Myxobolus Koi Research Articles

Effect of Whole Protein Spore Myxobolus koi by Oral Treatment on Non-Specific Immune Response of Punten Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Infested with Myxobolus koi

Increased intensive cultivation of Punten Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is quite profitable, but on the other hand, it can result in a decrease in water quality due to uncontrolled leftover feed. Poor water quality can cause fish to become stressed then susceptible to disease, one of which is Myxobolus koi parasite infestation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of immunostimulant treatment of whole protein Myxobolus koi spores on the blood profile of Myxobolus-infested punten carp. The method used was an experiment with two treatments, the treatment without Myxobolus koi spore whole protein (P0) and the treatment of commercial feed added with an immunostimulant from Myxobolus koi spore whole protein of 5 µg/kg feed (P1). The study was conducted for 28 days and observed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, including the calculation of the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, leukocyte differential, and water quality as supporting data. The abundance of erythrocytes in fish treated with P1 (1.16x106 cells/mm3-2.44x106 cells/mm3) was higher than in fish treated with P0 (1.09x106 cells/mm3-1.55x106 cells/mm3). The abundance of leukocytes in fish treated with P1 (3.79x104 cells/mm3-11.31x104 cells/mm3) was higher than in fish treated with P0 (3.51x104 cells/mm3-6.58x104 cells/mm3). The results of differential observations of leukocytes in the P0 treatment found basophils (0.3-1.3%), neutrophils (12.3-21.5%), eosinophils (2.5-4.9%), lymphocytes (61.9-76.8%) and monocytes (3.8-6.3%). The results of differential observations of leukocytes in the P1 treatment found basophils (0.3-1.0%), neutrophils (10.7-19.9%), eosinophils (2.4-3.9%), lymphocytes (61.8-72.6%) and monocytes (3.9-5.4%).

Identification of Thelohanellus pseudonikolskii n. sp. and Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1920 from goldfish Carassius auratus

During a parasitological survey of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) in China, two myxosporeans were collected in the present study including a Thelohanellus species and a Myxobolus species. To identified the two myxosporeans, a morphological, histological and molecular study was performed. The Thelohanellus species was characterized by round, white plasmodia in fins of goldfish. Compared with all described Thelohanellus species, spore morphology of the Thelohanellus species in the present study was distinct from them. BLAST search showed that SSU rDNA sequence of this Thelohanellus species did not match any sequence in GenBank database. Phylogenetically, the Thelohanellus species obtained in the present study was sister to Thelohanellus nikolskii Achmerov, 1955. So, the present Thelohanellus species was identified as a novel species and named Thelohanellus pseudonikolskii n. sp. The Myxobolus species was characterized by a number of round or irregularly shaped, white plasmodia in gills of goldfish. When compared with all reported Myxobolus species, spore morphology of the present Myxobolus species was most similar to Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1920. Histological analysis showed that plasmodia of this Myxobolus species simultaneously developed in stratified epithelium of filament and in lamellae, which was same to M. koi. Moreover, BLAST search showed that SSU rDNA sequence of the present Myxobolus species was identical to M. koi. Thus, the morphological, histological and molecular analysis demonstrated that the present Myxobolus species was conspecific with M. koi. Due to M. koi consistently described from gills of common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 and koi carp C. carpio in the previous researches, M. koi was first found to infect gills of goldfish in the present study. Considering koi carp and goldfish both as ornamental fish frequently cultured together in China, the possible host shift of M. koi from koi carp to goldfish is of interest for further investigation.

Morphological description and molecular identification of Myxobolus dajiangensis n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) from the gill of Cyprinus carpio in southwest China.

