Myeloid-biased Hematopoietic Stem Cells Research Articles

Vasopressin drives aberrant myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, contributing to depression in mice.

Psychological stress is often linked to depression and can also impact the immune system, illustrating the interconnectedness of mental health and immune function. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can directly sense neuroendocrine signals in bone marrow and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. However, it is unclear how psychological stress impacts HSCs in depression. Here, we report that neuroendocrine factor arginine vasopressin (AVP) promotes myeloid-biased HSC differentiation by activating neutrophils. AVP administration increases neutrophil and Ly6Chi monocyte production by triggering HSCs that rely on intrinsic S100A9 in mice. When stimulated with AVP, neutrophils return to the bone marrow and release interleukin 36G (IL-36G), which interacts with interleukin 1 receptor-like 2 (IL-1RL2) on HSCs to produce neutrophils with high Elane expression that infiltrate the brain and induce neuroinflammation. Together, these findings define HSCs as a relay between psychological stress and myelopoiesis and identify the IL-36G-IL-1RL2 axis as a potential target for depression therapy.

Aging is associated with functional and molecular changes in distinct hematopoietic stem cell subsets

Age is a risk factor for hematologic malignancies. Attributes of the aging hematopoietic system include increased myelopoiesis, impaired adaptive immunity, and a functional decline of the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that maintain hematopoiesis. Changes in the composition of diverse HSC subsets have been suggested to be responsible for age-related alterations, however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are incompletely understood in the context of HSC heterogeneity. In this study, we investigated how distinct HSC subsets, separated by CD49b, functionally and molecularly change their behavior with age. We demonstrate that the lineage differentiation of both lymphoid-biased and myeloid-biased HSC subsets progressively shifts to a higher myeloid cellular output during aging. In parallel, we show that HSCs selectively undergo age-dependent gene expression and gene regulatory changes in a progressive manner, which is initiated already in the juvenile stage. Overall, our studies suggest that aging intrinsically alters both cellular and molecular properties of HSCs.

The Benjamin Button effect on stem cells: Reversing the clock on aging immunity.

Antibody-based therapy depletes myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells (my-HSCs) to rejuvenate the immune system and improve immune responses in aged mice.

Gadd45g insufficiency drives the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms

Despite the identification of driver mutations leading to the initiation of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), the molecular pathogenesis of MPNs remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma (GADD45g) is expressed at significantly lower levels in patients with MPNs, and JAK2V617F mutation and histone deacetylation contribute to its reduced expression. Downregulation of GADD45g plays a tumor-promoting role in human MPN cells. Gadd45g insufficiency in the murine hematopoietic system alone leads to significantly enhanced growth and self-renewal capacity of myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells, and the development of phenotypes resembling MPNs. Mechanistically, the pathogenic role of GADD45g insufficiency is mediated through a cascade of activations of RAC2, PAK1 and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. These data characterize GADD45g deficiency as a novel pathogenic factor in MPNs.

Distinct Cellular, Transcriptional, and Mechanistic Properties Determine HSC Fate during Emergency Granulopoiesis

Emergency granulopoiesis (EG) is the process responsible for the rapid and enhanced production of granulocytes during acute infections. Traditionally, EG was understood as a cellular mechanism mostly initiated and supported by myeloid progenitors, however, recent data suggest that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) might also participate in the process. To investigate whether and how HSCs contribute to the initial steps of EG, we performed scRNA-seq and ATAC-seq analysis of sorted murine HSCs 4 hours after in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, mimicking an acute bacterial infection. Strikingly, we observed radical transcriptional changes between HSCs isolated from PBS control and LPS treated mice, mostly marked by alterations in HSC lineage bias. We identified a steady state lymphoid-biased subpopulation of HSCs, marked by expression of Procr (CD201). Following LPS stimulation, the CD201 expression was lost and this population was transcriptionally rewired to a myeloid-biased HSC population. Accordingly, ATACseq data corroborated opening of myeloid-bias loci upon LPS administration rather than steady-state lymphoid-biased loci. Further, we confirmed the loss of CD201 expression in HSCs by flow cytometry in mice after LPS and G-CSF treatment, as well as Candida albicans infection, suggesting that the loss of CD201 expression is a general event during EG induced by different stimuli. Interestingly, the CD201 downregulation in HSCs was independent of the master regulator of EG C/EBPβ, while we observed the contribution of the TLR4-MyD88 signaling axis. Next, we functionally validated our scRNA-seq results in vitro and in vivo. When cultivated under myeloid differentiation conditions, the CD201- HSCs gave rise to mature granulocytes, whereas CD201+ HSCs remained rather immature. In transplantation settings, CD201+ HSCs showed increased engraftment and preferential bias to produce lymphoid cells, while CD201- HSC showed decreased engraftment ability and a bias towards myeloid production. Surprisingly, LPS challenge of BM chimeras transplanted with lymphoid-biased CD201+ HSCs led to EG response marked by rapid loss of lymphoid-biased multipotent progenitors (MPPs) and the expansion of myeloid-biased MPPs, thus confirming the lympho-myeloid switch observed in the scRNA-seq data. Interestingly, the treatment of WT mice with CD201 blocking antibody was able to partially impair the lympho-myeloid switch, suggesting that CD201 plays an active role in HSCs during EG. Mechanistically, we observed that both CD201+ and CD201- HSCs rely on different signaling pathways under EG. While CD201+ HSCs express higher levels of TLR4 and have higher activation of NF-κB signaling upon in vitro LPS stimulation, the CD201- HSCs express higher levels of G-CSF-R and have higher activation of pSTAT3 signaling upon G-CSF-stimulation. Moreover, while the LIP isoform of C/EBPβ, important for cell proliferation, is present in both CD201+ and CD201- HSCs, the LAP/LAP* isoform, important for myeloid differentiation, is present only in the CD201- HSCs fraction. Altogether, our data suggest that EG is supported by a population of HSCs which upon pathogen sensing undergo a radical transcriptional rewiring that promotes their myeloid output. Initially, the pathogen is directly sensed by TLR4 on the surface of a steady state lymphoid-biased CD201+ HSCs, causing a rapid activation of the downstream NF-κB signaling pathway. Subsequently, the lymphoid-myeloid transcriptional switch, marked by the loss of CD201 expression, occurs and EG is then supported by myeloid-biased CD201- HSCs. CD201- HSCs respond to the infection in an indirect manner through G-CSF-R on their surface and exhibit enhanced pSTAT3 activation and elevated LAP/LAP* C/EBPβ isoform, cellular mechanisms known to promote myeloid differentiation and granulocytic production. In conclusion, the switch from CD201+ to CD201- HSCs facilitates both fast and sustained EG leading to the supply of new granulocytes to fight the infection. This detailed understanding of the distinct cellular, transcriptional, and mechanistic properties that determine HSC fate during emergency granulopoiesis opens new venues to potentially modulate granulocytic production in certain clinical conditions such as sepsis. This work was partially supported by a GACR 22-18300S, GAUK 327722, and IMG institutional funding RVO 68378050.

