Mycotoxins In Feed Research Articles

ПАТОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ У ПОРОСЯТ ПРИ ТРИХОТЕЦЕНОВОМ МИКОТОКСИКОЗЕ

The aim of the study was to identify pathomorphological changes in combined deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxicosis in piglets of the rearing group. The material of the study was 19 weaned piglets aged 52‒63 days, in which mycotoxicosis was suspected during their lifetime. The material for the study also served as 10 samples of full-grain granular compound feed SK-4 for piglets aged 1.5‒2 months, fed in groups of the studied animals. We conducted a pathoanatomic study using the method of complete evisceration according to G.V. Shor. During the autopsy, liver and kidney samples were taken from piglets for histological examination. The pathological material was fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin. Then the filling was carried out in paraffin and sections 5‒7 microns thick were made on a rotary microtome. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The quantitative content of mycotoxins in feed samples was determined in the laboratory of biochemical analysis of the Federal Scientific Center All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Poultry Farming using the method of high-performance chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). As a result of the study, the content of T-2 toxin in the concentration from 0.03 to 0.89 mg/kg and the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) toxin in the concentration from 0.5 to 4.9 mg/kg were found in the feed samples, which significantly exceeded the maximum permissible levels of these mycotoxins in pig feed. At the autopsy, hemorrhages, foci of necrosis and erosion in the skin, anemia, foci of necrosis, erosion, hemorrhages, catarrhal inflammation in the stomach, hemorrhages and inflammation in the intestines, pulmonary edema and acute reactive hepatitis were found in piglets. Histological examination of the liver revealed granular and watery dystrophy, necrosis of hepatocytes, leukocyte infiltration of Disse spaces. In the kidneys - watery dystrophy and necrosis of the epithelial cells of the renal tubules.

Frequency distribution of mycotoxigenic fungal contamination in maize based dairy and poultry feeds

Contamination of dairy and poultry feeds with mycotoxigenic fungi is a major threat to animal and human health. In Karnataka there is rather little information about the natural occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feed stuffs. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi especially Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. in maize based dairy and poultry feeds. A total of 48 feed samples consisting 24 each of dairy feeds and poultry feeds were collected in major dairy and poultry farming districts of Karnataka. The feed samples were collected in a moisture free bag with proper labelling and the collected feed samples were inoculated to the Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar to determine the mycoflora present in the feed. Majorly five fungi genera were isolated and identified as, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichoderma, with their isolation frequencies of 20.83, 14.58, 10.41, 12.5 and 10.41 per cent, respectively. Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. were most frequently associated with feeds among the leading mycotoxigenic fungi. Hence the present study reveals the significance of mycotoxins production in veterinary and public health as well as attending its economic losses.

Effect of Management in controlling necrotic enteritis in poultry

The prohibition of antibiotic growth promoters has an unavoidable impact on the intestinal environment of chickens. The biggest challenge to the chicken business has been the resurgence of necrotic enteritis, which inhibits growth and feed conversions in preclinical forms and produces high mortality in its clinical form. In terms of performance, welfare, and mortality, it has been one of the most prevalent and economically damaging bacteria infections in contemporary broiler flocks. A multi-factorial disease process known as necrotizing enteritis occurs when many co-factors are often needed to start a disease outbreak. Clostridium perfringens is now identified as the disease's etiological agent, it is unclear whether predisposing conditions cause excessive C. perfringens growth and subsequent development of the disease. Any condition that stresses broiler chicks could impair the intestinal ecosystem's balance and weaken the immune system, increasing the chance of an epidemic of NE. The management of poultry may have a significant impact on NE pathogenesis. For instance, feed limitation and vaccination against coccidiosis can guard against NE, but high stocking densities, excessive house temperatures, and feed mycotoxins can predispose to NE. Understanding the disease's pathophysiology and the linkages between dietary, nutritional, and viral factors and the emergence of necrotic enteritis become extremely crucial. In order to imply managerial methods at the farm level to minimize the occurrence and the severity of the disease in the post-antibiotic era, this is essential and crucial.

