Mythological Figures Research Articles

¿Espera y silencio? De las Penélopes de la Odisea (I. 358-360, II. 104-105 y XIX. 149-150) a las Penélopes costarricenses

This paper analyzes, from a selection of poems written by seven Costa Rican women authors, two mythemes (waiting and silence), of the mythological figure of Penelope, which arise from narrative tensions in the Odyssey. Approaches are developed around this character and on the terms “poetry and postmodern poets”, “literature written by women” and “mythemes”, which serve as support for the final discussion. As part of the conclusions, just as in the Odyssey there was not a single version of Penelope, neither was there a single version in the poetry written by Costa Rican women

Allegory and the Matter of Poetics: Dante as a Case Study in Giovanni Boccaccio’s and Leonardo Bruni’s Perspectives

The question of whether or not to read poetry through an allegorizing lens had significant implications in the Middle Ages. The identification of allegories in a poetical text was highlighted by early supporters of poetry as the primary means of legitimizing the craft; regardless of whether a poet quoted a pagan god or a mythological figure, the true challenge was to find the real meaning beneath the surface. This approach—one embraced by Giovanni Boccaccio—offered a wealth of samples to the earliest readers of Dante’s Divine Comedy. At the end of the fourteenth century, some humanists started to call into question the theological stance on which the allegorical interpretations were based. In order to promote the autonomous status of poetry, literati of the calibre of Leonardo Bruni maintained that allegory was a double-edged sword. Inspired by Plato’s refusal of allegory, Bruni encouraged the reading of literary texts free from the restrictions of a theoretical superstructure. For proponents of these opposing tendencies, Dante represented a true case study, for he was both a theorist and a poet in his own right and could therefore nourish the reflections formulated by both camps.

Arun Kolatkar’s Bhijakī Vahī: Sacrifice and residues

ABSTRACT Arun Kolatkar (1932–2004), the bilingual Indian poet, deploys a series of female figures – some from mythology and folktales, others from contemporary history – in his collection Bhijakī Vahī (Sodden Notebook), first published in 2003 a few months before his death. The poems, each devoted to a different woman and sometimes narrated from their point of view, articulate tales of suffering, grief, and loss. The subjects include mythological figures such as the Egyptian goddess Isis, and Helen of Troy, but also real women such as the “napalm girl” Kim Phuc, photographed by Nick Ut during the Vietnam War. The symbolic apparatus of sacrifice, with its notions of residues, substitution, victims, and apotheosis, is consistently deployed around these figures as a way of approaching modern conflicts, and especially projects of mass extermination. These questions gain particular salience in the contemporary political conjuncture in India, defined by the rise of violent, majoritarian ideologies.

Iselin as Object of Desire in Knut Hamsun's Pan and Victoria

Iselin as Object of Desire in Knut Hamsun's <i>Pan</i> and <i>Victoria</i>

What Did the Historical Chinese Beauties Look Like? An Analysis of Portrait and Biography of 100 Beauties ( , 1792).

The aim of this study was to elucidate the appearance of historical Chinese beauties by analyzing Portrait and Biography of 100 Beauties (1792).The 103 women who appear in this work were categorized as historical or mythological figures, and the reason for their inclusion was classified as beauty, talent, or both. Descriptions of beauties were classified as general literary descriptions or specific descriptions of their appearance.Among them, 42.7% were depicted as both beautiful and talented, while 42.7% were only described as beautiful. The remainder were included because of their talent only. Almost four-fifths (78.6%) were described as chaste, while the remaining one-fifth (21.4%) were presented as licentious. About half (48.5%) were queen consorts, princesses, imperial concubines, or palace women. Courtesans and singing girls (17.5%) and concubines of influential officials and scholars (16.5%) followed. Forty-six women had specific descriptions of their appearance, most often of their face (33.5%), followed by their body (16.5%), manners (7.3%), fragrance (4.3%), and clothes (2.4%). The most frequent descriptions of specific attributes were found for the hair (7.4%), eyebrows (6.7%), eyes (5.5%), skin (5.5%), and body shape (4.9%). Among the 114 talents possessed by 59 beauties, the most celebrated talents were entertaining skills (42.1%), followed by literary skills (27.2%), and intelligence (21.1%). Three women were included owing to their make-up skills. Chaste beauties were depicted as more likely to have a happy fate than licentious beauties (OR: 16.8, P < 0.01).This analysis might be helpful for understanding the concept of beauty throughout Chinese history.