Hematopoietic stem cells undergo a lymphoid to myeloid switch in early stages of emergency granulopoiesis.

Emergency granulopoiesis is the enhanced and accelerated production of granulocytes that occurs during acute infection. The contribution of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to this process was reported; however, how HSCs participate in emergency granulopoiesis remains elusive. Here, using a mouse model of emergency granulopoiesis we observe transcriptional changes in HSCs as early as 4 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We observe that the HSC identity is changed towards a myeloid-biased HSC and show that CD201 is enriched in lymphoid-biased HSCs. While CD201 expression under steady-state conditions reveals a lymphoid bias, under emergency granulopoiesis loss of CD201 marks the lymphoid-to-myeloid transcriptional switch. Mechanistically, we determine that lymphoid-biased CD201+ HSCs act as a first response during emergency granulopoiesis due to direct sensing of LPS by TLR4 and downstream activation of NF-κΒ signaling. The myeloid-biased CD201- HSC population responds indirectly during an acute infection by sensing G-CSF, increasing STAT3 phosphorylation, and upregulating LAP/LAP* C/EBPβ isoforms. In conclusion, HSC subpopulations support early phases of emergency granulopoiesis due to their transcriptional rewiring from a lymphoid-biased to myeloid-biased population and thus establishing alternative paths to supply elevated numbers of granulocytes.

LepR+ niche cell–derived AREG compromises hematopoietic stem cell maintenance under conditions of DNA repair deficiency and aging

AbstractThe cross talk between extrinsic niche-derived and intrinsic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) factors controlling HSC maintenance remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that amphiregulin (AREG) from bone marrow (BM) leptin receptor (LepR+) niche cells is an important factor that mediates the cross talk between the BM niche and HSCs in stem cell maintenance. Mice deficient of the DNA repair gene Brca2, specifically in LepR+ cells (LepR-Cre;Brca2fl/fl), exhibited increased frequencies of total and myeloid-biased HSCs. Furthermore, HSCs from LepR-Cre;Brca2fl/fl mice showed compromised repopulation, increased expansion of donor-derived, myeloid-biased HSCs, and increased myeloid output. Brca2-deficient BM LepR+ cells exhibited persistent DNA damage–inducible overproduction of AREG. Ex vivo treatment of wild-type HSCs or systemic treatment of C57BL/6 mice with recombinant AREG impaired repopulation, leading to HSC exhaustion. Conversely, inhibition of AREG by an anti–AREG-neutralizing antibody or deletion of the Areg gene in LepR-Cre;Brca2fl/fl mice rescued HSC defects caused by AREG. Mechanistically, AREG activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, promoted HSC cycling, and compromised HSC quiescence. Finally, we demonstrated that BM LepR+ niche cells from other DNA repair–deficient and aged mice also showed persistent DNA damage–associated overexpression of AREG, which exerts similar negative effects on HSC maintenance. Therefore, we identified an important factor that regulates HSCs function under conditions of DNA repair deficiency and aging.