Distribution, diagnostics of mycotoxins in feed and prevention of gynecologi-cal pathology in cows

The results of the study of the treatment of cows for gynecological pathology when feeding fodder affected by mycotoxins are given in a comparative aspect. To detect microscopic fungi and mycotoxins in fodder, organoleptic, physico-chemical, toxicological-biological chemical-mycological research methods and clinical methods for researching the condition of the organs of the reproductive system of cows using ultrasound diagnostics were used. The purpose of the research was the approval of methods of treatment of cows for gynecological pathology in conditions of feed contamination with microscopic fungi and their toxins. The tasks of the research were to study the species characteristics of microscopic fungi and their toxins in fodder for cows; establish the prevalence of microscopic fungi and their toxins; to determine the effectiveness of treatment of cows for mycotoxicosis in a comparative aspect with the use of sorbents and an estrogen inhibitor during gynecological dispensation. Black and spotted cows were used for research according to the principle of analogues, 4 groups were formed. The animals of the 1st group were healthy animals (n = 42), the animals of the 2nd experimental group (n = 43) were fed with a product based on eleolite (2.5 kg/t of feed), the cows of the 3rd group (n = 41) injected a means based on an estradiol inhibitor in a dose of 3 ml per animal, the 4th group of animals (n = 42) did not receive treatment during the experimental period. The mycotoxins deosinivalenol and zearalenol were found to be present in 22.02 % to 27.3 % of the examined feeds. At the same time, the presence of fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium was established from 1.45 % to 4.9 % of the studied samples. The best treatment effect was obtained in the 3rd group of cows. The number of cases of ovarian hypotrophy was 2.1 times lower compared to the 4th and 1.8 times lower in the 2nd group, but 1.3 times higher than the 1st group. Ovarian atrophy in cows of the 3rd group was 2 times lower than in the 2nd group and 5 times lower than in the 4th group. Pathologies such as endometritis and persistent yellow body were diagnosed at the same time and were 4.5 times less in cows of the 3rd group than in the 2nd and 10.1 times less than in the 4th. Taking into account the obtained data, it can be concluded that the use of a remedy based on celeotite reduced the manifestation of gynecological pathology due to mycotoxicosis by 1.65 times, and the use of a remedy based on an estradiol inhibitor by 3.94 times.

Immunoaffinity Cleanup and Isotope Dilution-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Six Major Mycotoxins in Feed and Feedstuff.

In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin and fumonisin B1 in feed and feedstuff was established. The sample was extracted with an acetonitrile–water mixture (60:40, v/v), purified by an immunoaffinity column, eluted with a methanol–acetic acid mixture (98:2, v/v), and reconstituted with a methanol–water mixture (50:50, v/v) after drying with nitrogen. Finally, the reconstituted solution was detected by LC-MS/MS and quantified by isotope internal standard method. The six mycotoxins had a good linear relationship in a certain concentration range, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99, the limits of detection were between 0.075 and 1.5 µg·kg−1, and the limits of quantification were between 0.5 and 5 µg·kg−1. The average spike recoveries in the four feed matrices ranged from 84.2% to 117.1% with relative standard deviations less than 11.6%. Thirty-six actual feed samples were analyzed for mycotoxins, and at least one mycotoxin was detected in each sample. The proposed method is reliable and suitable for detecting common mycotoxins in feed samples.

Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture.

(1) Background: Multiple contaminations of several mycotoxins have been detected in human and veterinary food and feed worldwide. To date, a number of studies on the combined effects of mycotoxins have been conducted on cell and animal models, but very limited studies have been done on aquatic organisms. (2) The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the combined toxic effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. (3) Results: Our results showed that the combination of AFB1 and FB1 at nontoxic concentrations exerted a negative effect on the lethal endpoints analyzed, such as survival, hatching, and heart rate. In addition, the mixture of mycotoxins caused an increase in the levels of enzymes and proteins involved in the antioxidant process, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), both in terms of protein levels and gene expression, as well as an increase in the levels of the detoxification enzymes glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochromes P450 (CYP450). Furthermore, we showed that the mycotoxin mixture induced an increase in pro-apoptotic proteins such as bax and caspase 3, and at the same time reduced the gene expression of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein. Finally, a significant decrease in thyroid function was observed in terms of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and vitellogenin (VTG) levels. (4) Conclusion: We can say that the mixture of mycotoxins carries a greater risk factor than individual presences. There is a greater need for effective detoxification methods to control and reduce the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins and reduce the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins in feed and throughout the food chain.

