Myrtus Communis Research Articles

Effects of Chloride and Sulfate Salts on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Ballota hirsuta Benth. and Myrtus communis L.

Soil salinity is a well-known abiotic factor affecting the germination and seedling growth of various plant species. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of different chloride salts (NaCl, KCl and MgCl2) and sulfate salts (Na2SO4, K2SO4 and MgSO4) on the seed germination and early seedling growth of two important ethnomedicinal shrubs of North Africa and the Mediterranean basin (Ballota hirsuta and Myrtus communis). Seeds of these species were subjected to five salinity levels (0-100 mM) and incubated at 20 °C under a light regime (12 h photoperiod). Both species demonstrated their highest germination percentage under control conditions (i.e., without salinity). However, as salinity levels increased, the germination percentages for both species decreased, regardless of the type of salt used. Cations appeared to be more determinative than the anions in regulating the seed germination of both species. M. communis seeds displayed greater sensitivity to sodium (Na+) salts, especially when accompanied with chloride (Cl-) anions. At the higher salt concentrations (75 and 100 mM), Na+ salts had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on M. communis seedling growth compared to potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+) salts. Conversely, Mg2+ salts were more detrimental to seedling growth in B. hirsuta. Based on our results, it can be concluded that both of these species are able to tolerate a moderate level of salinity. Overall, B. hirsuta may be a promising choice for rehabilitating the soils dominated by chloride salts, while M. communis could be utilized for restoring sulfate-dominated soils.

Antifatigue Effects of the Aqueous Extracts of Myrtle Berries, Apple and Clove: An Animal Study.

Fatigue is one of the most prevalent symptoms, increasing worldwide with no specific medication for fatigue. Iranian traditional medicine (ITM), or Persian medicine, is a reliable source for discovering natural medicine for diseases and their symptoms. Myrtus communis L. (Myrtle), Malus domestica Borkh. (Apple), and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (Clove) have been utilized as brain and heart tonics in ITM. Based on ITM, cardiac tonics decrease fatigue by enhancing heart function and increasing blood flow to tissues. These plants, particularly myrtle berries, have been utilized as potent enlivening agents that reduce mental fatigue. This study aims to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of these plants on weight-loaded forced swimming (WLFS) tests and three doses of aqueous myrtle extract in an animal model of chronic sleep deprivation-induced fatigue. Five groups of rats (n = 6) were evaluated: Sham, control, apple-treated, clove-treated, and myrtle-treated groups. After 28 days of treatment, the WLFS test was performed, and swimming time was recorded. Subsequently, central fatigue was induced in rats by chronic sleep deprivation for 21 days. Five groups of rats (n = 6) were evaluated: Sham, control (sleep-deprived, which received water), and three sleep-deprived + treatment groups, which received aqueous myrtle extract (350, 700, and 1000 mg/kg). An open field test on the 20th day and a WLFS test on the 21st day were performed. The myrtle berries significantly increased glucose, reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and enhanced swimming time. Fatigue caused by chronic sleep deprivation increased malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and LDH while decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glucose, and swimming time. In all treatment groups, SOD levels and swimming time were increased, whereas MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were decreased significantly. Only the 1000 mg/kg dose significantly reduced LDH levels (P < 0.001). The treatment significantly improved the velocity and the total distance moved in the open-field test. According to the results, the myrtle berries reduced fatigue in two animal models, probably due to its phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and polysaccharides.

Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils Combinations based on Thymus broussonnetii, and Their Synergism with some Antibiotics

The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil (EO) of Moroccan endemic Thymus broussonnetii alone, and in combination with EOs obtained from selected medicinal plants, namely Myrtus communis, Artemisia herba alba, Thymus pallidus, Thymus satureioides, Teucrium polium, and Rosmarinus officinalis. The synergistic interactions between the most effective combinations based on T. broussonnetii EO with two conventional antibiotics (streptomycin and ciprofloxacin) were also investigated. T. broussonnetii EO possessed a higher inhibitory activity against tested pathogenic bacteria with inhibition zone diameter (IZ) ranging from 21.61 ± 0.03 to 40.09 ± 0.02 mm, and MIC values between 0.140 mg/mL and 0.280 mg/mL. M. communis, A. herba alba, T. pallidus, T. satureioides, T. polium, and R. officinalis EOs showed moderate to weak antibacterial activity. Among tested EO mixtures, the highest synergistic antibacterial effect was recorded with the EO combination of T. broussonnetii and T. pallidus against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. enterica (FICI = 0.258). This EO combination was also the most effective mixture to synergistically enhance the antibacterial activity of the two antibiotics with up to a 128-fold increase, particularly against the gram-negative E. coli. These findings suggest that T. broussonnetii EO may be an interesting source of natural antimicrobials, for use in combination therapies with other plant EOs, and with conventional antimicrobial drugs to tackle the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Conditioning and Germination Control bio-assays of Quercus suber L. acorns under the allelopathic and Residual effects of Volatile Oils and Hydrolates from Aromatic Plants in Northeastern Algeria