Tristetraprolin overexpression drives hematopoietic changes in young and middle-aged mice generating dominant mitigating effects on induced inflammation in murine models

Tristetraprolin (TTP), encoded by Zfp36 in mice, is one of the best-characterized tandem zinc-finger mRNA binding proteins involved in mRNA deadenylation and decay. TTPΔARE mice lack an AU-rich motif in the 3′-untranslated regions of TTP mRNA, leading to increased TTP mRNA stability and more TTP protein, resulting in elevated mRNA decay rates of TTP targets. We examined the effect of TTP overexpression on the hematopoietic system in both young and middle-aged mice using TTPΔARE mice and found alterations in blood cell frequencies, with loss of platelets and B220 cells and gains of eosinophils and T cells. TTPΔARE mice also have skewed primitive populations in the bone marrow, with increases in myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but decreases in granulocyte/macrophage-biased multipotent progenitors (MPP3) in both young and middle-aged mice. Changes in the primitive cells’ frequencies were associated with transcriptional alterations in the TTP overexpression cells specific to age as well as cell type. Regardless of age, there was a consistent elevation of transcripts regulated by TNFα and TGFβ signaling pathways in both the stem and multipotent progenitor populations. HSCs with TTP overexpression had decreased reconstitution potential in murine transplants but generated hematopoietic environments that mitigated the inflammatory response to the collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) challenge, which models rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. This dampening of the inflammatory response was even present when there was only a small frequency of TTP overexpressing cells present in the middle-aged mice. We provide an analysis of the early hematopoietic compartments with elevated TTP expression in both young and middle-aged mice which inhibits the reconstitution potential of the HSCs but generates a hematopoietic system that provides dominant repression of induced inflammation.

Cholesterol confers ferroptosis resistance onto myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells and prevents irradiation-induced myelosuppression

There is growing appreciation that hematopoietic alterations underpin the ubiquitous detrimental effects of metabolic disorders. The susceptibility of bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis to perturbations of cholesterol metabolism is well documented, while the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we reveal a distinct and heterogeneous cholesterol metabolic signature within BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We further show that cholesterol directly regulates maintenance and lineage differentiation of long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs), with high levels of intracellular cholesterol favoring maintenance and myeloid bias of LT-HSCs. During irradiation-induced myelosuppression, cholesterol also safeguards LT-HSC maintenance and myeloid regeneration. Mechanistically, we unravel that cholesterol directly and distinctively enhances ferroptosis resistance and boosts myeloid but dampens lymphoid lineage differentiation of LT-HSCs. Molecularly, we identify that SLC38A9–mTOR axis mediates cholesterol sensing and signal transduction to instruct lineage differentiation of LT-HSCs as well as to dictate ferroptosis sensitivity of LT-HSCs through orchestrating SLC7A11/GPX4 expression and ferritinophagy. Consequently, myeloid-biased HSCs are endowed with a survival advantage under both hypercholesterolemia and irradiation conditions. Importantly, a mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and a ferroptosis inducer imidazole ketone erastin prevent excess cholesterol-induced HSC expansion and myeloid bias. These findings unveil an unrecognized fundamental role of cholesterol metabolism in HSC survival and fate decisions with valuable clinical implications.

Dysfunctional Clusterin-Positive Hematopoietic Stem Cells Expand with Aging

During aging, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) alter quantitatively as well as qualitatively due to accumulating damages induced by intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. Functional decline of HSCs causes dysregulated hematopoiesis resulting in anemia, immune dysfunction, and increased risk of hematologic malignancies. The absolute number of HSCs in aged mice evidently increases compared to young mice. In addition, aged HSCs show abnormal hematopoiesis such as myeloid-biased differentiation accompanied by low production of lymphocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying age-associated changes in hematopoiesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequence analysis (scRNA-seq) of HSCs from young (10-week-old), middle-aged (12-month-old), and aged (20-month-old) mice to gain insight into the dynamics of HSC aging. scRNA-seq data revealed that transcriptomic profiles of HSCs change with aging, although middle-aged and aged HSCs showed very similar profiles to each other. scRNA-seq data divided young and aged HSCs into 2 and 3 clusters, respectively. While both young and aged HSCs had clusters with myeloid or lymphoid gene signature, the cluster with myeloid signature dominated in aged HSCs, in which aged gene signature (Nupr1, Mt1, Mt2, Selp) was highly enriched. Clusterin (Clu) was also significantly up-regulated in this cluster. Clu encodes a secreted chaperone involved in clearance of cellular debris and regulation of apoptosis (Itakura et al., JCB 2020). We hypothesized that Clu would be useful as a marker of aged HSCs, and conducted further analysis using Clu reporter mice with Clu BAC clone, in which an EGFP reporter gene was inserted at the initiating ATG codon of the Clu gene so that EGFP expression is driven by the regulatory elements of the Clu gene. Bone marrow (BM) analysis of Clu-reporter mice revealed that Clu expression is confined to a part of HSCs in BM and significantly up-regulated within the HSC compartment with aging (10 and 70 % of HSCs are Clu-positive in young and middle-aged mice, respectively). In competitive repopulation assays, Clu-positive HSCs showed severely impaired repopulation capacity and preferentially differentiated into myeloid cells while Clu-negative HSCs largely retained repopulation capacity and showed balanced differentiation. We analyzed the transcriptomic profile of Clu-positive HSCs with aging. RNA-sequence analysis revealed that young and middle-aged Clu-positive HSCs were significantly enriched for aged HSC gene signature and myeloid-biased HSC signature compared to Clu-negative HSCs. We evaluated the transcriptional regulation mechanism of Clu by Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequence (ATAC-seq) analysis. Chromatin accessibility at the Clu promoter was already open in young HSCs, and largely enhanced in Clu-positive HSCs but not in Clu-negative HSCs among middle-aged HSCs. The open chromatin region at the Clu promoter had binding motifs of AP-1 and STAT family transcription factors, suggesting that external signals or stresses activate Clu expression. These results suggest that Clu-positive cells represent myeloid-biased HSCs which expand with aging and that Clu serves as a faithful marker to trace alterations in HSC heterogeneity with aging.

