for the black cherry aphid, adding pesticides to oil decreased damage by the cherry fruit moth. Timing of treatment and effect of temperature were discussed.

Transmission of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus by Colonizing and Non‐colonizing Aphids in Greece and New Aphid Species Vectors of the Virus

AbstractNineteen aphid species were tested for their ability to transmit Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) from and to zucchini under laboratory conditions. Sixteen species were found to be new vectors of ZYMV (i.e. Aphis craccae, Aphis fabae, Aphis nerii, Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus cardui, Brevicoryne brassicae, Hyalopterus pruni complex, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Macrosiphum rosae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzus cerasi, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi, Semiaphis dauci and Sipha maydis). Their transmission efficiency by a single aphid was low (0.1–4.2%). Myzus persicae was used as a control and was the most efficient vector (41.1%, one aphid per plant). Hayhurstia atriplicis, Myzus ascalonicus and Sitobion avenae did not transmit the virus. In four out of six new vectors assayed in arena tests for propensity estimation, propensity was higher than efficiency. Data from an experimental zucchini field in northern Greece revealed a high correlation between ZYMV spread and alatae of the vector species. The most abundant aphid vectors during 2 years experimentation were M. persicae, Aphis gossypii and Aphis spiraecola. The possible role of the 16 new and the previously known aphid vectors in the epidemiology of ZYMV was investigated using data of transmission efficiency combined with the captures of their alatae in the Greek net of a Rothamsted type suction trap.

Differences in aphid transmissibility and translocation between PVYN and PVYO isolates

The aphid transmissibility and within-plant movement of two PVY isolates belonging to PVYO and PVYN strains were studied. Potato plants were infected by Myzus persicae either 1 week after emergence or 30 or 45 days after emergence. Infected leaves, petioles of infected leaves, and different segments of the stems of plants infected 1 week after emergence were ELISA-tested 7, 11 and 14 days after infection. Segments of the plants infected 30 or 45 days after emergence were ELISA tested 30 days after infection. Normalised ELISA values were used for statistical analyses. Virus infection of progeny tubers was assessed by post-harvest inspection. The ability of 15 aphid species to transmit the virus isolates was also examined. There was no difference in the aphid transmissibility of the two isolates 7 or 11 days after exposure to M. persicae. However, normalised ELISA values were significantly affected by both isolate and sampling date 11 and 14 days after M. persicae transmission. The level of infection of different stem segments was significantly affected by both isolate and growth stage of the plant at infection. The proportions of infected leaves, stem segments and progeny tubers were all significantly higher for PVYN than for PVYO. PVYN was more effectively transmitted by a number of different aphid species than was PVYO. Newly described vectors of PVYN include Schizaphis graminum, Aphis fabae cirsiacanthoides, Aphis spiraecola, Myzus ligustri, Aphis fabae, Aphis spiraephaga, Myzus cerasi, Macrosiphum rosae, Diuraphis noxia, Aphis pomi and Rhopalosiphum padi, while those of PVYO include Aphis fabae cirsiacanthoides, Myzus cerasi and Myzus ligustri.

Cytogenetic characterization of the holocentric chromosomes in the aphids Myzus varians and Myzus cerasi

Cytogenetic investigations on the holocentric chromosomes of Myzus varians and Myzus cerasi have been carried out using silver staining and C-banding followed by chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and DAPI staining in order to improve our knowledge of these pest crop species and facilitate their identification. In M. varians C-banding pattern is pecu-: liar of each chromosome pair thus allowing the identification of all homologues and the reconstruction of a reliable karyotype whereas in M. cerasi, C-positive regions result to be limited to both the telomeric regions of the X chromosomes. In both species, silver staining localizes rDNA genes on one telomere of each X chromosome; such telomeres are the unique brightly fluorescent C-positive regions after CMA3 staining, whereas all other heterochro-matic bands result DAPI positive.

Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) Colonizing Peach in the United States or with Potential for Introduction

Eleven aphid species known to colonize peaches in the United States and one species not known from the United States are described and illustrated. Aphis spiraecola Patch, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brachycaudus persicae (Passerini), Brachycaudus schwartzi (Borner), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Myzus cerasi (F.), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Myzus varians Davidson, Pterochloroides persicae (Cholodkovsky), and Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) are included in the present paper. A brief summary of taxonomic characters, usual hosts, and distribution within the United States are given for each species. Pictorial and dichotomous keys are included to aid personnel charged with detection, identification, and control of aphids associated with peaches in the United States.

Transmission of potato virus Y by aphids trapped in potato crops in southern England

Harrington et al. (1986) assessed the relative efficiency with which different aphid species transmitted potato virus Y (PVY), by trapping flying aphids on a net downwind of a plot of infected potatoes and transferring the aphids to tobacco seedlings. This paper reports the extension of that work over further seasons and identifies three more vector species,Aphis sambuci, Myzus cerasi andDysaphis sp. A method for determining the proportion of those aphids caught on the net that had landed and probed in the crop is suggested. The use of such information to improve a model of virus spread is discussed.