The present works reported a new technique for conditioning and controlling the germination of healthy Quercus suber L. acorns under the antifungal, allelopathic and residual effects of five volatile oils and their hydrolates obtained by hydrodistillation of plant material and then were subjected to a GC/MS to identify their chemical composition. Monoterpenes were found to be dominant in both oils with amount ranging between 57.59 and 98.88%, followed by sesquitepenes (1.28- 40.07%), whereas ditepenes were found only in Pistacia lentiscus L. volatile oil (15.54%). Pistacia lentiscus L. and Myrtus communis L. volatile oils had the potent antifungal and fungistatic activity where no contamination were registered, a contamination percentage of 10% succeeded by a fungistatic effect was registered in both oils from Calamintha hispidula Boissier and reuter., Lavandula dentata L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh, whereas the control exhibited the weakest antifungal activity with 70% of contamination. Moreover, early germination during storage was more inhibited by volatile oils (10- 20%) than by the control (50%). Hydrolates were less effective than volatile oils in both fungi-infestaion (10- 80%) and germination (50- 90%). The second bio-assay conducted in non allelopathic conditions revealed that acorns previously treated by both volatile oils and hydrolates have resumed their germination with respective increases of 30 to 80% and 10%, respectively. Radicle elongation was, however, more pronounced for Hydrolates (0.13 - 0.62cm) than for volatile oils (0.06- 0.44cm). Owing to the antifungal, fungistatic and stimulating effects observed, the results of this study may help to develop new plant-based biocide for the control of fungi-infestation and early germination limiting the long-term safe storage of acorns.

Influence of the spectral composition of light on the morphogenesis of seedlings of &lt;i&gt;Myrtus communis&lt;/i&gt; L. and &lt;i&gt;Psidium cattleianum&lt;/i&gt; Sabine (&lt;i&gt;Myrtaceae&lt;/i&gt; Juss.) in a small pot greenhouse culture

The influence of the intensity and spectral composition of LED and fluorescent (FL) light on the morphogenesis of Myrtus communis L. and Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Myrtaceae) seedlings in a small pot greenhouse culture in the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (CBG) was studied. It was shown that in terms of plant height, the number and total surface of leaves, as well as the specific dry weight of the leaf, seedlings of both species over 120 cultivation days in all variants with irradiation surpassed control plants. The increase in dry weight per 1 cm2 of leaf (mg with respect to the control) that characterizes the photosynthesis productivity was influenced by the spectral composition of radiation, which made it possible to identify interspecies and intervariant differences. The variant with an FL Narva lamp with a total photon flux density PFD = 76.22 µmol/m2/s, with a share of the green spectrum PFD-G = 46.47 %, red – PFD-R = 20.00 % and with the value of the ratio R/FR = 5.77 in the subtropical long-day species M. communis, it was 1.24 mg, while in the tropical short-day species P. cattleianum had only 0.39 mg. In plants irradiated with an LED lamp with a photon flux density PFD = 186.20 µmol/m2/s, with a share of PFD-R = 59.34 %, and at R/FR = 54.43, the growth was 2.60 and 1.93 mg with respect to control, respectively. LED sources are the most efficient in terms of the photosynthesis productivity for both short-day and long day plants.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Four Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds against Post-Harvest Fungi Associated with Chickpea in Storage.

The antifungal and antioxidant properties of essential oils (EOs) derived from four plants were assessed in vitro: Rosmarinus officinalis, Myrtus communis, Origanum compactum, and Eugenia aromatica. These plants are renowned for their diverse biological activities. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and TAC tests. Antifungal activity was tested against four postharvest pathogens associated with chickpea in storage: Fusarium culmorum, Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium italicum, and Aspergillus niger, using the broth microdilution technique. Additionally, the efficacy of several major compounds against fungi found in the EOs 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, and eugenol was evaluated. Furthermore, this study explored the potential synergy of combining eugenol and carvacrol in various ratios. Based on the results, E. aromatica EO exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its lowest IC50 values for a DPPH of 0.006 mg/mL. This EO also demonstrated the best antifungal activity, with MIC values ranging from 0.098 to 0.13 μL/mL. The high concentration of eugenol in this oil was identified as a contributing factor to its potent antifungal effects. The individual application of eugenol displayed significant antifungal efficacy, which was further enhanced by incorporating carvacrol at a 1:3 ratio. This synergistic combination presents promising potential for the development of specific formulations aimed at optimizing grain protection during storage.