LepR+ Niche Cell-Derived AREG Compromises Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance Under Conditions of DNA Repair Deficiency and Aging

The maintenance of the rare hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) population in the bone marrow (BM) and preservation of their functional properties is supported by a highly specialized microenvironment inside the BM, the HSC niche. However, the crosstalk between extrinsic niche-derived and intrinsic HSC factors controlling hematopoiesis remain elusive. Using three niche-specific conditional knockout mouse models, here we demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like molecule, amphiregulin (AREG) from bone marrow (BM) leptin receptor (LepR+) stromal cells is an important factor that mediates the crosstalk between BM niche and HSCs in stem cell maintenance. Mice deficient for the DNA repair gene Brca2 specifically in LepR+ cells (LepR-Cre;Brca2fl/fl) exhibit increased frequencies of total and myeloid-biased HSCs. Furthermore, HSCs from LepR-Cre;Brca2fl/flmice show compromised repopulation, increased expansion of donor-derived myeloid-biased HSCs and myeloid output in the transplanted recipients. Brca2-deficient BM LepR+ cells exhibit persistent DNA damage-inducible overproduction of stromal AREG. Ex vivo treatment of WT HSCs or systemic treatment of C57BL/6 mice with recombinant AREG impairs repopulation, leading to HSC exhaustion. Conversely, inhibition of AREG by anti-AREG neutralizing antibody or deletion of the Areg gene in LepR-Cre;Brca2fl/flmice rescues the HSC defects caused by AREG. Mechanistically, AREG activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, promotes HSC cycling and compromises HSC quiescence. Finally, we demonstrate that BM LepR+ niche cells from other DNA repair-deficient and aged mice also show persistent DNA damage-associated overexpression of AREG, which exerts similar negative effects on HSC maintenance. We have therefore identified an important niche factor negatively regulating HSCs function under conditions of DNA repair deficiency and aging, and underscored the therapeutic potential of AREG intervention in improving HSC function.

Epigenetic reversal of hematopoietic stem cell aging in Phf6-knockout mice.

Aging is characterized by an accumulation of myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with reduced developmental potential. Genotoxic stress and epigenetic alterations have been proposed to mediate age-related HSC loss of regenerative and self-renewal potential. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Genetic inactivation of the plant homeodomain 6 (Phf6) gene, a nucleolar and chromatin-associated factor, antagonizes age-associated HSC decline. Immunophenotyping, single-cell transcriptomic analyses and transplantation assays demonstrated markedly decreased accumulation of immunophenotypically defined HSCs, reduced myeloid bias and increased hematopoietic reconstitution capacity with preservation of lymphoid differentiation potential in Phf6-knockout HSCs from old mice. Moreover, deletion of Phf6 in aged mice rejuvenated immunophenotypic, transcriptional and functional hallmarks of aged HSCs. Long-term HSCs from old Phf6-knockout mice showed epigenetic rewiring and transcriptional programs consistent with decreased genotoxic stress-induced HSC aging. These results identify Phf6 as an important epigenetic regulator of HSC aging.

Translocation of Helicobacter hepaticus synergizes with myeloid-derived suppressor cells and contributes to breast carcinogenesis

ABSTRACT Microbial dysbiosis plays an important role in the development of intestinal diseases. Recent studies suggest a link between intestinal bacteria and mammary cancer. Here, we report that female ApcMin/+ mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus exhibited an increased mammary and small/large intestine tumor burden compared with uninfected littermates. H. hepaticus DNA was detected in small/large intestine, mammary tumors, and adjacent lymph nodes, suggesting a migration pathway. CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) infiltrated and expressed high levels of Wnts, likely enhancing tumorigenesis through activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our previous studies indicated that histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) marks a population of myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells and granulocytic MDSCs. Cytokines/chemokines secreted by IL-17-expressing mast cells and tumor tissues promoted Hdc+ MDSCs expansion and trafficking toward mammary tumors. Adoptive transfer of MDSCs isolated from H. hepaticus-infected mice increased MDSCs frequencies in peripheral blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, mammary gland, and lymph nodes in recipient ApcMin/+ mice. The adoptive transfer of H. hepaticus primed MDSCs also increased the size and number of mammary tumors. Our results demonstrate that H. hepaticus can translocate from the intestine to mammary tissues to promote mammary tumorigenesis with MDSCs. Targeting bacteria and MDSCs may be useful for the prevention and therapy of extraintestinal cancers. Abbreviations: Helicobacter hepaticus, Hh; myeloid-derived suppressor cell, MDSC; histidine decarboxylase, Hdc; Breast cancer, BC; T regulatory, TR; inflammatory bowel disease, IBD; fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH; myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells, MB-HSCs; granulocytic MDSCs, PMN-MDSCs; Lipopolysaccharide, LPS; Toll-like receptors, TLRs; Mast cells, MCs; Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF; epithelial–mesenchymal transition, EMT; Intestinal epithelial cells, IECs.