BackgroundMyxosporean diversity is a hot topic since they are difficult to accurately identify and classify. Many Myxobolus parasites have been named as Myxobolus koi because of their similar morphological features with the species originally reported. However, the distinctions in fine morphological features, host specificity, and molecular data have given rise to the attention of researchers.MethodsThe classical morphometric and histological methods were used to describe the Myxobolus dajiangensis n. sp. in morphology. The common techniques in modern molecular biology and the methods of phylogenetic analyses were combined to identify the species.ResultsPlasmodia of interlamellar-vascular type were found in the vascular network of gill lamellae. Mature myxospores of M. dajiangensis n. sp. were elongated and pyriform from the frontal view. The myxospores were 14.8 ± 0.4 (13.9–15.6) µm in length, 8.0 ± 0.5 (7.2–9.1) µm in width, and 5.5 µm in thickness. The two polar capsules were pyriform and slightly different in length. The length of the larger polar capsules was 8.0 ± 0.4 (7.1–8.8) µm, and it was 7.4 ± 0.4 (6.1–8.0) µm for the smaller ones. The width of both polar capsules was 2.5 ± 0.2 (2.0–3.2) µm. The polar filaments within the polar capsules were each coiled nine to 11 turns. Comparative analysis of both the morphological and molecular data between the present speices and other similar species revealed that the present species is a novel species, Myxobolus dajiangensis n. sp. Also, M. koi (FJ710800) was misidentified and the congener with M. dajiangensis n. sp., depending on the secondary structures of SSU rRNA and phylogenetic analysis. Moreover, the cryptic species existed in the M. koi parasites.

Myxobolus koi

This datasheet on Myxobolus koi covers Identity, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected.

Effect of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Juice on Changes in the Anatomical Pathology of Gills and Amount of Blood Erythrocytes of Koi Fish (Cyprinus carpio koi) Infected by Myxobolus koi

Koi fish commodities have business prospects that can be developed through aquaculture activities in ponds, but in aquaculture, there are often obstacles that are encountered and difficult to control. One obstacle that is difficult to control in the presence of disease attacks caused by parasites. One type of parasite that often attacks koi fish is Myxobolus. Zingiber officinale Rosc. or commonly referred to as red ginger has several properties for the treatment of parasites such as Myxobolus koi, which infects the gills of koi fish. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving red ginger juice (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) To changes in anatomic pathology and the amount of erythrocyte blood of koi fish infected with Myxobolus koi. This study uses a completely randomized design method with six treatments and four replications. The treatments used were different concentrations of red ginger juice that were negative control P1 (healthy fish), positive control P2 (without red ginger juice), P3 (0.1%), P4 (0.2%), P5 (0.3 %) and P6 (0.4%). Pathology scoring data obtained were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis, then followed by an Independent Two-Sample Test, data on the number of erythrocytes obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and then followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the administration of red ginger juice gave effect to changes in anatomic pathology and total blood erythrocytes of koi fish infected with Myxobolus. Based on these data, the highest anatomic pathology changes were found in the administration of red ginger concentration of 0.4% with a ranking of 11 and based the on scoring of 2 and the highest average number of erythrocytes found in the treatment of red ginger concentration of 0.4% with an average 14.9 x 105 cells / mm3.

Morphology and Sequencing of Myxobolus koi DNA that Infects Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) in Blitar Regency

Myxobolus koi is a type of myxospore parasite that infects many fresh ornamental fish, this disease is also called myxobolusis. Currently there are 29 species of Myxobolus that have been identified to infect Cyprinus carpio, with 17 of them infecting gills, so it will be difficult to determine the type of Myxobolusis. This study aims to identify Myxobolus species that infect Cyprinus carpio koi fish based on conventional and molecular analysis. Myxobolus spores obtained from Blitar Regency microscopically have spores length of 11-14 μm with an average of 12.82 ± 0.75 μm and width of 7-8 μm with an average of 7.09 ± 0.84 μm, while the size capsules have a length of 7-8 μm with an average of 7.36 ± 0.497 μm and a width of 2-3 μm with an average of 2.64 ± 0.49 μm n = 10. Electrophoresis results of clinically infected fish Myxobolus koi appeared band (band) at 2000 bp, sequencing DNA Myxobolus koi parasites that infect koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) in Blitar have the highest similarity (percent identity) with the sample code KT.240127.1, namely on Myxobolus koi which infects Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Southwest China. The closest genetic distance of the Myxobolus koi blitar sample to the Myxobolus koi sample in koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) with sample code FJ841887.1 and Myxobolus koi in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with sample code KT240127.1. at the same value 0.273.Keyword : Myxobolus koi, koi (Cyprinus carpio), PCR, Sequencing.