Multi-residue analytical method for detecting pesticides, veterinary drugs, and mycotoxins in feed using liquid- and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

Modified QuEChERS and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC and GC-MS/MS) technology were used to sequentially analyze pesticides, veterinary drugs, and mycotoxins in feed. In order to analyze the harmful substances that may remain or occur in the feed, we performed optimization experiments for sample preparation and LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS conditions. Optimized sample preparation involves extracting 5 g of sample with 15 mL of 0.25 M EDTA and 10 mL of acetonitrile. And some extracts were diluted 10-fold with 100 mM ammonium formate aqueous solution and analyzed by LC-MS/MS, and some extracts were purified through 25 mg PSA and analyzed by GC-MS/MS by adding an analyte protectant. We confirmed the matrix effect of feed ingredients and compound feeds, and added a dilution process after extraction to increase on-site efficiency. Matrix-matched calibration was applied for quantification. Method validation was performed for 197 pesticides, 56 components for veterinary drugs, and 5 components for toxins. All the components showed good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.98) in the developed analytical method. For most compounds, the limit of quantitation was 0.05 mg/kg. The recovery rate experiment was repeated three times at three concentrations including LOQ in feed ingredient, compound feed for livestock, and compound feed for pets. The recovery rate was 70.09–119.76% and relative standard deviations were ≤ 18.91%. And the accuracy and precision were further verified through cross-validation between laboratories. The developed analytical method was used to monitor 414 domestically distributed and imported feeds.

YEAST CELL WALLS ARE AN EFFECTIVE MYCOTOXIN ADSORBENT IN FEED

In the world, serious attention is paid to the development of modern and effective methods for disinfecting feed from mycotoxins. Due to the characteristic weather conditions in the Republic of Belarus, almost all large livestock complexes and private farms are faced with the problem of mycotoxicosis in animals and birds, and this, in turn, has a huge impact on feed safety and, subsequently, on food safety. The problem
 of mycotoxins in feed can be solved by using various adsorbents. A mycotoxin adsorbent based on yeast cell walls is suitable for the role of such adsorbents. This article presents the results of studies on the physicochemical properties of yeast cell walls and their adsorption capacity by high performance liquid chromatography, using a reference sample of Trylogy multitoxins, in relation to such mycotoxins as aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A,
 zearalenone, deoxynivalenol. The obtained results show that yeast cell walls have good adsorption capacity for high molecular weight mycotoxins and poorly adsorb low molecular weight mycotoxins.

Correlation patterns prevalence, and co-occurrence of ergot alkaloids in cool-season adapted cereal grains revealed with molecular spectroscopy and LC-MS/MS equipped HPLC system

It is necessary to obtain more recent data on the prevalence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feed and food to minimize risks. This study examined the recent presence, co-occurrence, and correlation patterns of six major ergot alkaloids (EAs; i.e. ergocornine, ergocristine, ergocryptine, ergometrine, ergosine, and ergotamine) in cool-season adapted barley (n = 57) and wheat (n = 80) submitted by livestock producers and industries for testing ergot alkaloids/mycotoxins by liquid chromatography − tandem mass spectrometry method. Overall, 91% industry-submitted barley samples and 84% industry-submitted wheat samples tested positive for at least one ergot alkaloid and 33% industry-submitted barley and 38% industry-submitted wheat samples were found to be co-contaminated with all six major EAs. The content of total EAs in 9 industry-submitted barley (16%) and 18 industry-submitted wheat (23%) samples exceeded the recommended maximum allowable level for lactating or pregnant animals (250 ppb). All the barley and wheat samples that contained detectable ergosine were found to co-occur with other EAs. Overall, the content of individual EAs was positively correlated with each other and strong correlations (r > 0.8, P < 0.01) were detected between the content of individual EAs and total EAs. These results implied that the industry and producers submitted cool-season adapted barley and wheat samples contaminated with a single EA is likely to contain high levels of other major EAs. The patterns of individual EAs in this study were distinct from previous studies that focus on samples from European countries. Ergocristine was remained as the predominant EAs in the industry-submitted cool-season adapted barley and wheat samples at levels up to 9438.8 and 12416.2 ppb, respectively. While the mean contents of ergosine were the lowest (68.5 and 50.6 ppb for the industry-submitted cool-season adapted barley and wheat samples, respectively). The high prevalence and co-occurrence of EAs indicated that ergot contamination is still posing a significant threat to food and feed industry and more research is expected to reduce the contamination level and explore the toxicological significance of various co-occurrence profiles. A full scale of investigation for all barley and wheat samples is needed to obtain a full picture of mycotoxin contamination.