3203 – IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION ROOTS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS BY A PAIRED-DAUGHTER ASSAY COMBINED WITH MULTIPLE BARCODING

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce all blood cells with self-renewal potential. HSCs maintain their compartments by symmetric and asymmetric cell division. A paired daughter cell (PDC) assay combined with single-cell transplantation is a powerful method to compare lineage outputs of two HSC-daughter cells. However, it is difficult to analyze the large number of pairs at once. Here, we have developed a PDC assay combined with DNA barcoding to overcome the limitation. Briefly, we labeled HSCs by lentiviral DNA barcode in vitro, split them in half when most of the HSCs divide once, which can split HSC-daughter cells with fifty-fifty chance, transplanted each half to each lethally irradiated recipient mouse and analyzed barcodes detected as pairs later. This method enabled us to analyze the large number of paired-daughter cells of HSCs only from two recipient mice. The most common HSC-division pattern was balanced HSC (bHSC)-bHSC. We also detected the other following division patterns with frequencies in the following order: lymphoid-biased HSC (lyHSC)-lymphoid restricted progenitor (LyRP), myeloid-biased HSC (myHSC)-LyRP, short-term HSC (ST-HSC)-ST-HSC, myHSC-myHSC and myHSC-bHSC. Most of the HSCs except lyHSCs were generated by symmetric division. Differentiated progenitor outputs were often detected as a paired-daughter cell of lyHSC or myHSC, not bHSC, suggesting that differentiation of HSCs begins with lyHSCs and myHSCs and bHSCs primarily maintain the stem cell pool. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis and secondary transplantation confirmed the current HSC hierarchy in which myHSCs are at the apex, producing bHSCs and lyHSCs. Interestingly, a few myHSCs behaved as latent HSCs which don't produce any progenies. In summary, the combination of the PDC assay and DNA barcoding revealed the distinct division pattern and differentiation capacity in each HSC subtype. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce all blood cells with self-renewal potential. HSCs maintain their compartments by symmetric and asymmetric cell division. A paired daughter cell (PDC) assay combined with single-cell transplantation is a powerful method to compare lineage outputs of two HSC-daughter cells. However, it is difficult to analyze the large number of pairs at once. Here, we have developed a PDC assay combined with DNA barcoding to overcome the limitation. Briefly, we labeled HSCs by lentiviral DNA barcode in vitro, split them in half when most of the HSCs divide once, which can split HSC-daughter cells with fifty-fifty chance, transplanted each half to each lethally irradiated recipient mouse and analyzed barcodes detected as pairs later. This method enabled us to analyze the large number of paired-daughter cells of HSCs only from two recipient mice. The most common HSC-division pattern was balanced HSC (bHSC)-bHSC. We also detected the other following division patterns with frequencies in the following order: lymphoid-biased HSC (lyHSC)-lymphoid restricted progenitor (LyRP), myeloid-biased HSC (myHSC)-LyRP, short-term HSC (ST-HSC)-ST-HSC, myHSC-myHSC and myHSC-bHSC. Most of the HSCs except lyHSCs were generated by symmetric division. Differentiated progenitor outputs were often detected as a paired-daughter cell of lyHSC or myHSC, not bHSC, suggesting that differentiation of HSCs begins with lyHSCs and myHSCs and bHSCs primarily maintain the stem cell pool. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis and secondary transplantation confirmed the current HSC hierarchy in which myHSCs are at the apex, producing bHSCs and lyHSCs. Interestingly, a few myHSCs behaved as latent HSCs which don't produce any progenies. In summary, the combination of the PDC assay and DNA barcoding revealed the distinct division pattern and differentiation capacity in each HSC subtype.

JAK2V617F Mutant Megakaryocytes Contribute to Hematopoietic Aging in a Murine Model of Myeloproliferative Neoplasm