Optimisation of Almond-Based Dairy-Free Milk Alternative Formulation Fortified with Myrtle, Bay Leaf and Fennel Extracts§.

Herbs and spices used in traditional medicine are nowadays increasingly used in combinations to create functional food formulations aimed at treating specific symptoms and disorders. Among herbs originating from the Mediterranean region, extracts of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), bay leaf (Laurel nobilis L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) are traditionally used for gastrointestinal disorders. When considering how to incorporate these extracts into products, dairy-free milk alternatives provide an excellent base with almond-based drinks being among the most popular within this group. The aim of this study is therefore to optimise the formulation of an almond drink fortified with a 25 % (on dry mass basis) aqueous herbal extract containing myrtle, bay leaf (25 % each) and fennel seed (50 %) extracts. A central composite design with 20 formulations varied the content of φ(aqueous herbal extract)=2-6 %, lecithin as emulsifier 0.15-0.45 and xylitol as sweetener 2-5 % (m/V), while antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and sensory properties were determined as dependent variables. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the prepared almond drink formulations increased with the amount of added concentrated aqueous herbal extracts, as did the colour, herbal odour and flavour, bitterness and aftertaste. The addition of lecithin resulted in a darker colour and the sweetness was increased by the xylitol content. All formulations had good overall attractiveness, which increased with higher xylitol content. The current work offers new insights into the optimisation of fortified dairy-free alternatives. The addition of myrtle, bay leaf and fennel seed extracts to almond drink-based formulations resulted in a 12-fold increase in antioxidant activity. Xylitol masks the potential bitterness of the phenolic compounds so that higher amounts of extracts can be added.

Antioxidant Capacity of Essential Oils Obtained from Myrtus communis L. and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Plants Widely Consumed in Adana Region

Vitamin C, an antioxidant, is abundant in oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), which are consumed worldwide. It has treated constipation, diarrhea, upper respiratory illnesses, obesity, menstruation issues, hypertension, and stress. Traditional medicine worldwide uses myrtle (Myrtus communis L.). Clinical and experimental studies show that the plant has a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, pulmonary and skin diseases, dysentery, vomiting, rheumatism, sinusitis, leucorrhoea, and hair loss control. These plants contain flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, volatile chemicals, carotenoids, and nutritional components. Plant antioxidants have gained popularity due to their health benefits. Many studies focused on medicinal organic antioxidants. The main goal of this research was to investigate the volatile components and antioxidant capacities of the essential oils of myrtle and orange, both of which are commonly utilized for medicinal purposes in the Adana region. Myrtle and orange extracts demonstrated substantial antioxidant properties when tested with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, a test based on the scavenging of the DPPH radical. It has been revealed that myrtle essential oil has a higher capacity in terms of antioxidant activity than orange essential oil.

Carboxymethyl chitosan-gelatin-mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing Myrtus communis L. extract as a novel transparent film wound dressing

Wound healing and health care requirements have attracted more attention, and the need to develop new drug-containing dressings to accelerate wound healing is required. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/gelatin-based films with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing the Myrtus communis L. (Myrtle) aqueous extract were designed to answer this demand. Myrtle aqueous extract included total phenolic content and good free radical scavenging ability in vitro assay. The infrared spectroscopy characterized the functional groups of myrtle extract and biocomposite films. It was found that mesoporous silica nanoparticles increased the tensile strength of the flexible dressings, which is essential in therapeutic uses. MSNs influenced swelling ratio, oxygen, and water vapor permeability that indicates the CMCS/Gelatin/Myrtle/5 % MSNs wound dressing can absorb wound exudates and preserve skin moisture. Also, these biocompatible nanoparticles reduced the cytotoxicity of fibroblast cells due to the decelerated drug release. Correspondingly, silica nanoparticles affected the extract release rate and could accumulate and release the extract prolonged in CMCS/Gelatin/Myrtle/5 % MSNs models. Finally, histological analysis showed collagen growth and fibroblast migration in wounds treated with CMCS/Gelatin/Myrtle/5 % MSNs, causing proper wound contraction and accelerating wound healing in mice models. The results suggest that CMCS/Gelatin/Myrtle/5 % MSNs films have a beneficial application as wound dressings.