Decontamination and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Feed by Pre- and PostHarvest Methods, including the Use of Microorganisms

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites originating from various species of fungi that can contaminate feed, causing chronic or acute toxicity in animals. Several mechanisms of detoxification were investigated to remove mycotoxins. At pre-harvest level, agronomic methods (planning harvesting time, crop rotation, soil tillage, irrigation and fertilization), biological methods (use of microorganisms as fungal antagonists) and chemical procedures (fungicide and insecticides) were taken into account. At post-harvest level, storage management (control of temperature, humidity, and of O2 , CO2 and N2 concentrations), physical methods (sorting, separation, washing, solvent extraction, heating, irradiation, adsorption), chemical methods (alkaline treatment and use of ozone), biological methods (use of microorganisms for detoxification and of catabolizing enzymes and application of nutritional strategies). In this mini-review, the concern of mycotoxins feed contamination, causing important consequences for dairy livestocks health, is described, considering different methods to be used for mycotoxins decontamination, including microbiological methods.

Effects of Dietary Natural Mycotoxins Exposure on Performance, Biochemical Parameters and Milk Small Molecule Metabolic Pathways of Lactating Cows

The presence of mycotoxins in feed has the potential to cause significant detriment to animal and human health, and even severe economic implications. Previous studies on the effects of mycotoxins mainly focused on the addition of commercially available mycotoxins into feeds in animals. In the present study, corn meal and cottonseed were kept in warm and humid conditions to allow for mycotoxins produced and then used to substitute 50% and 100% of normal corn meal and cottonseed in diets for lactating cows for 14 days. The results showed that aflatoxin M1, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, and zearalenone were primary mycotoxins in milk from cows fed the diets. Compared with the control group, feeding the diets containing mildewy corn meal and cottonseed reduced feed intake, milk yield, and milk fat, protein and lactose productions (p &gt; 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the acetate and valerate concentrations, acetate to propionate ratio, and the calculated CH4 production in rumen fluid (p &gt; 0.05), whereas, the propionate, butyrate, isovalerate concentrations were affected (p &lt; 0.05) depending on the content and type of natural mycotoxins. Serum creatinine and total glyceride concentrations were influenced with corn meal and cottonseed fully replaced with the mildewy feeds. Metabolic pathways for small molecule metabolites in milk were altered by dietary mycotoxin exposures, and the changes were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and energy metabolism. However, cows exposed to natural mycotoxins in the diets were still in healthy conditions and had low somatic cell count in milk.

Multi-Analytical Method for Detecting Pesticides, Veterinary Drugs, and Mycotoxins in Feed Using Mass Spectrometry

Multi-Analytical Method for Detecting Pesticides, Veterinary Drugs, and Mycotoxins in Feed Using Mass Spectrometry

Influence of feed additives on the hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood of lactating cows

Increasing the milk productivity of cows is the main task facing the livestock industry of our country. The study of some hematological and biochemical blood parameters in dairy cows when different feed additives are included in their rations is an urgent research task. The purpose of the investigations was to study the hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood of lactating cows when using different feed additives in the ration. During the investigations, the influence of feed additives such as Zaslon 2+ (at a dose of 20 g/head/day to the main ration), Diatomite (100 g/head/day to the main ration) and Monosporin (70 g/head/day to the main ration) on the hematological and biochemical blood parameters of lactating cows has been observed. The studied feed additives are used for the adsorption of mycotoxins in feed, normalization of digestive processes, and improvement of the livability and productivity of farm animals. In order to study the influence of the tested feed additives on the hematological parameters of the blood of lactating cows under the conditions of the Troitsky area in the Chelyabinsk region, on four groups of cows selected according to the principle of analogues (age, live weight, productivity, breed, physiological condition) the scientific and economic experiment has been carried out. As the result of the investigations, data have been obtained indicating that the feed additive Zaslon 2+ at the dose of 20 g/head/day has the greatest effect on the metabolism in the body of lactating cows.

