Myroxylon Peruiferum Research Articles

Different Chemometric Methods for the Discrimination of Commercial Aged Cachaças

Cachaca, like other distilled beverages, often passes through an aging process and a peculiar fact is that Brazilian native woods are used for producing the barrels used for aging, in addition to oak. Cachacas can be aged in barrels of amendoim (Pterogyne nitens), balsam (Myroxylon peruiferum), jequitiba (Cariniana estrellensis), umburana (Amburana cearensis), and oak (Quercus sp.). Cachacas aged in wooden barrels have their final price for the consumer substantially increased, making them susceptible to fraud. So, methods to check the authenticity of aged cachaca are increasingly required. In this paper, 109 samples of commercial aged cachacas were used for the construction of supervised classification models—PLS-DA (partial least squares for discriminant analysis) and NPLS-DA (N-way PLS-DA)—by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and spectrofluorimetry. The best results were obtained for the model based on low-level data fusion, providing good reliability rates for the training and test sets (ranging from 56 to 100 %) for all the analyzed classes.

Microsatellite markers for the Cabreúva tree, Myroxylon peruiferum (Fabaceae), an endangered medicinal species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

The Cabreúva tree, Myroxylon peruiferum, is an endangered tropical species from Brazil used in forest restoration projects. It is known for its medicinal properties. Eleven microsatellite markers were developed for this species, from a microsatellite-enriched library. Nine of these markers, characterized in 30 individuals from a semideciduous forest remnant population in southeast Brazil, were polymorphic, with allele numbers ranging from 2 to 8 per locus; expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.103 to 0.757 and 0.107 to 0.704, respectively. One locus (Mpe-C04) showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, probably due to null alleles. Two other loci (Mpe-E09 and Mpe-H07) were monomorphic in this population. These microsatellite loci should be useful for future population genetic studies of this species.

HPLC mapping of second generation ethanol production with lignocelluloses wastes and diluted sulfuric hydrolysis

Wood wastes are potential material for second generation ethanol production within the concept of residual forest bio-refinery. Current paper reports on ethanol production employing an HPLC method for monitoring the chemical content dispersed in the hydrolysate liquor after fermented. The proton-exchange technique was the analytical method employed. Twelve types of wood chips were used as biomass, including Hymenolobium petraeum , Tabebuia cassinoides , Myroxylon peruiferum , Nectandra lanceolata , Ocotea catharinensis , Cedrelinga catenaeformis , Cedrela fissilis Vell , Ocotea porosa , Laurus nobilis , Balfourodendron riedelianum , Pinus Elliotti and Brosimum spp . The influence of diluted sulfuric hydrolysis on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the fermentation assay was also investigated. Standard compounds mapped in the analysis comprised fructose, lactic acid, acetic acid, glycerol, glucose and ethanol. The yeast showed ethanol productivity between 0.75 and 1.91 g L -1 h -1 , respectively, without the addition of supplementary nutrients or detoxification. The use of these materials for the bioconversion of cellulose into ethanol has been proved. Current analysis contributes towards the production of biofuels by wastes recovery and by process monitoring and optimization.

Floristic and phytosociology in a physiognomic gradient of riverine forest in Cerrado, Campinas, SP

Knowledge on floristic composition and vegetation structure is essential to preserve plant biodiversity and environmental conditions. A floristic and structural survey of woody vegetation was carried out in a physiognomic gradient of riparian forest of Cerrado vegetation, Campinas - SP. We sampled 25 plots, distributed along five transects, located perpendicularly to a stream. We found 971 individuals (65 standing dead trees) distributed among 35 families and 80 species. We recorded one single individual of exotic species (Citrus limon – rangpur) and a large number of individuals of endangered species (Luetzelburgia guaissara, Myroxylon peruiferum andTrichilia hirta) indicating that the Santa Elisa study area retains much of the original characteristics of its native vegetation. The small number of exclusive Cerrado species in the study area indicates that riverine environments represent a very different condition in relation to that of the Cerrado. Except for swampy areas, which are more homogeneous and floristically similar to each other due to adaptations to greater environmental constraints, the riverine forest physiognomies showed greater internal floristic heterogeneity, even considering only those located in Cerrado areas. This emphasizes the importance of studying riverine forests flora for each particular region, especially when restoration or management actions are needed. At the Santa Elisa riverine-cerrado transition fragment, riparian species were found throughout gradient up to the limit of the study area showing that a distance of at least 50 m far from the stream should be preserved in order to keep the riparian environment.