Unveiling the Chemical Profiling Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Algerian Myrtus communis L. Essential Oils, and Exploring Molecular Docking to Predict the Inhibitory Compounds against Cyclooxygenase-2.

Considering the large spectrum of side effects caused by synthetic drugs and the development of natural alternatives utilizing Algerian flora, this study aimed to place a spotlight on the chemical profile and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Myrtus communis L. essential oils (MCEOs). In this study, essential oils (EOs) were collected via hydro-distillation of the plant's leaves, and a chemical constituent analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging tests. The in vitro anti-inflammatory capacity was estimated by studying the antidenaturation effect using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein model. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by utilizing the classical model of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, using diclofenac (DCF) as the reference drug. Moreover, the molecular interaction of the compounds obtained from the GC-MS analysis was studied within the binding site of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) using an in silico approach as the confirmatory tool of the in vitro and in vivo experiments. The GC-MS analysis revealed that MCEOs were mainly composed of oxygenated monoterpenes (70.56%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (3.1%), sesquiterpenes (4.17%), and monoterpenes (8.75%). Furthermore, 1,8-cineole was the major compound (19.05%), followed by cis-geranyl acetate (11.74%), methyl eugenol (5.58%), α-terpineol (4.62%), and β-myrcene (4.40%). MCEOs exhibited remarkable concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 of 15.317 ± 0.340 µg/mL, 18.890 ± 2.190 µg/mL, and 31.877 ± 0.742 µg/mL for DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical, respectively. The significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity due to the inhibition of BSA denaturation was proportional to the EO concentration, where the highest value was recorded at 100 μg/mL with an approximately 63.35% percentage inhibition and an IC50 of 60.351 ± 5.832 μg/mL. MCEOs showed a good in vivo anti-inflammatory effect by limiting the development of carrageenan-induced paw thickness. The in silico study indicated that, among the 60 compounds identified by the GC-MS analysis, 9 compounds were observed to have a high binding energy to cyclooxygenase-2 as compared to diclofenac. Our study revealed that EOs from Algerian Myrtus communis L. can be considered to be a promising candidate for alleviating many debilitating health problems and may provide new insights in the fields of drug design, agriculture, and the food industry.

In vitro and ex vitro propagation of Turkish myrtles through conventional and plantform bioreactor systems.

The myrtle (Myrtus communis) plant naturally grows in the temperate Mediterranean and subtropical regions and is used for various purposes; thus, it is among the promising species of horticultural crops. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of different propagation systems, including rooting, solid media propagation, rooting, and with the Plantform bioreactor system, in achieving healthy and rapid growth of four myrtle genotypes with diverse genetic origins and well-regional adaptation. The selection of myrtle genotypes with distinct genetic backgrounds and proven adaptability to specific regions allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the propagation systems under investigation. Present findings proved that the Plantform system, the new-generation tissue culture system, was quite successful in micropropagation and rooting myrtle genotypes. We succeeded in vitro micropropagation and rooting of diverse wild myrtle genotypes, enabling year-round propagation without reliance on specific seasons or environmental conditions. The process involved initiating cultures from explants and multiplying them through shoot proliferation in a controlled environment. This contributes to sustainable plant propagation, preserving and utilizing genetic resources for conservation and agriculture.

Antimicrobial Effects and Antioxidant Activity of Myrtus communis L. Essential Oil in Beef Stored under Different Packaging Conditions.

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial effects of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oil (EO) on pathogenic (E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900; Listeria monocytogenes ATCC BAA-679) and spoilage microbiota in beef and determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antioxidant activity. The behavior of LAB, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., and fungi, as well as total mesophilic (TM) and total psychotropic (TP) counts, in beef samples, was analyzed during storage at 2 and 8 °C in two different packaging systems (aerobiosis and vacuum). Leaves of myrtle were dried, its EO was extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was determined using chromatographical techniques. The major compounds obtained were myrtenyl acetate (15.5%), β-linalool (12.3%), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol; 9.9%), geranyl acetate (7.4%), limonene (6.2%), α-pinene (4.4%), linalyl o-aminobenzoate (5.8%), α-terpineol (2.7%), and myrtenol (1.2%). Myrtle EO presented a MIC of 25 µL/mL for E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC BAA-679, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 35150 and 50µL/mL for Pseudomonas spp. The samples packed in aerobiosis had higher counts of deteriorative microorganisms than samples packed under vacuum, and samples with myrtle EO presented the lowest microbial contents, indicating good antimicrobial activity in beef samples. Myrtle EO is a viable natural alternative to eliminate or reduce the pathogenic and deteriorative microorganisms of meat, preventing their growth and enhancing meat safety.