Pathological changes in the liver of piglets under the influence of mycotoxins in feed in sows

Pathological changes in the liver of piglets under the influence of mycotoxins in feed in sows

Comparative analysis of mycotoxin content in grains of cereal crops

Purpose. To establish the presence and range of mycotoxins in feed grains widely used in farm animal feed. Methods. The content of mycotoxins was determined in grain samples of cereals (wheat, barley, corn, oats). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the Sunrise analyzer was used for determination. The method involves the use of test systems (manufactured by “Neogen”), which allow to determine six major mycotoxins: aflatoxin, deoxynivalenone, zearalenone, fumonisin, ochratoxin, T-2 toxin. The basis of this method is the attachment to the antibody enzyme label, which allows taking into account the result of the antigen-antibody reaction on detecting enzymatic activity or changing its level. The antibody is specific for a particular type of mycotoxin. Results. The most harmful of the known mycotoxins are aflatoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenone, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin, fuminisin. Determination of the first four was carried out in the feed grain of cereals (wheat, barley, oats, corn). The content of aflatoxin was within the range 0.017-0.21 mg/kg, an acceptable level in accordance with the standards (0.1 mg/kg). The amount of zearalenone ranged from 0.10 mg/kg to 3.51 mg/kg at an acceptable level of 3.0 mg/kg. As to deoxynivalenone, the content of this mycotoxin ranged from 0.52 mg/kg to 3.14 mg/kg at an acceptable level of 3.0 mg/kg. Contamination of feed grains with mycotoxin T-2 toxin is defined in the range 0.02-0.60 mg/kg at its permissible level 0.2 mg/kg. The maximum level of each of the mycotoxins was determined in corn grain, which is most often infected with molds. Currently, the only way to hold in check these hazardous substances is to control their content and make every effort to reduce their amount in feed and raw materials. Conclusion. Analyzing the data of the conducted researches, it can be stated that among all grain cereals corn is the most often affected by molds, so the content of mycotoxins in this feed is the highest. Determination of the content of aflatoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and other mycotoxins in grain and feed is aimed at preventing their negative impact on animals and humans.

Interaction of a 1,3-Dicarbonyl Toxin with Ru(II)-Biimidazole Complexes for Luminescence Sensing: A Spectroscopic and Photochemical Experimental Study Rationalized by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations.

A family of ruthenium(II) complexes containing one 2,2′-biimidazole (bim) ligand and two polypyridyl (NN) ligands has been prepared and their photophysical and photochemical features have been tested in the presence of tenuazonic acid (TeA), a widespread food and feed mycotoxin of current concern. While not tested in in vivo studies, TeA and other secondary metabolites of Alternaria fungi are suspected to exert adverse effects on the human health, so sensors and rapid analytical procedures are required. It is well-known that 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds such as TeA are relatively easy to deprotonate (the pKa of TeA is 3.5), yielding an enolate anion stabilized by resonance. The chelating and hydrogen-donor features of bim allow simultaneous binding to the metal core and to the target β-diketonate delocalized anion. Such a binding induces changes in the blue absorption (40 nm bathochromic shift), red luminescence intensity (>75% quenching), and triplet lifetime (0.2 μs decrease) of the Ru(NN)2(bim)2+ luminophore. Moreover, we have computationally rationalized, by time-dependent density functional theory, the structure of the different adducts of Ru–bim complexes with TeA and the electronic nature of the spectral absorption bands and their change upon the addition of TeA.

Профилактика и детоксикация микотоксинов в кормах

Through a comprehensive review of published reports on mycotoxin removal strategies, this work aims to update the understanding of the removal of mycotoxins present in the feed. Mycotoxins in feed: from prevention in the field to detoxification by adsorption or transformation. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites present worldwide in agricultural products and produced by fungi that cause a toxic response (mycotoxicosis) when ingested by animals. Prevention of mycotoxicosis includes strategies before and after harvesting. The best way to reduce the content of mycotoxins in the feed is to prevent the formation of mycotoxins, but it is often not enough, so other methods are needed. The most common approach in the feed industry is the inclusion of sorbing materials in the feed, which provides more or less selective removal of toxins by adsorption during passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Another reliable approach is the addition of enzymes or microorganisms that can remove toxins from some mycotoxins.