Cover Caption

Cover description: Genilma dos Santos Silva, of the BioFlora nursery in Piracicaba‐SP, Brazil, transplants seedlings of Myroxylon peruiferum (Fabaceae) for high‐diversity restoration plantings for different projects connected with the Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact. This nursery produces approximately 5 million tree seedlings per year of about 200 indigenous species. One Brazilian state law requires forest restoration projects to include at least 80 species of indigenous trees, so as to accelerate the recovery of biodiversity. Promoting high tree diversity in early stages of forest restoration is an example of “leak plugging” as described in Aronson et al. (in press; DOI 10.1111/1755‐263X.12021). Photo: Pedro H.S. Brancalion, 2010.

Qualidade da madeira de cinco espécies florestais para o envelhecimento da cachaça

Realizou-se esta pesquisa com o objetivo de avaliar as características das madeiras de amburana (Amburana cearencis (Fr. Allem.) A.C. Sm.), bálsamo (Myroxylon peruiferum L.f.), ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl.), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee et Lang.) e jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze) no armazenamento de cachaças; comparar as cachaças com amostra armazenada em barril de carvalho (Quercus sp.), analisar o efeito do envelhecimento e comparar os valores obtidos com os padronizados pela Legislação Brasileira. Para tanto, as cachaças foram armazenadas em barris de madeira e em recipiente de vidro e analisadas suas características químicas (acidez volátil, álcool metílico, álcool superior, aldeído, cobre, éster, extrato seco a 100 ºC, furfural e grau alcoólico) e organolépticas (cor, sabor e aroma). Após seis meses de armazenamento as cachaças foram comparadas com os valores padronizados. Independente da espécie, a madeira melhorou as qualidades sensoriais da cachaça incorporando, à bebida, cor, gosto e sabor característicos. Todas as cachaças avaliadas continuaram dentro dos padrões de qualidade estabelecidos pela Legislação Brasileira.

Crescimento, acúmulo de fósforo e frações fosfatadas em mudas de sete espécies arbóreas nativas

Este trabalho objetivou comparar o crescimento, a absorção de fósforo (P) e a distribuição das frações fosfatadas em mudas de sete espécies florestais classificadas como: pioneiras [aroeira (Lithraea molleoides), aroeirinha (Shcinus terebinthifolius), sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia), sesbânia (Sesbania virgata)] ou clímax [jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril), guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliensis) e óleo-bálsamo (Myroxylon peruiferum)]. As plantas foram cultivadas com cinco doses de P (0, 100, 250, 500 e 800 mg dm-3 de P) em casa de vegetação. Aos 90 dias, as plantas foram colhidas, determinando-se a produção de matéria seca e o conteúdo de P da parte aérea e as frações de P total, P inorgânico e P orgânico presentes nas folhas. As espécies apresentaram grande variação no comportamento diante da adubação fosfatada. De modo geral, as espécies pioneiras foram mais eficientes em produzir matéria seca da parte aérea e na absorção de P do que as climácicas. Entre as espécies pioneiras, a aroeira apresentou produção de massa estreitamente relacionada ao acúmulo de P, e as proporções de fósforo inorgânico e orgânico permanecem inalteradas com o aumento da disponibilidade do nutriente. O crescimento de aroeirinha, sesbânia e jatobá não acompanhou a absorção do nutriente que é acumulado na forma de fósforo inorgânico na primeira e fósforo orgânico nas últimas. As espécies clímácicas guanandi e óleo-bálsamo apresentaram maior presença de fósforo orgânico, porém a absorção do nutriente e o crescimento das plantas sofreram pouca interferência da adubação fosfatada.