Mythological and Historical Representation: A Critical Discourse Analysis on Aeschylus’s Poems The Sacrifice of Iphigenia and The Battle of Salamis

An allusion is a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art. The main purpose of this research is to find the allusion in the selected poems of Aeschylus The Battle of Salamis and The Sacrifice of Iphigenia and critically analyze the poems to explore and describe the story and mythology behind the expressions in each line. This research is conducted qualitatively and applies purposive sampling to choose and gather the data. It can be reported that both poems represent Greek mythology and history. The representation is derived from expressions, which are in the form of words and sentences. It is found that the allusion found contains names of figures in Greek mythology, such as god-goddess (Artemis), kings (Agamemnon, Atreus), and places (Strymon). These become the references to convey the meaning and to deliver the message of the poems. Regarding these names, the poet connects his idea in the poem to the Greek story and mythology. In addition, there are three functions of allusion confirmed in this research; those are delineating the character, carrying the theme, creating humor. Accordingly, it is noteworthy that allusion can be used to identify the correlation between a particular text and reality, history, and even mythology. In this case, it is noteworthy that allusion is not only a reference, but it also makes expression in the poem more vivid, flowery, interesting, and attractive.

ANALISIS ASPEK LINGUAL MANTRA KESELAMETAN PANOLAK SANGKIL (Kajian Etnolinguistik)

This study examines the mantra used by the people of Dukuan Hamlet, Metatu Village, Benjeng District, Gresik Regency when doing a safar (trip). The Panolak Sangkil Safety Mantra is used by the surrounding community to fortify themselves from disturbance by supernatural beings, evil spirits and spirits during the trip. This study uses an ethnolinguistic approach and interviews and documentation. The research data is provided by the method of observing, recording, and recording and presenting the data with data reduction, translation, validation, analysis, and interpretation. The results of research on the lingual aspect of the mantra found (1) repetition consisting of grammatical, lexical and semantic repetition patterns, (2) semantic decomposition, (3) saroja words, (4) metaphors, (5) mention of mythological figures, and ( 6) mention of god. From the analysis, it is found that the language aspect of the mantra is related to the culture of the Gresik people.

A Whiteheadian Take on Subjectivity and Philosophical Conceptualization in Goethe’s ‘Prometheus’ and ‘Ganymed’

ABSTRACT Guided by the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead and the transcendental materialism of Gilles Deleuze, this reading of Goethe’s ‘Prometheus’ and ‘Ganymed’ constructs the hymns’ defining polarity with reference to the ‘subjective aims’ of their ‘conceptual personae’. While each mythological figure is driven by a primordial ‘feeling’ along its separate path of ‘satisfaction’, the sum of their grasping moves, or physical and mental ‘prehensions’, constitutes a field of conceptualization that is post-theological and protophilosophical. The problematic Promethean ‘I’, according to this interpretive framing, undergoes a transformative reconfiguration in ‘Ganymed’ through the strategic deployment of the lexemes fassen and fangen, so that its counterpart in subject formation ultimately becomes a Whiteheadian ‘superject’.

Шымкент қаласы аумағындағы антропотопонимикалық әпсаналардың поэтологиялық пішіні

The article deals with the historical toponyms of the Great Silk Road, which is located in the territory of nowadays city of Shymkent. It is well known that in the naming of places folkloric 19Ж.Ә. Аймұхамбет, М.Н. Миразова, Қ.Қ. Кенжалин Turkic Studies Journal 2 (2022) 7-21material is also of great importance, which is imprinted in the richest resources of ethnic language and has a special literrary and educative value in the culture and life of each people. Therefore, the study of toponymy is relevant and in demand not only in linguistic terms but also in literary criticism, folklore and using historical materials and sources. In this article, the well-known historical places of Shymkent taken as the target of analysis, especially place names names as Koshkar ata, Suburgan ata, Dervish ata, Kambar ata, which we study in the context of anthropotoponymy. Anthropotoponymy, a branch of toponymy, deals with the names of objects and places determined by the name of a person, mythological figures, folk myths and legends. In this article, the above-mentioned toponyms associated with the names of historical figures, folk and mythological heroes, legends (many of which originate from oral folk art) will also be referred to as anthropotoponymic. Anthropotoponymic legends play an important role in people’s spiritual and cultural life, reveal people’s mentality, folkloric space and artistic consciousness.The authors of the article, based on motif comparisons of folklore texts, consider the hyperbolic reflection in anthropotoponymous legends of the names of individual places and stories of people whose outstanding merits have been preserved in the memory of the people; show the connection between the literary motifs of these legends and the worldview of the Kazakh people. Taking into account the fact that the term “literary onomastic” exists in foreign literary criticism, the authors show that the emergence of this term is due to the literary structure of the folk toponyms and the visual techniques used in them.As a result of the analysis of the legends about the toponyms taken as the target of study, the idea that the Great Silk Road played an important role not only in trade relations but also in the development of spiritual and cultural ties between peoples was substantiated

