Mycosphaerella Pinodes Research Articles

AAC Planet field pea

AAC Planet is a semi-leafless and powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd.) resistant field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has high yielding potential, late maturity, tall plant height with good lodging resistance, medium seed size, round seed shape, and low seed coat breakage. It has maturity of 100 days, and thousand-seed weight of 221 g with seed protein content of 24.6%. AAC Planet has a lodging score of 3.2 on the scale of 1–9. It is moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum and F. solani).

AAC McMurphy field pea

AAC McMurphy is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has a maturity of 90 days, one-thousand-seed weight of 246 g, and a lodging score of 2.9 on the scale of 1–9. The seed crude protein content of AAC McMurphy is 24.2%. AAC McMurphy is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi) and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum).

Ascochyta blight in North Dakota field pea: the pathogen complex and its fungicide sensitivity.

Worldwide, Ascochyta blight is caused by a complex of host-specific fungal pathogens, including Ascochyta pisi, Didymella pinodes, and Didymella pinodella. The application of foliar fungicides is often necessary for disease management, but a better understanding of pathogen prevalence, aggressiveness, and fungicide sensitivity is needed to optimize control. Leaf and stem samples were obtained from 56 field pea production fields in 14 counties in North Dakota from 2017 to 2020 and isolates were collected from lesions characteristic of Ascochyta blight. Based on fungal characteristics and sequencing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, 73% of isolates were confirmed to be D. pinodes (n = 177) and 27% were A. pisi (n = 65). Across pathogens, aggressiveness was similar among some isolates in greenhouse assays. The in vitro pyraclostrobin sensitivity of all D. pinodes isolates collected from 2017 to 2020 was lower than that of the three baseline isolates. Sensitivity of 91% of A. pisi isolates collected in 2019 and 2020 was lower than the sensitivity of two known sensitive isolates. Resistance factors (Rf) from mean EC50 values of pyraclostrobin baseline/known sensitive isolates to isolates collected from 2017 to 2020 ranged from 2 to 1,429 for D. pinodes and 1 to 209 for A. pisi. In vitro prothioconazole sensitivity of 91% of D. pinodes isolates collected from 2017 to 2020 was lower than the sensitivity of the baseline isolates and 98% of A. pisi isolates collected from 2019 to 2020 was lower than the sensitivity of the known sensitive isolates. Prothioconazole Rf ranged from 1 to 338 for D. pinodes and 1 to 127 for A. pisi. Based on in vitro results, 92% of D. pinodes and 98% of A. pisi isolates collected displayed reduced-sensitivity/resistance to both fungicides when compared to baseline/known sensitive isolates. Disease control under greenhouse conditions of both pathogens provided by both fungicides was significantly lower in isolates determined to be reduced-sensitive or resistant in in vitro assays when compared to sensitive. Results reported here reinforce growers desperate need of alternative fungicides and/or management tools to fight Ascochyta blight in North Dakota and neighboring regions.

Five Regions of the Pea Genome Co-Control Partial Resistance to D. pinodes, Tolerance to Frost, and Some Architectural or Phenological Traits.

Evidence for reciprocal links between plant responses to biotic or abiotic stresses and architectural and developmental traits has been raised using approaches based on epidemiology, physiology, or genetics. Winter pea has been selected for years for many agronomic traits contributing to yield, taking into account architectural or phenological traits such as height or flowering date. It remains nevertheless particularly susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses, among which Didymella pinodes and frost are leading examples. The purpose of this study was to identify and resize QTL localizations that control partial resistance to D. pinodes, tolerance to frost, and architectural or phenological traits on pea dense genetic maps, considering how QTL colocalizations may impact future winter pea breeding. QTL analysis revealed five metaQTLs distributed over three linkage groups contributing to both D. pinodes disease severity and frost tolerance. At these loci, the haplotypes of alleles increasing both partial resistance to D. pinodes and frost tolerance also delayed the flowering date, increased the number of branches, and/or decreased the stipule length. These results question both the underlying mechanisms of the joint control of biotic stress resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and plant architecture and phenology and the methods of marker-assisted selection optimizing stress control and productivity in winter pea breeding.