A CELLULOSE-HYDROLYZING FACTOR IN APHIDS

Extracts of 12 species of aphids differed in their capacities to reduce the viscosity of methyl cellulose (MC) substrates. The activity of these extracts varied from as much as 60% reduction of viscosity in 48 hours, when the species Myzus cerasi Fab. from Prunus pennsylvanica L. was used, to zero change when the extracts were from Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin) from Salix babylonica L. Extracts from the remaining 10 species reduced the viscosity of MC substrates by about 25% in the same period. In many cases the activity of these extracts was almost doubled if the extract was heated in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes prior to being incubated with the MC; in only a few cases was it reduced. The plant host on which the aphids were cultured appeared to influence both the rate of activity and the effect of heating.

A Note on Colour Preferences of Some Homoptera and Thysanoptera in British Columbia

In pear and sweet cherry orchards near Creston, in the Kootenay Valley of British Columbia, populations of psyllids, aphids, thrips and leafhoppers were sampled by yellow, and white, sticky board traps hung in the trees. The psyllids were adult Psylla pyricola Först., caught in pear trees; the other insects were caught in cherry trees. The latter insects were: alate Myzus cerasi (F.), adults and nymphs of Taeniothrips sp., and adult leafhoppers of the following species: Edwardsiana rosae (L.), Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), Psammotettix lividellus (Zett.), Dikraneura absenta DeL. and C., Scaphytopius acutus (Say), Osbornellus borealis DeL. and Mohr., Neokolla hieroglyphics (Say), and Erythroneura spp. Identifications were made by the Systematics and Biological Control Unit of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

Biology of the Black Cherry Aphid in the Willamette Valley, Oregon1

A study of the biology of the black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi (F.)) was made during the 1956 season. Although it was possible to control this aphid early in the spring, heavy reinfestations often developed during the late spring and early summer. During this study there was evidence of considerable movement of the winged summer migrants from one cherry tree to another to feed and reproduce. It was believed previously that these forms migrated directly to alternate host plants during the summer. These aphids were not found on alternate host plants in 1956, although observations in the present study indicated that no males were produced on cherry. It was estimated, on the basis of a field-rearing experiment covering part of the season, that a total of 12 generations, plus a partial 13th, were produced during the entire season. In the same experiment the developmental period, from birth to reproduction, ranged from 11.3 days in the 9th generation to 35.9 days in the 12th generation. The average number of nymphs per female per day ranged from 1.1 to 1.9. The following new predators and parasites were recorded: Hippodamia 5-signata ambigua Muls., Cycloneda polita Csy., Syrphus vitripennis Meigen, Ephedrus nitidus Gahan, Aphidius (Lysiphlebus) knowltoni Smith.

Two New Phosphates for Control of Overwintering Eggs of Aphids and Mites on Deciduous Fruit Trees1

Ethion in combination with dormant oil has given excellent control or several mite and insect species when applied as a dormant or delayed dormant spray. Phostex-oil sprays have given excellent control or aphid species when applications are restricted to the delayed dormant period. Phostex® is a mixture or bis(dialkyloxyphosphinothioyl) disulphides. The mite control during the delayed dormant period with Phostex-oil has in general been fairly good. The species controlled include the rosy apple aphid, Anuraphis roseus Baker; mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy); black cherry aphid, Myzus cerasi (F.); European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch); and the clover mite, Bryobia praetiosa Koch. Trials were conducted in California over a 3-year period. Tests were applied from January through March in an attempt to determine timing of application in relation to control. In general, more toxicant and oil were needed during the dormant than during the delayed dormant period for equivalent control of rosy apple aphid, European red mite, and clover mite. The amount of toxicant and oil required for control of mealy plum aphid and black cherry aphid was constant all during the dormant period.

INFLUENCE OF OIL ON TOXICITY OF BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE

In 1946, a water-dispersible powder (formulation P. 530) containing 6% gamma benzene hexachloride and 50% goulac (lignin pitch) was tested in the field for control of black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi (F.)), apple aphid (Aphis pomi Deg.), mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus arundinis (F.)), wooly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.)) and pear psylla (Psylla pyricola Foerst.). The material was compared at 0.25 lb. gamma isomer per 100 gal. in (1) water alone, and (2) plus 0.5 gal. of either distillate oil (42. S.S.U. Vis. 100° F., 77% U.R.) or summer oil (60-64 S.S.U. Vis. 100° F., 78% U.R.). Three gallons of each mixture were applied by bucket pump and two trials were made, the first beginning July 10 and the second July 16. Results are given in Table 1.

A Laboratory Comparison of the Toxicity as a Contact Poison of DDT with Nicotine, Derris Products and the Pyrethrins

The toxicity of DDT as a contact spray under laboratory conditions has been tested on a number of insect species. The particulars of the species used are set out below.The toxicity of the DDT spray was compared in every instance with nicotine. A rotenone or derris suspension was included in the tests on Myzus cerasi, Phaedon cochleariae, Pieris brassicae, Pteronus ribesii and Phymatocera aterrima, and a pyrethrin spray in the tests on Pieris brassicae, Pteronus ribesii and Phymatocera aterrima.