IntroductionRecent studies implicated megakaryocytes (MKs) in regulating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. Abnormal MK hyperplasia is a hallmark feature of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In the present study, we investigated the effects of JAK2V617F-bearing MKs on HSC aging in a murine model of MPN during a 2-yr follow up.MethodsJAK2V617F Flip-Flop (FF1) mice (which carry a Cre-inducible human JAK2V617F gene driven by the human JAK2 promoter) and Pf4-Cre mice (which express Cre under the promoter of platelet factor 4, a MK-specific gene) were crossed to generate MK lineage-specific human JAK2V617F transgenic mouse line (Pf4 +FF1 +).ResultsDuring aging, the Pf4 +FF1 +mice maintained an essential thrombocythemia phenotype with no evidence of transformation to leukemia or myelofibrosis (Figure 1).Myeloid-biased HSCs (Lin -cKit +Sca1 +CD150 +CD48 -CD41 +) were significantly expanded in 1yr old and 2yr old Pf4 +FF1 +mice compared to age-matched control mice, while no difference in myeloid-biased HSC numbers was detected between young (6mo) Pf4 +FF1 +mice and control mice. Competitive repopulation assays and serial transplantation assays showed that HSCs from old Pf4 +FF1 +mice had a reduced engraftment and self-renewal capacity with a skewed differentiation towards the myeloid lineage. Results from the serial transplantation experiments also indicated that the functional decline of HSCs in aged Pf4 +FF1 +mice were HSC-intrinsic and was not reversible. Both cell cycle analysis by Hoechst33342 and Pyronin Y staining and cell proliferation analysis by in vivo BrdU labeling revealed that the JAK2V617F mutant MK niche can promote hematopoietic aging in old Pf4 +FF1 +mice by increasing HSC proliferation/cycling. Taken together, the Pf4 +FF1 +mice demonstrated several hallmarks of accelerated HSC aging.(Figure 2)Next, we examined the hematopoietic microenvironment in the old Pf4 +FF1 + mice. Using whole-mount immunofluorescent staining and confocal imaging, we found that the cKit +HSPCs were located further from MKs in old Pf4 +FF1 +mice compared to old control mice. We also found that CD45 -CD31 +Sca1 - sinusoidal marrow endothelial cell (EC) number (by flow cytometry analysis) and marrow vascular area (by in vivo VE-cadherin staining) were significantly decreased in aged Pf4 +FF1 +mice compared to control mice. Tube formation assays confirmed that conditioned medium from old Pf4 +FF1 +MK culture significantly inhibited EC angiogenesis in vitro. These findings suggest that the JAK2V617F mutant MK niche not only altered its own interaction with HSCs during aging, but also suppressed the vascular niche function to promote HSC aging. (Figure 3)To further understand the mechanisms by which JAK2V617F mutant MKs promote HSC aging, we performed both RNA sequencing and targeted cytokine arrays of wild-type and JAK2V617F mutant MKs from both young (6mo) and old (2yr) Pf4-cre control and Pf4 +FF1 +mice. We found that HSC aging had a profound effect on MK transcriptomic profiles and dysregulated pathways in cell adhesion molecules, MAPK signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, hematopoietic cell lineage, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were highly upregulated in old JAK2V617F mutant MKs compared to young JAK2V617F mutant MKs. FAS ligand, IL-12, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, IL-10, IL-6, MIG, macrophage inflammatory protein 1a, GCSF, IL-5, MIP-1g were produced in increased amounts in old mutant MKs compared to old wild-type MKs. Many of these factors are involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and hematopoiesis regulation.Sensitive PCR assays confirmed that human JAK2 gene was expressed in MKs but not in HSCs in 2yr old Pf4 +FF1 +mice. In vitro co-culture and in vivo co-transplantation assays provided further evidence that the JAK2V617F mutant MKs affected wild-type HSC function directly. Therefore, the hematopoietic aging phenotype we have observed was not caused by any direct effect of the JAK2V617F mutation on HSC function because the Pf4 promoter was ‘leaky’.ConclusionsResults from this study support that, as a hematopoietic niche cell, MKs represent an important connection between the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms for HSC aging in MPNs – the JAK2V617F-bearing MKs can alter the hematopoietic niche to accelerate HSC aging, and HSC aging in turn can profoundly remodel the niche e.g. by affecting MK transcriptomics. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Microbiota Signals Suppress the Lymphoid Specification of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Aging is associated with an expansion of phenotypic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with reduced self-renewal capacity and myeloid-skewed lineage differentiation. Signals from commensal flora support basal myelopoiesis in young mice; however, their contribution to hematopoietic aging is largely unknown. Here, we characterize hematopoiesis in young and middle-aged mice housed under specific pathogen free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) conditions. We did not analyze older mice due to the difficulty in maintaining mice in a gnotobiotic facility for more than one year. Consistent with prior studies, there is a shift in hematopoiesis in aged SPF mice towards granulopoiesis, with a significant increase in the percentage of granulocytic cells and a decrease in B lineage cells in the bone marrow. The marked shift from lymphopoiesis to myelopoiesis that develops during aging of SPF mice is mostly abrogated in GF mice. Compared with aged SFP mice, there is a marked expansion of B lymphopoiesis in aged GF mice, which is evident at the earliest stages of B cell development.To investigate the impact of microbiota signals on multipotent HSPCs, we first quantified HSPCs by flow cytometry (Figure 1A-B). In aged SPF mice, the number of lineage - Sca1 + cKit + CD150 + CD48 - (LSK-SLAM) cells and CD34 - LSK-SLAM cells is increased 6.4 ± 1.7-fold and 3.4 ± 1.2-fold, respectively. Similar increases were observed in aged GF mice, with LSK-SLAM increasing 5.3 ± 1.6-fold (p=NS compared to SPF mice) and CD34 - LSK-SLAM cells increasing 2.8 ± 0.31-fold (p=NS). To quantify functional HSCs, limiting dilution transplantation experiments using unsorted bone marrow cells was performed. Although on a per cell basis the repopulating activity of aged HSCs is reduced, due to the large increase in phenotypic HSCs, the number of functional HSCs actually increases with aging, with similar increases in functional HSCs in aged SPF and GF mice (Figure 1C). Finally, to assess lineage-bias, we transplanted a limiting number of sorted HSCs and assessed lineage output. As expected, in young SPF mice, the majority of HSCs displayed a balanced myeloid/lymphoid lineage output, with a significant increase in myeloid-biased HSCs observed with aging (Figure 1D). In young GF mice, the majority of HSCs are lymphoid-biased. Moreover, although the myeloid output increased modestly with aging, the majority of HSCs in aged GF remained lymphoid-biased or balanced. Consistent with these data, RNA expression profiling of phenotypic HSCs from aged GF mice show enrichment for non-myeloid biased HSCs. Surprisingly, the RNA expression profiling data also suggest that inflammatory signaling is increased in aged GF HSCs compared with aged SPF HSCs. Collectively, these data suggest that microbiota-related signals suppress the lymphoid potential of HSCs, contributing to the expansion of myeloid-biased HSCs that occurs with aging. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Unraveling Heterogeneity of Aged Hematopoietic Stem Cells By Single-Cell RNA Sequence Analysis