AAC Aberdeen field pea

AAC Aberdeen is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has a maturity of 98 days, 1000-seed weight of 243 g, and a lodging score of 3.3 on the scale of 1–9. The seed crude protein content of AAC Aberdeen is 20.1%. AAC Aberdeen is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi D.C.) and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and Fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.).

AAC Julius field pea

AAC Julius is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has a maturity of 100 days, 1000-seed weight of 210 g, and a lodging score of 3.6 on the scale of 1–9. The seed crude protein content of AAC Julius is 24.8%. AAC Julius is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi D.C.) and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and Fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. solani).

Effects of dryland summer cover crops and a weedy fallow on soil water, disease levels, wheat growth and grain yield in a Mediterranean-type environment

Numerous studies have reported wide-ranging benefits of cultivating cover crops during the typical fallow period in temperate cropping systems. However, data on the impacts of summer cover crops in water-limited, Mediterranean-type climates, is lacking. A 3-year field experiment was conducted near the town of Northam in the wheat-belt of Western Australia to test the hypothesis that inclusion of summer cover crops would increase ground cover, water storage and grain yield in subsequent wheat crops. White French millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) and cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) cover crops and a weedy fallow were compared to a typical chemical fallow over the summer period. Autumn groundcover was 10–30% higher when summer weeds were left uncontrolled compared to the chemical fallow treatment. Dry-sown and late established (February) millet failed to increase groundcover, whereas cowpea demonstrated a small increase (~9–10%) in one season, when cowpea biomass approached 1 t ha −1 . Cover crops and weeds growing over summer had no significant effect on total plant available water (0–50 cm depth) prior to sowing wheat in any season. However, there was less readily available soil N in the cover crop (less 10–30 kg N ha −1 ) and weedy fallow (less 50 kg N ha −1 ) treatments prior to the second wheat crop. Despite some significant effects of weedy fallow and cowpeas on Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (take-all) and Didymella pinodes (causing black pea spot), disease levels were low and thought to pose little risk to following winter crops. Wheat grain yields were not significantly different between treatments, other than a low yield after cowpeas in 2015 due to a low wheat emergence count. Grain protein and screenings were not generally affected by summer fallow treatment in any year, except for higher screenings after the weedy fallow in one year. Given the limited impacts of cover crops and weeds on soil water and disease, it is possible that summer cover crops may be able to be integrated with cereal winter rotations in Western Australia without yield reductions in wheat crops. In light of current chemical usage, issues around herbicide residues in soil and herbicide-resistant weeds, it would be worthwhile revisiting the need for chemical fallow, particularly in the higher rainfall areas.

AAC Delhi field pea

AAC Delhi is a semi-leafless, large-seeded yellow field pea (Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has high yielding potential, medium maturity and good lodging resistance. AAC Delhi has the maturity of 95 d, and one-thousand-seed weight of 288 g. AAC Delhi is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd.) and is moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum). AAC Delhi is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada.

AAC Profit field pea

AAC Profit is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has a maturity of 101 d, thousand-seed weight of 218 g, and a lodging score of 4.1 on the scale of 1–9 (1 = upright, 9 = prostrate). The seed crude protein content of AAC Profit is 24.5%. AAC Profit is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi), and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum).

Effect of fungicide application technology on seed yield in field pea under variable Mycosphaerella blight pressure

Mycosphaerella blight, caused by Peyronellaea pinodes (Berk. & A. Bloxam) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley (syn. Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. et Blox.) Vesterg.), is a destructive foliar pathogen of field pea that is managed, in large part, through application of foliar fungicide at flowering. The fungicides are usually applied into dense crop canopies, so reaching the lower areas of the canopy where the pathogen is initially most active is a challenge. Field trials were conducted across the Canadian prairies from 2008 to 2011 to assess the efficacy of various nozzle numbers and orientations, droplet sizes, and water volumes for the management of Mycosphaerella blight to increase yield in field pea. Pea plants were assessed for disease severity during flowering and seed yield was measured. In 10 of the 13 trials, double-nozzle configurations provided a 15% reduction in disease severity and up to a 60% increase in yield. In contrast, droplet size and angle of application had no effect on field pea yield. Water volume trials using up to 400 L ha−1 improved fungicide efficacy relative to control treatments, however, volumes above 400 L ha−1 resulted in high-disease severity and lower yield, likely as a result of fungicide run-off due to saturation of the leaf surface. When deciding on effective sprayer techniques for fungicide application, disease pressure, environmental conditions and cultivar characteristics are important to consider.