Crescimento, eficiência fotossintética e eficiência do uso da água em quatro espécies de leguminosas arbóreas tropicais

O conjunto de estudos que abrangem variáveis de crescimento e parâmetros fotossintéticos ajuda a esclarecer as relações entre os indivíduos de uma comunidade vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, a eficiência fotossintética e a eficiência no uso da água em quatro leguminosas arbóreas, durante três meses, sob condições de casa de vegetação. Foi observado que Myroxylon peruiferum apresentou os maiores valores quanto à taxa de crescimento relativo, razão de área foliar e de massa foliar e maior área foliar específica, quando comparada com as outras três espécies. Porém, não apresentou a maior taxa fotossintética, como consequência do maior investimento em área foliar. Todas as espécies, exceto Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus apresentaram a mesma eficiência do uso da água. Embora M. peruiferum não fixe nitrogênio atmosférico por meio de simbiose com rizóbios, se observou que é uma espécie eficiente para aproveitar o nitrogênio disponível no solo para a produção de biomassa.

Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Fingerprinting of Brazilian Artisan Cachaça Aged in Different Wood Casks

We have investigated the capability of direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode, ESI(-)-MS, to differentiate representative samples of artisan cachaça, a Brazilian sugar cane distillate of large production, aged in four different types of wood casks: amburana (Amburana cearensis), jequitibA (Cariniana estrellensis), balm (Myroxylon peruiferum), and oak (Quercus rubra). The ESI(-)-MS were found to be very characteristic, showing sets of diagnostic ions for each of the four types of samples: amburana (m/z 271, 313, 377), jequitibA (m/z 143, 171, 255), balm (m/z 137, 269, 283, 297), and oak (m/z 197, 301, 307). Furthermore, principal component (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), applied to the ESI(-)-MS data, divided these samples into four definite categories. The influence of the aging time on the ESI(-)-MS fingerprints of the cachaça samples stored in oak casks was also established. An inversion in the relative intensity of the diagnostic ions of m/z 307 and 301 is detected in the ESI(-)-MS as the aging time increased from 1 to 2 years. The chemical structures of the major cachaça components were proposed on the basis of the following: (a) the comparison of the ESI(-)-MS/MS of the diagnostic anions with those of the authentic anions or (b) the interpretation of the fragmentation patterns of the previously unknown diagnostic anions. Hence, direct infusion ESI(-)-MS allows not only a rapid, simple, and accurate way to distinguish among cachaça samples stored in different wood casks but also monitoring changes in their chemical composition according to the aging time.

Classificação de sementes florestais quanto ao comportamento no armazenamento

Este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar um levantamento sobre a classificação de sementes de espécies florestais quanto ao comportamento durante o armazenamento e verificar a relação da classificação proposta com os grupos ecológicos das mesmas. Foram estudadas 39 espécies florestais presentes em remanescentes de matas ciliares na bacia do Alto e Médio Rio Grande, MG. A viabilidade das sementes e o grau de umidade foram obtidos para as sementes recém-beneficiadas; sementes recém-beneficiadas armazenadas em embalagem semipermeável a 5ºC durante 90 dias; e para sementes secas antes e após o armazenamento em embalagem impermeável sob temperaturas de 5ºC e -18ºC durante 90 dias. A análise estatística foi realizada comparando-se, por sobreposição, os intervalos de confiança das médias de porcentagem de germinação para cada espécie. As sementes das diferentes espécies foram classificadas como ortodoxas ou recalcitrantes durante o armazenamento. As sementes classificadas como ortodoxas são as que pertencem as espécies: Alchornea triplinervea, Anadenanthera colubrina, Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Bowdichia virgilioides, Ceiba speciosa, Hymenaea courbaril, Lafoensia pacari, Lecythis pisonis, Lithraea molleoides, Maclura tinctoria, Myroxylon peruiferum, Myrsine umbellata, Rudgea viburnoides, Schinus terebinthifolius, Solanum granuloso-leprosum, Tabebuia crysotricha; e recalcitrantes as demais: Calophyllum brasiliense, Calyptranthes lucida, Cupania vernalis, Eugenia handroana, e Talauma ovata. O comportamento ortodoxo foi verificado para sementes de espécies pioneiras, clímax exigentes de luz para o crescimento da plântula e para espécies clímax tolerantes à sombra. Sementes classificadas como recalcitrantes foram encontradas para espécies clímax tolerantes à sombra e clímax exigentes de luz.