Effects of preharvest chitosan-Myrtus communis essential oil composite and postharvest nanocellulose on quality of strawberry

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of preharvest chitosan-Myrtus communis essential oil composite (1.5 and 3.0 %) and postharvest nanocellulose (0.3 and 0.6 %) on the quality of strawberries. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis led to identification of 32 compounds in the Myrtus communis essential oil. The study showed that using CHS-ES composite coating for foliar application could increase the lifespan of the fruit by up to 24 days. This is because it increases the levels of components, such as phenol content (TPC) total flavonoids content (TFC) vitamin C, firmness and SSC. It also enhances the effectiveness of enzymes such, as glutathione peroxidase (GSH POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The use of CHS-ES treatments reduced the weight loss of fruits between 50 and 80 %, which is very important from the commercial point of view and maintaining nutritional properties, marketability and appearance. The microscopic analysis further revealed that using CHS-ES composite + nanocellulose coating produced a more continuous and uniform surface than the control. In general, this method is both safe and environmentally friendly while also proving to be effective, in preserving and enhancing the quality of strawberries.

Antibacterial study of the Ethanolic extract of local common Myrtle leaves Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae)

This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of common myrtle “Myrtus communis Linn.” leaves (Myrtaceae), specifically against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients at Tishreen University Hospital, Syria. Leaves were subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction using the distilled-ethanol as a solvent. The dried extract, with a yield of 25.3%, was dissolved in two types of solvent Dimethylsolfoxide (DMSO), and a mixture of Tween 80 solution 10% and DMSO 8:2 and then tested for antibacterial activity using the standard disk diffusion technique. In this work, DMSO showed better properties in the improvement of the solubility and the diffusion of the prepared extract, thus enhancing its antibacterial action.The inhibition zones showed that the tested ethanolic extract has interesting activity against both tested strains with higher activity towards S. aureus.The overall results encourage the application of this extract to combat bacterial resistance, and as an additive in the food industry to control the foodborne disease caused by S. aureus.

Investigation into Polyphenol Profile and Biological Activities of Enriched Persimmon/Apple Smoothies during Storage.

Smoothies are becoming an increasingly popular product as a healthy alternative to snacks. The consumer expects from this product that, apart from its nutritional value, it will also be qualitatively stable during storage. Therefore, in this study, original smoothies obtained with persimmon fruit puree and apple juice (Dk/Md) enriched with Arbutus unedo fruits, Myrtus communis purple berry extract, Acca sellowiana, and Crocus sativus petal juice were evaluated for their polyphenol composition, antioxidant activity, and inhibition on targeted digestive enzymes, over six months of storage. The amount of polyphenols evaluated by UPLC-PDA analysis decreased in six months from 23.5% for both Dk/Md and enriched C. sativus smoothies to 42.5% for enriched A. sellowiana, with anthocyanins the most sensitive compounds (71.7-100% loss). Values of antioxidant assays generally strongly decreased during the first three months (up to ca. 60%) and to a lesser extent in the following three months (0.4-27%). In addition, inhibitory activity on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase, especially on the last two enzymes, was negatively affected by time storage. The outcome of this study indicates that persimmon fruit is a good option for producing smoothies, and enrichment with other plant extracts can enhance the bioactive compound content and biological activities. It is recommended that appropriate storage strategies to preserve the properties of those smoothies should be developed.

ANTIOXIDANT, ENZYME INHIBITORY, AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY SCREENING OF MYRTUS COMMUNIS L.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the biological activities of Myrtus communis L., which has traditional medicinal use for different purposes, from a broad perspective. Material and Method: The antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, total phenol, and flavonoid amounts) anti-inflammatory (LOX enzyme inhibition), antidiabetic (α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition), and cytotoxic properties (MTT assay) of a 70% methanol extract made from leaves and dichloromethane, butanol, ethyl acetate, and the residual water fractions were investigated. Result and Discussion: The DPPH radical scavenging effect of the ethyl acetate fraction, with the highest total phenol and flavonoid content, was found to be 1.4 µg/ml, and the ABTS radical scavenging effect was 2.58 mmol/Trolox. The most potent inhibitor of LOX (IC50: 31.17 µg/ml) and α-glucosidase (96% inhibition at 0.5 mg/ml) enzymes was determined as ethyl acetate extract. Dichloromethane fraction was shown to have the most cytotoxic activity in both Hela and Colo cell lines. This research has given us a better understanding of the traditional use of the M. communis plant, which stands out for its therapeutic properties.