Wild Prometheus: A Strategic Primitivism and the Question Concerning Technology

The article is devoted to the elaboration of conceptual trajectories of strategic primitivism against the background of today’s projects of undermining capital by acceleration (accelerationism) and overcoming modernity through modernity (cosmotechnics/technodiversity) — the projects converging on the mythological figure of Prometheus. Prometheus of accelerationism is the guarantor of the possibility and mediator of reaching another world, whereas on the way to cosmotechnical diversity, Prometheus’ universalism is recognized as an obstacle that must be overcome. However, in both cases we are talking about a “Prometheus in chains,” a titan bound either by a dialectical absolute or a moral law. Starting from the problems of the non-human and myth, strategic primitivism reveals the image of a wild Prometheus, repressed by both Prometheanism and anti-Prometheanism. Wild Prometheus as a figure of the “repetition of the titanomachy” becomes a conductor of the line of strategic primitivism towards the question of technology and the problem of locality, of place. In the article the question concerning technology is resolved in terms of technical perspectivism, which considers technology — outside of its anthropocentric definition — as a synecdoche of culture. In this capacity, technology appears as an elementalia of doubling, which all living beings who use the same technology in different natures are endowed with — along the line of the unbridled humanity of the wild Prometheus, all the way down. The second (the problem of locality) is revealed within the framework of the conception of “a world without other” and finds expression in the concept of an uninhabited pre-cosmic place — island and forest where the lines of strategic primitivism converge, forming its nodal conceptual dream. The surface here becomes “deep,” culture — “wild,” and wildness — “technical.”

Testimonial, and: Verse of Snow

Testimonial, and: Verse of Snow Lee Okbong (bio) and Suphil Lee Park (bio) A bowl is my mirror as I wash my faceI comb my hair with water in lieu of oilIf I’m as different as can be from JiknyeoHow would my betrothed be Gyeonwu ________ My mirror, a bowlCombing oil, waterI am not JiknyeoMarried to Gyeonwu ________ WashFaceBowlServeMirrorCombHeadWaterMakeOilIFateNotWeaveWomanHusbandHowEqualLeadCattle [End Page 51] Verse of Snow No matter this traveler shuts outAll of the world left behindFor no matter tattered clothes or tearsThere’s no way for me to returnClouds flap like sailsOver this deep mountain roadGusts of wind send snowflakesHigh up in the sky like dustWild geese drop to the banksOf water white not with sandBright windows frighten meWith an illusion of sudden dawnToday Gangnam must be abloomAlready with plum flowersFar on the horizon how many treesMust be showing the spring [End Page 52] Lee Okbong Lee Okbong (이옥봉 / 李玉峰) was a sixteenth-century Korean poet born to a courtesan mother. Even though she was an illegitimate child, she received her formal name, Okbong (玉峰, meaning “jade summit”), from her father. After her first husband died a year into their marriage, Lee met her second husband, who accepted her on the condition that she no longer write poetry. After her poem “Testimonial” made her a controversial figure, her husband sent her into exile. She disappeared around the time of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592), and Jibong Yuseol (지봉유설 / 芝峰類說) records that she was found dead on a Chinese shore, wrapped up in hundreds of sheets of paper with poems written all over them, signed with her name. Suphil Lee Park Suphil Lee Park (수필리박 / 秀筆李朴) is the author of the poetry collection Present Tense Complex, winner of the Marystina Santiestevan Prize (Conduit Books & Ephemera, 2021), and a poetry chapbook, Still Life, selected by Ilya Kaminsky as the winner of the Tomaž Šalamun Prize, forthcoming from Factory Hollow Press. Born and raised in South Korea before finding home in the States, she holds a BA in English from NYU and an MFA in poetry from the University of Texas at Austin. Her translations have appeared or are forthcoming in Bennington Review, the Cincinnati Review, and the Los Angeles Review, among others. You can find more about her at suphil-lee-park.com. Footnotes Note: This poem is considered one of those written by Lee in isolation and homesick after her husband sent her into exile because of the incident with her poem “Testimonial.” Note: Written sometime in the sixteenth century, “Testimonial” is literally a testimonial poem that Lee wrote in support of a poor man who was falsely accused of stealing an ox, when his illiterate wife came looking for help. The “I” in this poem is the accused’s wife, as Lee is speaking on behalf of her. Gyeonwu in the poem is a famous mythological figure who stole an ox in a version of a well-known Asian legend, and Jiknyeo, his fairy wife. Upon receiving Lee’s testimonial poem, the judge of the case looked into what happened and subsequently released the man. This incident became widespread gossip. When Lee’s husband heard about this, however, he became enraged, as Lee had promised to wash her hands of the unwomanly art of poetry writing when she married him. Offended by her temerity, the husband sent Lee into exile soon afterward. Lee lived the rest of her life in exile. Copyright © 2022 Middlebury College