Research on the Classification of Fish Parasitoids Based on Digital Image Processing Technology

The traditional classification method of morphology and the combination of morphology and molecular biology have low efficiency and accuracy in the classification of fish parasitoids. In this paper, Four kinds of blepharoplasma, such as ugly round Myxobolus, Myxobolus shantungensis, Myxobolus Koi and Myxobolus dispar, were selected as the research objects. A new method based on digital image processing technology is proposed to extract the edge of a spore and pouches, and calculates various morphological parameters of the Myxobolus. Based on the obtained parameters, a classification standard is established to classify four different Myxobolus and a new classification method based on morphological criteria was proposed.

Molecular Detection, Histopathology, and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Myxobolus koi Infecting Cyprinus carpio Koi

Myxobolus koi is a type of parasite that infects many freshwater fish through myxospores, resulting in a disease called myxobolosis. This research aimed is to investigate the clinical symptoms that occur in the gills of infected Koi carp ( C. carpio ). The utilized methods in this study are molecular detection, histopathology, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Koi carp samples that are suspected to be infected with Myxobolus koi show several clinical signs, such as swollen and pale-colored gills and gill covers (opercula) that do not close completely, as well as white spots that appear on the edge of the lamella. The results of this study showed that through histological observations, there were changes characterized by hyperplasia of the primary lamella cartilage that envelops parasitic cysts and the encapsulation process that surrounds the cysts by gill cartilage in infected fish;SEM showed oval and elongated spores of a size of ± 12 µm (800x). TheDNA template from gill tissues in clinically infected and uninfected fish was examined byPCR testing with primers ERB 1 (Forward) and ERB 10 (Reverse); the results of electrophoresis in infected fish were detected at 2000 bp. Keywords: Cyprinus carpio , Histopathology, Molecular Detection, Myxobolus koi , Parasite, SEM.

Morphological and molecular identification of Myxobolus parakoi sp. nov(Myxozoa: Myxobolidae), from Cyprinus carpio in Chongqing China.

During an ongoing investigation into the myxosporean diversity of common carp in Chongqing, China, Myxobolus parakoi sp. nov. was found to infect the gill lamellae of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Both morphological and SSU rDNA data revealed that M. parakoi sp. nov. was distinct from other myxosporeans. Mature myxospores of M. parakoi sp. nov. were pyriform in the frontal view. The spores were 15.98 ± 0.78 (14.59-17.72) μm in length and 7.84 ± 0.78 (6.66-9.75) μm in width. The two polar capsules were pyriform and equal in size, exhibiting 8.72 ± 0.50 (7.76-9.92) μm in length and 3.03 ± 0.23 (2.63-3.56) μm in width. Polar filaments within the polar capsules were coiled with 11 or 12 turns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. parakoi sp. nov. and Myxobolus koi (FJ710800) were clustered together, forming a sister subclade with Myxobolus tanakai. This study also implied that the morphology of the myxospores was generally correlated with their phylogenetic relationship, while such correlation was not strong or consistent.