A review of the biological effects of Myrtus communis

AbstractThe World Health Organization stated that 1.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by contact with chemicals and toxins in 2019. In the same year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that natural toxins caused 3960 deaths. Myrtus communis, also known as common Myrtle, is a flowering plant native to the Mediterranean region. Myrtle has been traditionally used to treat diarrhea, inflammation, bleeding, headache, pulmonary and skin diseases. This review was performed to assess Myrtle's protective and therapeutic efficacy against various chemical, natural, and radiational noxious. Multiple databases such as PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus were investigated without publication time limitation. Recent studies have demonstrated its potential as a protective agent against both natural and chemical toxins. One of Myrtle's most significant protective properties is its high antioxidant content. Studies have shown that the antioxidant properties of Myrtle can protect against harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and other environmental toxins. Additionally, Myrtle has anti‐inflammatory properties that can help reduce the damage caused by long‐term exposure to toxins. The anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of Myrtle have also proven effective in alleviating gastrointestinal conditions such as gastric ulcers.

Identification of Phytochemicals in Myrtus communis L. Extract by GC–Mass and their Effectiveness in the Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles

Plants remain the most important source in many industrial, medical, and agricultural applications, due to their production of many chemical compounds as represent secondary metabolites of plants, similar to those found in pharmaceutical compounds and chemical pesticides. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical separation of the leaves of the Myrtus communis L. extract plant by using the GC–Mass technique, and the role of these compounds as biological reducing agents in the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The analysis of GC–Mass showed the presence of many 11 chemical compounds, such as Eucalyptol, Vitamin E, Neophytadiene, and N-Methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide. The results also indicated the effectiveness of the identified compounds in the process of biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, where the properties of the nanoparticles were described using UV-visible spectrophotometric and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Where The peak of UV-Vis spectrophotometer was recorded at 366 nm, while the size and shape of ZnO NPs where average size was 30nm with roughly circular or spherical in shape. The research conclusion confirmed that the leaves of the M. communis L. extract plant contained many chemical compounds which have a role in the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs.

Combined Efficacy of Lawsonia inermis and Myrtus communis Extract as a Potential Factor in Bacterial Treatment to Hospital Wastewater, Iraq

The current study aimed to use biological treatment using plant extracts; extracted from some locally available plants: Lawsonia inermis (Henna), and Myrtus communis (Yass), against pathogenic bacteria isolated from heavy water in hospitals that do not have treatment plants. The two studied plants were extracted using two different solvents (water and alcohol). Diagnosis of these extracted using Gas chromatography (GC-MS) showed that the alcoholic extraction led to a higher percentage of effective phenolic compounds than the aqueous extract. Sewage water was used to isolate bacteria and according to the morphological, and biochemical, confirmed by using the vitke II instrument; six types of pathogenic bacteria were identified (Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus xylosus Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Escherichia coli, klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia ficaria). The two Alcoholic plant extracted showed excellent antibacterial activity against all pathogenic bacteria than the water extracted as revealed by the diameter of the inhibition zone.

Effect of adding Nano-NPK fertilizer and humic acid on some vegetative growth characteristics and active components of Myrtle Myrtus communis L.

The current study was conducted during the 2019–2020 growing season in Dhi-Qar University's Alsaran Canopy. Nano fertilizer was used to test the effects of adding Nano- 1 macro elements NPK at three concentrations (0, 30,60) mg l-1 on some growth characteristics of Myrtle plant, Myrtus communis, Three replicates of the experiment were used in the RCBD design. Important Difference Test at 0.05 probability. Results appear that The Nano fertilizer is 60mg l-1 significantly increased the average plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll and carbohydrates leaf content, and percentage of oil, fresh weight. The concentration of humic acid Significantly increasing plant height, branch count, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, carbohydrates, and the highest percentage of oil. It recorded an average of (87.44 cm, 12.13 mm, 10.56 branches). 2, 105.44 mg.100 g fresh weight, 82.00 g. dry matter and 0.51%, respectively, while H1 treatment excelled with the largest leaf surface area of8.79 cm2.The interaction treatment H2N1 was superior to the control treatment H0N0 and the rest of the treatments in the study regarding plant height, stem diameter and leaf area, while H2N2 was superior in fruit content of chlorophyll and carbohydrates.