Monitoring of mycotoxins in feed of the Krasnodar Territory and their combined effect on the microbiocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract of cattle

Diets for cattle are affected by fungi - producers of mycotoxins: hay, straw, silage, grain, concentrates. Highly productive cattle breeds are more sensitive to mycotoxins. It has been studied that mycotoxins have antibiotic properties, disrupting the biocenosis and functionality of the proventriculus of cattle. This leads not only to a disruption in the nutritional process of animals, but also contributes to a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the rumen microflora and thus facilitates the penetration of other mycotoxins into the animal body. When conducting sanitary and mycological studies of coarse and succulent feed, compound feed and feed additives for cattle, it was found that feed was affected by micromycetes in descending order Mucor sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Penicillium sp. In the study of feeds, it was found that the most frequently recorded mycotoxins in descending order, T-2 toxin, aflatoxin, zearalenonone, ochratoxin A, fumonisin. Monitoring studies found that feed for cattle not containing mycotoxins was 33.4%, containing one mycotoxin 34.8%, two mycotoxins 28.8%, three mycotoxins 3.03%. When conducting scientific and economic experiments, the content of two mycotoxins in feed was diagnosed, the concentration of which for zearalenone was 1.0 mg / kg, for aflatoxin - 0.04 mg / kg. To study the effect of mycotoxins on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract (proventriculus), an experiment was carried out on 40 bull calves of 7 months of age. The experimental group of animals (20 animals) was given feed contaminated with mycotoxins, the control group received a diet without mycotoxins. the contents of the rumen were collected on days 10, 20, and 30 of the experiment. The clinical picture in experimental animals with combined mycotoxicosis during the experimental period was characterized by a decrease in feed consumption by 10-20%, weight gain by an average of 18-25%, exhaustion, dullness of the coat, and alopecia. The difference between the experimental and control group of lactobacilli was 28.0%; 157.1% and 215.0% log10 CFU, respectively, for study days. Bifidobacteria 13.0%; 86.2% and 192.3% log10 CFU, respectively. The decrease in ciliates in the experimental group in comparison with the control on the 10th day of the experiment was 7.1 thousand units / g, on the 20 day 27.9 thousand units / g, on the 30th day 77.2 thousand units / g. Thus, the content of the main joints of the biocenosis in the rumen of cattle on days 10, 20 and 30 of the experiment was significantly reduced in the experimental group, the diet of which contained the association of mycotoxins. The monitoring carried out indicates that mycotoxins (in descending order) are most often recorded in feed for farm animals in the Krasnodar Territory: T-2 toxin, aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, fumonisin. A high contamination of feed and raw materials with molds was established - Mucor sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Penicillium sp. A decrease in the main representatives of the biocenosis actively participating in the digestion of cattle: lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, ciliates, under the influence of the combined effect of mycotoxins, has been established.

Combinations of mycotoxins in feed and their accumulation in internal organs of broiler chickens