The protection capacity of the crude and whole protein spores of Myxobolus koi as an immunostimulant material development in goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) for preventing Myxobolusis

The aim of this research was to 1) isolate the crude and whole proteine spora of Myxobolus koi using SDS-PAGE and 2) to analyze the profile of the Myxobolus koi protein spore that will be developed for use as an immunostimulant materials that can give protection to goldfish infected by Mxobolus sp. The method of this research was experimental, conducted in a laboratory. The research consisted of two stages; the culturing of the Myxobolus using spore scattering involving the characterization of the crude and whole protein spores using SDS-PAGE and the second stage was analyzing the protection capacity of the protein spore of Myxobolus koi in goldfish. This research is descriptive laboratory experiment. The results showed that there were bands of proteins with a molecule weight (MW) between 41.1 kDa - 230.1 kDa. Based on the protein MW identification of Myxobolus koi spores, there were 5 whole protein bands; MW 41.1 kDa, 51 kDa, 89.8 kDa, 121.7 kDa and a protein with MW 230.1 kDa. The molecule weight (MW) of the crude protein spores of the Myxobolus koi was 150 kDa and 72 kDa. The survival rate of pacific white shrimp that were exposed to the whole protein of Myxobolus koi was 87% and 82% when exposed to crude protein.

Prevalensi dan Tingkat Kelulushidupan Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio) yang Diuji Tantang dengan Protein Spora Utuh Myxobolus Koi Di Tambak <Br><I>[ Prevalence and The Survival Rate Of Gold Fish (Cyprinus carpio Linn) that Challenced Whole Protein Spore Myxobolus Koi in Pond]<I>

Abstract One of parasite disease that often outbreak is protozoan disease that caused by Myxobollus koi, that recaqniced Myxobolusis. Starting at 2009 this disease included in fish quarantine disease, because it can caused fish sick and dead. This disease can to be big problem in aquaculture, it can caused mortality 60-90%, with the prevalence reach 100%. In 1974 and 1978 the myxobolusis case happened in Indonesia and it caused mortality antil 100% in seed stadium. The aims of this Research are to detect the prevalence of the gold fish (Cyprinus carpio Linn) that infected by Myxobolus koi that challence by spora protein of Myxobolus koi in pond and want know abaout the survival rate of gold fish (Cyprinus carpio Linn) that challence by protein spora of Myxobolus koi in pond. This Research is field experiment that consist to 4 group, this are : KP1= Controle (No challence by protein spore and nor infected by Myxobolus koi) ; KP2 = challence by protein spore and infected by the dose 600 µl/l/one fish and infeted by Myxobolus koi dengan with dose 80 spore / liter, KP3 = No challence by Protein spore with dose 600 µl/l/one fish and was infected by Myxobolus koi with dose 80 spore / liter and KP4 = challence with Protein spore and not infcteted by Myxobolus koi. The result showed that the highest prevalence 74% found on gold fish that infected by Myxobolus koi and not dipping by whole protein spore before scatter in pond and in 60 days age. Whole Protein spore of Myxobolus koi can be decreased the prevalence of the gold fish (Cyprinus carpio Linn) infected by Myxobolus koi in pond 47,8% for 30 days age, 62,1% for 60 days and 69% for 90 days age in pond. The Whole Protein spore of Myxobolus koi also can increased the survival rate of gold fish (Cyprinus carpio Linn) in pond from 29% to 81%, it means that whole protein spore can increased in 179,3%.

Effectivity Test Of Crude Protein Spore of Myxobolus koi as Materials Development For Sub Unit Vaccine To Prevent the Gold Fish (Cyprinus carpio, Linn) Dead by Myxobolusis