Produção de mudas de espécies arbóreas nativas com combinações de adubos de liberação controlada e prontamente solúveis

O objetivo deste estudo foi testar diversas doses e fontes de adubo para verificar o crescimento de mudas de cinco espécies arbóreas nativas. As espécies utilizadas foram as pioneiras Guazuma ulmifolia (mutambo) e Croton floribundus (capixingui), as secundárias iniciais Peltophorum dubium (canafístula) e Gallesia integrifolia (pau-d'alho) e a clímax Myroxylon peruiferum (cabreúva). Os tratamentos consistiram principalmente na utilização de adubo de liberação controlada (ALC, 19-06-10, N-P2O5-K2O) de maneira pura ou em mistura com adubo em pó (AP, 14-16-18), ou AP mais adubação de cobertura periódica (ACP, 19-06-20), comparados com adubação convencional (adubação de base mais adubação de cobertura com sulfato de amônio e cloreto de potássio) e testemunha (sem adubação). O substrato utilizado foi composto por 60% de húmus de minhoca, 30% de casca de arroz carbonizada e 10% de terra de subsolo, em base volumétrica. O recipiente que comportou o substrato foi o tubete de polipropileno de 50 cm³ de capacidade. Entre os tratamentos que produziram mudas de boa qualidade ao final do experimento, para cada espécie, aqueles com doses de 3,2 e 4,8 kg de adubo de liberação controlada por metro cúbico de substrato foram comuns a todas as espécies e, adicionalmente, resultaram em dimensões apropriadas para plantio no campo em menor tempo do que os outros tratamentos.

Leaf optical properties as affected by shade in saplings of six tropical tree species differing in successional status

Tree species differing in successional status may present different responses to shade. Adjustments at leaf level may affect their optical properties, leading to changes in PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) absorbance. The aim of this study was to evaluate leaf optical properties as affected by understory shade in saplings of six tropical tree species differing in successional status and degree of shade tolerance. Chlorophyll content and specific leaf area (SLA) were also evaluated. The effects of shade on leaf optical properties and chlorophyll content differed among the studied species, whereas increased SLA was a common response for all species, reflecting the occurrence of thinner leaves under shade. The three studied shade-tolerant species - Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Myroxylon peruiferum and Hymenaea courbaril - presented a greater PAR absorbance under shade. The response of the shade-intolerant species was varied. While Schizolobium parahyba also showed a greater PAR absorbance under shade, Chorisia speciosa did not alter its spectral properties and Cecropia pachystachya presented an opposite pattern, with smaller absorbance under shade. Increases in leaf chlorophyll content were significant in the shade-tolerant species, whereas they were absent or of small magnitude in the shade-intolerant ones. Although the shade-induced decrease of leaf reflectance was the only response that safely discriminated tolerant from intolerant species, the adjustments in leaf chlorophyll content and optical properties were more consistent for the tolerant species.