Narcissist Personality Approach in the Kindergarten Classroom under the Observation of Piaget and Freud Theory

Narcissism, pathological self-absorption, is identified as a mental disorder by the British physician Havelock Ellis in 1898. Narcissism is self-image, confidence and take others for granted or to exploit them. The disorder is named for the mythological figure Narcissus, who fell in love with his own reflection. According to Sigmund Freud, narcissism is a normal stage in child development, but it is a disorder when it occurs after puberty (Britannica). In Pre-schools, we are engaging with lots of children, some of them do not have stable families. These children may have challenges in their lives, one of the teachers’ roles is to understand these children and help them behave appropriately and communicate with other children. One of the most difficult personalities is the narcissist child. In this paper will I attempt to look through the lenses of Freud and Piaget in analyzing the theory of narcissism.

ТРОПИ ОСІ ПСЕВДОТОТОЖНОСТІ В ПОЕТИЦІ І. КАЛИНЦЯ В АСПЕКТІ ОБ’ЄКТИВАЦІЇ ОБРЯДОВО-МІФОЛОГІЧНОГО ЕТНОКУЛЬТУРНОГО КОДУ

The article deals with the study of artistic texts of the poet of the sixties I. Kalynets. In particular, it is concentrated on the study of the models of linguistic objectification of the ritual and mythological ethnocultural code in the poems of the collections «Awakened Muse» and «Slave Muse» have been studied. The formalization of mythological images of pagan gods, demonological beings, characters of calendar holidays and seasonal rites, Christianized mythological figures in subjective and object positions has been described, their ethnosemantics has been established. The trope potential of nominations to denote a song as a symbolic rite in the Ukrainian culture has been clarified. The analysis has shown that in the tropes of the axis of pseudo-identity, which were based on the mythological ethnocode, background knowledge of mythological characters was often the basis for their understanding. It has been found that the meanings included in the intentionality of mythological images were often not expressed explicitly and could not be taken out of context. Thus the mythological ethnocode was implied or presented at the level of a motive. For the most part, the images through which the religious-mythological ethnocode is objectified are monosemantic. In the structure of metaphors, metaphorical epithets, comparisons, etc., mythological images have a clear emotional and expressive color and reflect the peculiarities of the worldview of the ethnos.

National cultural history and transnational political concerns in Rasha Fadhil’s Ishtar in Baghdad (2003)

ABSTRACT In Rasha Fadhil’s 2003 play Ishtar in Baghdad, she has Ishtar and Tammuz, mythological figures from Iraq’s ancient past, appear in Baghdad during the Iraq War, and has them experience many of the horrors associated with the American occupation, including being tortured at Abu Ghraib prison. This article demonstrates that, in writing the play, Fadhil attempted to engage audiences both in Iraq and across the wider world. Fadhil’s attempt to appeal to Iraqi audiences was related to her employment of a common technique in Iraqi drama: discussing the political present by invoking characters from history or Iraqi mythology. But Fadhil broke new ground by ‘mix[ing …] legend and reality,’ rather than keeping the action safely confined to the past or a mythical realm. Her play was also revolutionary in its focus on women within a story that, within Iraqi drama and media, would normally focus primarily or exclusively on men. Ultimately, the risks that Fadhil took have limited the play’s appeal to Iraqi theatremakers and readers. Fadhil’s play also aspired to touch and influence people across the wider world. Specifically, she wanted to use the play to expose and condemn the corruption and hypocrisy at the heart of American neo-imperialism.

Den faustiske maske

In »The Mask of Faust« Kuhlmann reflects on danish director Sam Besekows (1911-2001) staging of himself as an artist in his work. She shows how the director’s »masking« of himself as mythological figures create images that on the one hand serves as sources of inspiration for the actors, and on the other hand unveils the specific professional identity of the director.