AbsractProduction of fisheries culture according to totality estimated is increasing about 4.9% per year. Gold fish is one of species that have economically value in Indonesia, but there are problem because of myxobolusis. The aims of this research are : Isolation of crude spore protein of Myxobolus koi by using SDS-PAGE and to analyze profile of Myxobolus koi protein that will be developed for sub unit vacsine that can protect koi fish infected by Mxobolus sp. The method of this research used experimental method and belonged to stage : Culture of Myxobolus by using spore scattered, characterization of Myxobolus proteine spore by using SDS-PAGE, Antibody polyclonal production by using ELISA methode to find out optical density of this antibody, and vaccination was done by dipping, with dose 600 μl per liter. The result showed that there were 5 bands of crude protein spore of Myxobolus koi with molecule weight (MW) 41.1 kDa, 51 kDa, 89.8 kDa, 121.7 kDa and 230,1 kDa. The highest Optical Density (0.699) from polychlonal antibody production by using crude spore protein of Myxobolus koi happened on the 42nd day. The result of the chellence test of the protein showed that the highest of leucocyte count happened on the fish immunized by crude spore protein and not infected by Myxobolus koi, but can increase the survival rate (SR) from 20% to 86,37%, so the crude spore protein of Myxobolus can be used for developtment of material for sub unit vaccine to prevent the myxobolusis.

Blood Description, Parasite Investation and Survival Rate Of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Which Is Exposed By Spore Protein Myxobolus koi On Rearing Pond as Immunostimulan Material

ABSTRACTThis research is an experimental research to determine the effect of spore protein Myxobolus koi on grass carp (Cyprinus carpio) in rearing pond. The sample used is grass carp (Cyprinus carpio) 90 fish (10-15 cm). Spore protein used in this research is Myxobolus koi spore protein, that has been found by predecessor researchers and has been tested in laboratory as immunostimulan. The exposure was done orally, mixed in the feed, with a dose of 2 μg / gram dose of protein, feeded 1 time before being reared for 30 days. Parameters measured were: (1) leucocytes description (differentiated leucocytes of carp, (2) Parasitic infestation in carp and (3) Survival Rate / SR of carp were reared on pond for 30 days. The collected data is analyzed descriptively.The results showed that there was alteration of leukocytes description (differential leukocytes) in carp (Cyprinus carpio) as an indicator of the immune response. A leukocyte differential examination showed that exposure to the Myxobolus koi spore protein, The highest total lymphocytes occurred in carp exposed to Myxobolus koi spores protein and reared from pond in Mojokerto, were 77.6%, Monocytes of 16.3%, Heterophyll 14.4%, Eosinophils 7.6% and Basofil 0.4%. The highest infestation of Myxobolus koi occurred in fish that was not exposed to spore protein was 53.33% after 30 days of reared at pond, while parasitic infestation in fish exposed to spore protein was only 16.66%. Survival rate of carp indicated that the highest occurred in carp that exposed with spore protein and reared from pond in Mojokerto, equal to 90%.Myxobolus koi spore protein exposure given orally can makes alteration of leukocytes description (differential leukocytes), Decreased parasite infestation and increased survival of carp fish reared for 30 days, with the result that Myxobolus koi spore protein can be developed as an immunostimulant material.Keyword: Myxobolus koi, Cyprinus carpio, spore protein, immunostimulant, infestation

Development of Spore Protein of Myxobolus koi as an Immunostimulant for Prevent of Myxobolusis on Gold Fish (Cyprinus carpio Linn) by Oral Immunisation

Production of Gold fish (Cyprinus carpio Linn) in Indonesia has always increased from 2013 to 2015 year by year with increasing average 2% per year. The amount of production was respectively 571.892 tonnes, 1129.273 tonnes, and 1186.674 tonnes. There were almost no problems to sale of gold fish because it had a good enough prospect. The aims of this research were Isolation of spore protein of Myxobolus koi by using SDS-PAGE to analyze immun respons and survival rate gold fish that immunized with spore protein of Myxobolus koi. The method of this research used experimental method, and belonged to 4 treatments that are: Controle = the group of gold fish not immunized with protein spore of Myxobolus koi neither infected by Myxobolus koi (T1). The group immunized and infested by spore of Myxobolus koi (T2), The group which immunized and not infested by Myxobolus koi (T3), and The group only infested by Myxobolus koi (T4). The dose of immunostimulant was 5 ml in 1 kg of food. The result showed that there were two bands of whole spore protein with molecule weight (MW) 150 kDa and 72 kDa and one band of crude protein Myxobolus koi with molecule weight 73 kD and the optical density point was 0.132 on the first day and increased to 0.769 on the 56 th day. The result also showed that the immun respons and survival rate increased from 27% to 86% in chellence test. The protein spore of Myxobolus koi can used to develops material for immunostimulant and to prevent the myxobolusis.