Seed Size, Seed Germination, and Seedling Survival of Brazilian Tropical Tree Species Differing in Successional Status1

ABSTRACTSeed germination and seedling establishment patterns have been used to classify species as shade tolerant or intolerant. The main objective of this research was to investigate, under controlled conditions, seed germination of species from different successional positions as well as to follow seed germination and seedling survival under natural shade in the field. The species studied were Solarium granuloso‐leprosum, Trema micrantha, Cecropia pachystachya, Croton piptocalyx, Bauhinia forficata subsp. pruinosa. Senna macranthera, Schizolobium parahyba, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Chorisia speciosa, Pseudobombax grandiflorum, Ficus guaranitica, Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Pachystroma longifolium, Myroxylon peruiferum, and Hymenaea courbaril. Field trials were carried out at Santa Genebra Municipal Reserve, Campinas, SP, Brazil, at the forest edge and in the understory. No significant correlations were detected between successional status and seed size or seed water content. Light‐regulated germination was present only in small‐seeded species. In field experiments, most species, including the light‐sensitive ones, were able to germinate under the canopy, where a low red/far‐red ratio predominates. Most species, mainly those of early‐ and intermediate successional positions, presented low seedling survival rates under shade. Myroxylon peruiferum was the most shade tolerant species, while 5. granuloso‐leprosum, C. speciosa, P. gonoacantha, F. guaranitica, T. micrantha, and 5. parahyba were the most shade intolerant. These latter species showed little or no survival under the shade conditions.

Acúmulo e distribuição de metais pesados nas raízes, caule e folhas de mudas de árvores em solo contaminado por rejeitos de indústria de zinco

Avaliaram-se em casa-de-vegetação o acúmulo e a distribuição de metais pesados nas raízes, caule e folhas de mudas de vinte espécies arbóreas tropicais crescendo em solo contaminado com metais pesados. As mudas com tamanho ideal para plantio foram transferidas para vasos contendo 3,3 kg de solo sem contaminação ou contaminado com Zn, Cd, Cu e Pb, onde permaneceram por 90 dias. As espécies que cresceram em solo contaminado apresentaram teores foliares elevados, variando de (mg kg-1): Zn = 154 a 1177; Cd = 0,6 a 54,6; e Cu = 2,8 a 134. Essas concentrações foram, em muitos casos, superiores aos níveis críticos de toxidez, ao passo que os teores foliares de Pb variaram de 0,1 a 4,3 mg kg-1, não atingindo níveis considerados fitotóxicos. Em algumas espécies como Machaerium nictidans, Myroxylon peruiferum, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Senna macranthera e Trema micrantha, que tiveram o crescimento muito inibido pela contaminação, houve elevada translocação de Zn e/ou Cd para parte aérea. Dendropanax cuneatum, que foi pouco afetada pelos metais, também apresentou índice elevado de translocação de Zn e Cd, mas reteve esses elementos no caule. Acacia mangium, Copaifera langsdorffi e Cedrella fissilis também apresentaram baixa sensibilidade à contaminação e apresentaram elevado acúmulo de Zn e Cd nas raízes, indicando que a baixa translocação desses elementos para a parte aérea está envolvida na tolerância dessas espécies ao excesso de metais pesados no solo. O padrão de distribuição proporcional de Zn e Cd nas raízes e parte aérea das plantas se relaciona com o comportamento dessas ao excesso de metais pesados no solo.

Seed Size, Seed Germination, and Seedling Survival of Brazilian Tropical Tree Species Differing in Successional Status1

Abstract Seed germination and seedling establishment patterns have been used to classify species as shade tolerant or intolerant. The main objective of this research was to investigate, under controlled conditions, seed germination of species from different successional positions as well as to follow seed germination and seedling survival under natural shade in the field. The species studied were Solanum granuloso-leprosum, Trema micrantha, Cecropia pachystachya, Croton piptocalyx, Bauhinia forficata subsp. pruinosa, Senna macranthera, Schizolobium parahyba, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Chorisia speciosa, Pseudobombax grandiflorum, Ficus guaranitica,Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Pachystroma longifolium, Myroxylon peruiferum, and Hymenaea courbaril. Field trials were carried out at Santa Genebra Municipal Reserve, Campinas, SP, Brazil, at the forest edge and in the understory. No significant correlations were detected between successional status and seed size or seed water content. Light-regulated germination was prese...