The issue of safety of production and processing of agricultural raw materials for obtaining quality food is becoming more and more topical. Of particular concern in most countries of the world is the contamination with mycotoxins of plant and livestock products. Plant food is contaminated as a result of pathogenic fungi growth, and livestock due to the accumulation of toxins in the body. They enter the human food chain continuously dire0ctly with cereals, seeds, spices, fruit, drinks and other plant products, as well as directly through food obtained from animals and birds that have consumed feed contaminated with mycotoxins. The real threat from mycotoxins can be extremely high, as they accumulate in the tissues and internal organs of animals and birds, and the consumption of broiler meat is increasing every year, being a more accessible protein product. Because of the small molecular weight of mycotoxins, the body does not produce antibodies to them, thus no immunity occurs, so warm-blooded animals and humans remain sensitive to them throughout life. The aim of our investigation (research) was: 1 - to determine the effect of fodder contaminated with a combined group of mycotoxins (Fumonizin B1, Zearalenone, DON and T-2 toxin) exceeding the maximum allowable concentration on growth and development of young chickens. 2-determine histological changes in the structures of internal organs (liver and kidney), which are directly related to the general health of broiler chickens. Under the influence of mycotoxins the liver is subjected to dystrophic changes. It increases in volume, changes the structure of the liver becoming brittle or friable, the color becomes pale or filled with blood. Sinusoidal capillaries are filled with blood, perivascular infiltration with round cellular elements in the area of triads. Granulomas - clusters of lymphoid cells appear in thickness of lobules. Among lymphoid cells a large number of hepatocytes in a state of hyaline-droplet dystrophy and in a state of necrosis. In the kidneys cause edema in the middle part of the cortical substance, due to which, subcapsular renal corpuscles are pushed back to the kidney capsule and capillaries overflow with blood. Vascular glomeruli thickening decrease in size and go into a state of disintegration of loops. In the convoluted tubules, some cells are in a state of hyaline-capillary dystrophy, some - in a state of necrosis, resulting in violation of the architectonics of the tubule, subcapsular hemorrhages appear. Causes venous hyperemia.

Effect of a Mycotoxin Binder (MMDA) on the Growth Performance, Blood and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Ochratoxin A and T-2 Mycotoxin Contaminated Diets.

Simple SummaryThe contamination of feed with mycotoxins is a global concern, resulting in adverse effects on productivity and animal health and, therefore, a great economic loss. Ochratoxin A and T-2 mycotoxins are among the mycotoxins that contaminate animal feed. These mycotoxins could adversely affect the health of broilers, and the most effective method to mitigate the toxic effects of mycotoxins is the use of detoxifying agents. In the present experiment, broiler chickens were allotted into five groups. Group 1 received a non-contaminated diet; group 2 received a non-contaminated diet + 3 g/kg of a mycotoxin binder (MMDA); group 3 received a non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin; group 4 received a non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin + 1 g/kg MMDA; and group 5 received a non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin + 3 g/kg MMDA for 35 days. The results revealed that OTA and T-2 toxin negatively affected the productive parameters and some blood and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. The addition of the detoxifying agent (MMDA at 1 or 3 g/kg feed) to contaminated diets alleviated the adverse effects observed on productivity and the broilers heath related parameters. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the feed additive, a novel multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA) containing modified zeolite (clinoptilolite), Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls, and silymarin, as detoxifiers of 0.5 mg/kg (0.5 ppm) ochratoxin A (OTA) and 1 mg/kg (1 ppm) T-2 toxin on broiler chickens. A total of 240 1-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into five different dietary treatments: (1) control (non-contaminated diet); (2) non contaminated diet + 3 g/kg of MMDA; (3) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin; (4) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin + 1 g/kg MMDA; and (5) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 g/kg T-2 toxin + 3 g/kg MMDA. The results showed that, in the starter period, from 1 to 10 days, the presence of OTA and T-2 mycotoxins reduced the consumption of feed and the growth of the broilers, and no effects of the detoxifying product were observed in the productivity of the chickens, at any of the doses tested, compared to the contaminated control (treatment 3). However, in the growing period, the same negative effect of mycotoxins was registered, but a recovery was observed in the consumption of feed and in the weight of the broilers that consumed 3 g/kg of the MMDA mycotoxin binder, reaching similar values to those of chickens fed uncontaminated control diets. The presence of mycotoxins in feed led to a reduction in the concentration of total proteins and albumin in blood compared to controls, and the presence of the detoxifying product partially reversed this effect. The breast yield of the chickens fed with mycotoxins was lower than that of the animals fed with the control feed and was not affected by the presence of the product tested, at 1 or 3 g/kg. The weight of the different organs (liver, gizzard, kidneys, or spleen), the intestinal pH, the histology of the small intestine, and oral lesions were not affected by the experimental treatments. In summary, the productive parameters and some blood and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens were impaired by the dietary presence of OTA and T-2 toxin. The tested product included at 1 or 3 g/kg feed in contaminated diets improved performance and seems to be effective in partly counteracting the deleterious effects of the tested mycotoxins.