Efektivitas Vaksinasi Crude dan Soluble Protein Spora Myxobolus Koi terhadap Tingkat Kerusakan Usus Ikan Koi (Cyprinus carpio Koi) <Br><I>[ The Effectivety Crude and Soluble Protein of Myxobolus Koi Spore againts Intestine Different Degrees in Koi (Cyprinus carpio Koi)]<I>

Abstract Myxobolus koi is one species of Myxobolus sp that can cause parasitic diseases in fish called Myxobolusis. Based on the Decree of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries No: KEP.03/MEN/2010 that Myxobolus koi in the list of Fish Quarantine Pests group I. Myxosporean diseases are most numerous in the water can cause Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) and Whirling Disease (WD). The aim of this research is to finding, analyzing and determining the protein of spores Myxobolus koi that can effectively reduce the level of damage to the intestinal organs as well as for the prevention myxobolusis on Koi’s. Then for finding, analyzing and determining the protein of spores Myxobolus koi do isolation of spore proteins. The study consisted of three phases examination to preparation and identification of spores, isolation and analyze of crude and soluble protein spores for obtain dose and molecular weight each protein and histopathological test. This research uses descriptive method. The data presented may be narratives, images, tables or charts for each group. Intestinal histopathology test results of research carried scoring Koi’s were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis. The results showed a profile crude protein and soluble proteins from spores Myxobolus koi showed that the molecular weight of crude protein Myxobolus koi in this study was 150 kDa and 72 kDa and for soluble protein was 73 kDa. Results scoring the degree of infection caused by exposure to Myxobolus koi then statistically processed with an average yield of scoring in a sequence of 0; 1.6; 0.64 and 0.32. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the treatment of K + with crude protein, and K + with soluble proteins. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in treatment with K+ and K-, K- with soluble protein and crude protein and soluble protein. Histopathological changes in the intestine in the form of inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis and haemorage

Analisis Respons Imun Ikan Koi (Cyprinus carpio Koi) yang Divaksin dengan Whole Protein Spora Myxobolus koi sebagai Kandidat Vaksin Myxobolusis <Br><I>[ Immune Response Analysis of Fish Koi (Cyprinus carpio Koi) Vaccinated Myxobolus Koi Spores Whole Protein as Vaccine Candidate Myxobolusis]<I>

Abstract Myxobolus is one of parasites on koi fish that belongs to a class myxosporea that can infect and systemic and can cause harm to the fish farming. Vaccination is an attempt to cause-specific endurance through vaccination. Observations differential leukocytes and increased optical density values can be used to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine is given. This study aims to analyze the immune response koi fish vaccinated with Myxobolus koi spores whole protein for vaccine development myxobolusis in koi fish. The method used in this study is Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The results showed that a change in the total number and types of leukocytes that can be used as indicators of the presence of certain infectious diseases that occure in fish. The highest value of lymphocytes in treatment B, monocytes highest in treatment D, neutrophils on treatment D, eosinophils on treatment A and basophils highest in treatment A. The observation of the highest optical density value in treatment B (fish vaccinated and infected 80 M. koi spores / tail) of 0.593 at day 30, while the lowest in treatment D (fish are not vaccinated but diinveksi 80 M. koi spores / tail) of 0,064 in 30 days

Tingkat Kejadian Aeromonasis pada Ikan Koi (Cyprinus carpio carpio) yang Terinfeksi Myxobolus koi pada Derajat Infeksi yang Berbeda <br><i>[ Aeromonasis Incidence Rate In Koi (Cyprinus carpio carpio) That Infected Myxobolus koi At Different Degrees Of Infection ]<i>