During aging, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) alter quantitatively as well as qualitatively due to accumulating damages induced by intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. Functional decline of HSCs causes deregulated hematopoiesis resulting in anemia, immune dysfunction, and increased risk of hematologic malignancies. The absolute number of HSCs in aged mice evidently increases compared to young mice. In addition, aged HSCs show abnormal hematopoiesis such as myeloid-biased differentiation accompanied by low production of lymphocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying age-associated changes in hematopoiesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequence analysis (scRNA-seq) of HSCs from young (10-week-old), middle-aged (12-month-old) and aged (20-month-old) mice to gain insight into the dynamics of HSC aging.scRNA-seq analysis revealed three major clusters (A, B, C) and three minor clusters (D, E, F) in young HSCs. Of interest, aged HSCs also showed similar cluster formation. One of the minor clusters was characterized by gene signature associated with inflammatory response and significantly increased with age, while the remaining two minor clusters, which showed cell cycle gene signature, did not change in proportion. One of the major clusters, Cluster C, which showed the strongest expression of HSC-specific gene sets compared with other clusters, moderately increased with age.Our scRNA-seq analysis confirmed upregulation of age-related genes previously reported, such as Selp, Mt1, and Vwf, in a considerable portion of aged HSCs. von Willebrand factor (Vwf) encodes a blood glycoprotein produced by megakaryocytes and endothelial cells. Several groups have reported that Vwf-expressing HSCs show myeloid/platelet-biased differentiation (Joana C et al., Nature 2013; Sandra P et al., Developmental Cell 2018). Importantly, our scRNA-seq data identified that Clusterin (Clu) is rarely expressed in young HSCs and is dramatically upregulated in aged HSCs. Clu expression was predominantly increased in one of the major clusters, Cluster C. Clusterin encodes a secreted chaperone involved in clearance of cellular debris and regulation of apoptosis. We hypothesized that Clu would be useful as a marker of a unique subpopulation of aged HSCs, and thus conducted further analysis by using Clu reporter mice with Clu BAC clone, in which an EGFP reporter gene was inserted at the initiating ATG codon of the Clu gene so that EGFP expression is driven by the regulatory sequences of the BAC gene.Clu/GFP was preferentially expressed in HSCs and at lower frequencies in MPP1 than HSCs in Lineage -Sca-1 +c-Kit + (LSK) cell fraction. Clu-positive HSCs expressed high levels of CD150 and were detected in 10% and 60% of HSCs in 10-week-old young mice and 8-month-old middle-aged mice, respectively, indicating that Clu-positive HSCs increase with aging. We next assessed the function of Clu-positive HSCs in young mice. Clu-positive young HSCs established significantly lower chimerism than Clu-negative young HSCs and preferentially differentiated into myeloid cells in competitive transplantation assays. RNA-seq analysis of Clu-positive and Clu-negative HSCs from young mice confirmed that Clu-positive HSCs show the gene signature of myeloid-biased HSCs. Characterization of Clu-positive and negative subpopulations in aged HSCs is currently underway. These results suggest that Clu-positive HSCs represent myeloid-biased HSCs which expand with aging, thus Clu expression serves as a novel marker to monitor the alterations in HSC heterogeneity with aging. DisclosuresIwama: Nissan Chemical Corporation: Research Funding.

Microbiota Signals Suppress B Lymphopoiesis With Aging in Mice.