Biodegradation of subtropical forest woods from north‐west Argentina by Pleurotus laciniatocrenatus

Subtropical forest woods from northwest Argentina were used to evaluate the relationship between basic chemical composition and decay resistance. Wood samples from the autochthonous species Phyllostylon rhamnoides, Prosopis nigra, Cedrela fissilis, and Myroxylon peruiferum were analysed using standardised techniques. M. penriferum contained the most acid‐soluble lignin (3.15% ± 0.39) and least Klason lignin (23.52% ± 1.42); the extractive content was significantly lower in Phyllostylon rhamnoides (4.19% ± 1.70) and in C. fissilis (6.25% ± 1.50) (P = 0.01). M. peruiferum and Prosopis nigra contained greater tannin (6.16% and 4.25%, respectively). Decay tests on wood blocks inoculated with Pleurotus laciniatocrenatus showed the greatest weight losses for Phyllostylon rhamnoides and C. fissilis. The extent of weight loss was inversely related to extractive content of woods, suggesting that phenolic components can inhibit fungal degradation.

A new pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Myroxylon balsamum (syn. Myroxylon peruiferum)

The new pentacyclic triterpene, 11a-methoxy-b-amyrin (1), was isolated from Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms (syn. Myroxylon peruiferum L.f.). Its structure was established on the basis of IR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR. 2D NMR experiments were also used to establish the structure and the hydrogen and carbon chemical shift assignments of the new triterpene.

Carbon Translocation as Affected by Shade in Saplings of Shade Tolerant and Intolerant Species

Carbon translocation was affected by shade in different tropical tree species differing in successional status and degree of shade tolerance. Plants of the early-successional shade-intolerant species Cecropia pachystachya and Schizolobium parahyba and of the late-successional shade-tolerant species Myroxylon peruiferum and Hymenaea courbaril were grown under full sun (FS) and natural shade treatments (NS) and assessed for [14C]-sucrose translocation. Most of the 14C was retained in the fed leaf after a 24 h translocation period. Under FS, the growing apical part of the plant was the most intense sink for most species. Shade affected growth and sink intensity differently in early and late successional species. Growth was more markedly affected in the early species. Whereas these continued to invest carbon into the growing apical part of the plant under shade conditions, the late successional species invested relatively more into other sinks.

Microanalysis of a selective potent anti- Helicobacter pylori compound in a Brazilian Medicinal Plant, Myroxylon peruiferum and the activity of analogues

A selective potent anti- Helicobacter pylori isoflavone was isolated from a Brazilian Medicinal Plant, Myroxylon peruiferum. The isolation bioassay-guided and the characterization of an active anti- H. pylori constituent was performed using the methanol extract of plant of minute amount. The active compound was identified as cabreuvin ( 1), an isoflavone derivative. The structure-activity relationships of several related compounds were also investigated.

EFEITO DE DIFERENTES MADEIRAS SOBRE A COMPOSIÇÃO DA AGUARDENTE DE CANA ENVELHECIDA

Foram dosados compostos fenólicos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em aguardente de cana estocada por seis meses em barris de 20 L, das madeiras brasileiras amburana - Amburana cearensis (Fr. All.) A.C. Smith; bálsamo - Myroxylon peruiferum L.F.; jequitibá Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze; jatobá - Hymenaea spp; ipê - Tabebuia spp e carvalho europeu - Quercus sp. Constatou-se que cada madeira introduziu predominantemente compostos fenólicos específicos na bebida: a) ácidos elágico e vanílico no carvalho; b) ácido vanílico e sinapaldeído na amburana; c) vanilina e ácido elágico no bálsamo; d) ácido gálico no jequitibá, e) coniferaldeído no jatobá e f) ácidos siríngico e vanílico e coniferaldeído no ipê.