Abstract Myxobolus infection in koi fish allows followed by opportunistic microorganisms infection. Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria classified as opportunistic because it can cause illness in certain condition such as when environmental conditions change, stress and the condition of the host that has been infected by the parasite. This study purpose to determine the incidence rate Aeromonasis in koi (Cyprinus carpio carpio) infected Myxobolus koi at different degrees of infection. The results showed that of 120 samples taken, infected with M. koi in a mild degree of infection is 68.3%. Furthermore the medium infection is 22.5%, 1.7% severe infection and uninfected fish 7.5%. Each level of infection of M. koi taken samples for examination bacteria with skin samples and water. The results of bacterial examination showed that 17 positive samples of fish infected with A. hydrophila (85%) from 20 fish sample. 17 positive samples of fish infected with A. hydrophila consist of 3 sample normal fish, 7 sample M. koi mild infection, 6 sample M. koi medium infection and 1 sample severe infection. The results showed that the fish infected or not infected with M. koi, positive with A. hydrophila infection that needs to be done by using a bacterial colony calculation method of determining the Angka Lempeng Total (ALT) or Total Plate Count (TPC). The calculation results from the number of bacterial colony in various levels of infection of M. koi are sample 1 (normal koi fish) of 1.15 x108 CFU/ml, sample 2 (koi fish with a mild infection of M. koi) as much as 1.3 x108 CFU/ml. While the sample 3 (koi fish with a medium infection of M. koi) 2.02 x108 CFU/ml and sample 4 (with the severe infection of M. koi) 2.60 x108 CFU/ml.

Molecular Characterization and Histopathology of Myxobolus koi Infecting the Gills of a Koi, Cyprinus carpio, with an Amended Morphological Description of the Agent

A Myxobolus sp., morphologically resembling M. toyamai, M. longisporus, and M. koi, was isolated from the gills of a koi, Cyprinus carpio, that died in an ornamental pond. Large plasmodia were localized within lamellae, causing severe disruption of the normal branchial architecture, sufficient to compromise respiration. Although the case isolate shared several features with the aforementioned species, several key characteristics were most compatible with M. koi. In valvular view, spores were elongate and pyriform with a rounded posterior, 15.4 (14.5-16.5) microm long and 8.3 (7.1-9.0) microm wide. Polar capsules were pyriform and elongate, 10.1 (9.0-10.9) microm long and 3.1 (2.5-3.5) microm wide. Polar filaments were coiled perpendicular to the long axis of the spore making 10 turns (9-11). A BLAST search using a generated 18S SSU rDNA sequence resulted in no direct matches. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence indicates a close relationship to M. longisporus and M. toyamai from C. carpio, within the clade of Myxobolus species infecting gills of cyprinid fishes (89% or greater bootstrap support by maximum parsimony and minimum evolution distance analysis). Although published descriptions are inconsistent, morphometric similarities to this isolate suggest a morphotype of M. koi. The description of M. koi is supplemented here with new data on pathogenicity and spore morphology and is characterized at the molecular level using 18S small subunit rDNA sequence data.

Myxobolus koi(Myxozoa: Myxosporea) Forms Large- and Small-Type 'Cysts' in the Gills of Common Carp.

Myxobolus koi(Myxozoa: Myxosporea) Forms Large- and Small-Type 'Cysts' in the Gills of Common Carp.

Histopathological Changes in the Gills of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Infected with the Myxosporean Parasite Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1920

Histopathological changes in the gill filaments of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) infected. with the myx:osporean parasite Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1920 were studied. Infections are confined to the gill lamellae and are characterized by intralamellar plasmodial development. Histological lesions in the gill filaments due to the unilocular "cysts" of the parasite infection were not prominent, but those resulting from multilocular infections were severe. The primary histopathological changes observed in the gill lamellae of infected carp were fusion, inflammation, congestion and necrosis.