E.M. Forster’s Short Stories as Emotive Fantasies

As and Edwardian author and a ‘reluctant modernist’ E.M. Forster penned several short stories as well as great novels. In the three selected short stories titled “The Story of a Panic”, “The Story of a Siren”, and “The Celestial Omnibus”, Forster makes use of fantasy fiction based on the feeling of desire. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how Forster’s emotive fantasies are constructed through features of “longing for another world or a lost world” and/or “finding our own world enchanted”. Some of the underlying motifs such as mythological figures, pastoral images, beauty and individualism are also part of the discussion. Using the theory of Todorov’s fantasy and Manlove’s arguments regarding fantasy fiction as a springboard for discussion, this study argues that even though the selected short stories by Forster are shaped by desire as emotive fantasies, the feeling of desire does not lead to a satisfaction; in other words, desire is an inconlusive and discontinuous feeling which contributes to the formation of the stories.

Mineralogical Insights to Identify Göktepe Marble in the Sculptural Program of Quinta Das Longas Villa (Lusitania)

This archaeometric study is focused on the marble used in a group of fragmented sculptures found at the Roman villa of Quinta das Longas (Elvas, Portugal). Dating from the 4th century AD, the pieces are of remarkable quality and correspond to ideal and mythological figures from several iconographic cycles. The numerous fragments, all of very fine-grained white marble, are associated with the ornamentation of an impressive nymphaeum of the villa. Their high level of sculpture technique and style, the models followed and their similar typology to other well-known parallels raise the hypothesis of being linked with Aphrodisian workshops. Using a well-established multi-method approach, with Optical microscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), qualitative and quantitative cathodoluminescence (CL) by CL-Optical and CL-SEM, and stable C and O isotopic and trace element analytical techniques (IRMS and ICP-AES), together with complementary parameters obtained from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 87Sr/86Sr isotopes, the marble provenance can be identified with certainty. The results all point to the best quality of white Göktepe marble, confirming the stylistic connection to the ancient Carian sculptors.

JUNG’S CONCEPT OF ARCHETYPES IN FEMINIST REVISIONIST MYTHOLOGY, IN THE CONTEXT OF M. ATWOOD’S PENELOPIAD AND M. MILLER’S CIRCE

The article deals with the concept of archetypes by K. G. Jung in the context of M. Atwood’s The Penelopiad and M. Miller’s Circe, which represent feminist revisionist mythology tradition. The study focuses on exploring the transformation of the Jungian archetypes of the figures of Penelope and Circe in Atwood and Miller’s novels. The author argues that while in original myths Penelope and Circe represent the archetypes of Mother and the feminine representation of Wise old man, in the novels Penelope’s archetype transforms into Mask, and Circe starts representing Mother archetype. The author comes to the conclusion that such transformation is a result of Atwood and Miller’s dealing with feminist agenda as well their attempt to present different sides of female experience, making mythological figures closer to real women.

Relocating Subalternity: Dalit Rebellion in the Poetry of Sikhamani

The poet Sikhamani is a teacher and a Dalit poet who writes in Telugu. His contribution to the corpus of Dalit poetry in Telugu is significant. Sikhamani’s poetry exposes the hypocrisy, inhumanity, exploitation, atrocities, discrimination, etc., of the caste Hindu society. The Black Rainbow: Dalit Poems in Telugu (2000), a collection of Sikhamani’s poems, portrays the problems of Dalit lives. His use of mythological figures, metaphors, similes, allusions, etc., enrich his poetry. Every poem reflects a protest/rebellious attitude from which the identity of Dalits emerges. He attacks the physical, cultural, social and even literary atrocities perpetrated over Dalits and interrogates Brahmanism.

Book of Changes: Cosmological and Anthropological Metaphors in Chinese Philosophy

Ancient Chinese history holds a quality which has syncretized traditional thought with its cultural wealth unified of mystical and mythological figures in the background. Such that classical documents, which had begun to be written before Common Era, has directly influenced the political regime, education system and status of society in China. One of the most prominent features of these works is to propound collective knowledge about perception of cosmology, attitudes to earthiness, community standards, policy and morality. Among Five Classics works of these masterpieces of Chinese philosophy, Book of Changes which stands closest to metaphysical narrative, mainly consists of the texts about prophecy. While this piece of work had been referred as a divination guide in Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC), it turned into a cosmological text that included a range of philosophical commentary during Warring States Period (475-221 BC). The mainstay of this remarkable change is the direct correlation of all the concepts and terms that characterize the worldly beyond along with the relevant text, especially yin-yang dualism, which symbolizes an extraordinary harmony in early Chinese thought. Traditional idea suggests reciprocity in which heaven, earth and man are interconnected to maintain natural order. However, the superiority attributed to human beings also brings compulsive responsibilities to idealize a compatible society. This paper aims to discuss influences of cosmological and anthropological items on human behaviors explained in prescriptive perspective.