Aging is associated with significant changes in hematopoiesis that include a shift from lymphopoiesis to myelopoiesis and an expansion of phenotypic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with impaired self-renewal capacity and myeloid-skewed lineage differentiation. Signals from commensal flora support basal myelopoiesis in young mice; however, their contribution to hematopoietic aging is largely unknown. Here, we characterize hematopoiesis in young and middle-aged mice housed under specific pathogen free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) conditions. The marked shift from lymphopoiesis to myelopoiesis that develops during aging of SPF mice is mostly abrogated in GF mice. Compared with aged SPF mice, there is a marked expansion of B lymphopoiesis in aged GF mice, which is evident at the earliest stages of B cell development. The expansion of phenotypic and functional HSCs that occurs with aging is similar in SPF and GF mice. However, HSCs from young GF mice have increased lymphoid lineage output, and the aging-associated expansion of myeloid-biased HSCs is significantly attenuated in GF mice. Consistent with these data, RNA expression profiling of phenotypic HSCs from aged GF mice show enrichment for non-myeloid biased HSCs. Surprisingly, the RNA expression profiling data also suggest that inflammatory signaling is increased in aged GF HSCs compared with aged SPF HSCs. Collectively, these data suggest that microbiota-related signals suppress B lymphopoiesis at multiple stages of development and contribute to the expansion of myeloid-biased HSCs that occurs with aging.

Lymphoid-biased hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid-biased hematopoietic progenitor cells have radioprotection activity.

Radioprotection was previously considered as a function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, recent studies have reported its activity in hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). To address this issue, we compared the radioprotection activity in 2 subsets of HSCs (nHSC1 and 2 populations) and 4 subsets of HPCs (nHPC1–4 populations) of the mouse bone marrow, in relation to their in vitro and in vivo colony-forming activity. Significant radioprotection activity was detected in the nHSC2 population enriched in lymphoid-biased HSCs. Moderate radioprotection activity was detected in nHPC1 and 2 populations enriched in myeloid-biased HPCs. Low radioprotection activity was detected in the nHSC1 enriched in myeloid-biased HSCs. No radioprotection activity was detected in the nHPC3 and 4 populations that included MPP4 (LMPP). Single-cell colony assay combined with flow cytometry analysis showed that the nHSC1, nHSC2, nHPC1, and nHPC2 populations had the neutrophils/macrophages/erythroblasts/megakaryocytes (nmEMk) differentiation potential whereas the nHPC3 and 4 populations had only the nm differentiation potential. Varying day 12 spleen colony-forming units (day 12 CFU-S) were detected in the nHSC1, nHSC2, and nHPC1–3 populations, but very few in the nHPC4 population. These data suggested that nmEMk differentiation potential and day 12 CFU-S activity are partially associated with radioprotection activity. Reconstitution analysis showed that sufficient myeloid reconstitution around 12 to 14 days after transplantation was critical for radioprotection. This study implied that radioprotection is specific to neither HSC nor HPC populations, and that lymphoid-biased HSCs and myeloid-biased HPCs as populations play a major role in radioprotection.

The Orphan Nuclear Receptor Nr4a1 Specifies Long-Term, Myeloid-Biased HSCs and Responds To PGE2

The Nr4a family of transcription factors regulates the fate of cells from multiple tissues. The absence of Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 in the hematopoietic system results in acute myeloid leukemia, suggesting that this protein family is critically involved in the control of blood cell proliferation and development. In order to better understand the role played by Nr4a1 in particular, we have taken advantage of our Nr4a1(Nur77)GFP reporter mouse and investigated Nr4a1 expression during hematopoiesis. We find that Nr4a1 is expressed within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) population and most highly expressed among quiescent, long term (LT)-HSC. The association of Nr4a1 expression with LT-HSCs was directly confirmed by engraftment experiments. Sorted Lin-Sca+c-Kit+ (LSK) Nr4a1GFPhigh cell populations from CD45.2+ donors reconstituted the blood of CD45.1+ irradiated recipients for at least 20 weeks after transplant; an average of 20.3% of blood cells were CD45.2+. In contrast, Nr4a1GFPlow populations of LSK cells only transiently reconstituted the blood; well below 1% of blood cells were CD45.2+. Furthermore, blood cells arising from Nr4a1GFPhigh LSKs were dominated by myeloid cells: the lymphoid (L) to myeloid (M) ratio (ρ) was 13.7. The few Nr4a1GFPlow cells that remained after 20 weeks were almost exclusively lymphoid (L/M ratio = 99.3). Examination of the bone marrow from engrafted mice at 20 weeks showed that HSC populations derived from Nr4a1GFPhigh cells included a higher percentage of CD150+CD48- LT-HSCs than cells arising from whole bone marrow competitors. Given the association of Nr4a1 expression with long-term engraftment potential, and given that Nr4a1 has been shown to be highly responsive to environmental stimuli in a variety of tissues, we tested whether HSCs express Nr4a1 in response to signals generated by the bone marrow stroma. We evaluated the influence of a variety of factors, including GCSF, SCF, IL-6, TNFa, and PGE2. We found that PGE2 and, to a lesser extent, TNFa specifically upregulate Nr4a1 in HSCs. In summary, we show that Nr4a1 is expressed by a population of long-term, myeloid-biased HSCs, which closely resemble the potent long-term, myeloid biased HSC subset recently identified by Oguro et al. We further show that Nr4a1 expression is responsive to PGE2, which is known to enhance HSC engraftment. We hypothesize that Nr4a1 expression by HSCs reflects and integrates bone marrow environmental inductive cues critical for long-term stem cell homeostasis, including quiescence. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.