Cryptic diversity found in Didymellaceae from Australian native legumes.

Ascochyta koolunga (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales) was first described in 2009 (as Phoma koolunga) and identified as the causal agent of Ascochyta blight of Pisum sativum (field pea) in South Australia. Since then A. koolunga has not been reported anywhere else in the world, and its origins and occurrence on other legume (Fabaceae) species remains unknown. Blight and leaf spot diseases of Australian native, pasture and naturalised legumes were studied to investigate a possible native origin of A. koolunga.Ascochyta koolunga was not detected on native, naturalised or pasture legumes that had leaf spot symptoms, in any of the studied regions in southern Australia, and only one isolate was recovered from P. sativum. However, we isolated five novel species in the Didymellaceae from leaf spots of Australian native legumes from commercial field pea regions throughout southern Australia. The novel species were classified on the basis of morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and part of the RNA polymerase II subunit B gene region. Three of these species, Nothophoma garlbiwalawardasp. nov., Nothophoma naiawusp. nov. and Nothophoma ngayawangsp. nov., were isolated from Senna artemisioides. The other species described here are Epicoccum djirangnandirisp. nov. from Swainsona galegifolia and Neodidymelliopsis tinkyukukusp. nov. from Hardenbergia violacea. In addition, we report three new host-pathogen associations in Australia, namely Didymella pinodes on S. artemisioides and Vicia cracca, and D. lethalis on Lathyrus tingitanus. This is also the first report of Didymella prosopidis in Australia.

Najvažnije bolesti i štetočine pasulja i boranije i mogućnost njihovog suzbijanja

The production of beans and green beans in our country takes place in relatively small areas, and it is additionally reduced by the presence of various harmful agents (pests and diseases). Economically significant diseases of beans and green beans are gray rot (Botrytis cinerea), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), seedling rot, and seedling blight (Pythium sp.), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. phaseoli), bean rust (Uromyces phaseoli), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), gray leaf spot (Mycosphaerella pinodes), brown leaf spot or bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli), and bean mosaic virus. Five plant protection products (PPPs) based on four active substances have been registered in our country for the control of pathogens in beans and green beans. Signifi cant pests of beans and green beans in our country are black aphid (Aphis fabae), thrips (Kakothrips robustus), plant aphids (family Aphididae), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), as well as red spider mite and Atlantic (strawberry) spider mite (Tetranichus urticae and Tetranichus turkestani). Eight PPPs, based on seven active substances, have been registered for the control of pests in the crop of beans and green beans. This paper aimed to present the registered PPPs in the Republic of Serbia for the control of the most economically important pathogens and pests of beans and green beans, classified according to the mode of action.

AAC Asher field pea

AAC Asher is a semi-leafless, medium to large seeded, yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has high yielding potential, early to medium maturity, and good lodging resistance. AAC Asher has maturity of 94 d and a 1000-seed weight of 257 g. AAC Asher is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi DC.), moderately tolerant to Mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and Fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.). AAC Asher is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada.

Seed Metabolism and Pathogen Resistance Enhancement in Pisum sativum During Colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Integrative Metabolomics-Proteomics Approach.

Pulses are one of the most important categories of food plants, and Pea (Pisum sativum L.) as a member of pulses is considered a key crop for food and feed and sustainable agriculture. Integrative multi-omics and microsymbiont impact studies on the plant's immune system are important steps toward more productive and tolerant food plants and thus will help to find solutions against food poverty. Didymella pinodes is a main fungal pathogen of pea plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) promote plant growth and alleviate various stresses. However, it remained unclear as to how the AMF effect on seed metabolism and how this influences resistance against the pathogen. This study assesses the AMF impacts on yield components and seed quality upon D. pinodes infection on two different P. sativum cultivars, susceptible versus tolerant, grown in pots through phenotypic and seed molecular analyses. We found that AMF symbiosis affects the majority of all tested yield components as well as a reduction of disease severity in both cultivars. Seeds of mycorrhizal pea plants showed strong responses of secondary metabolites with nutritional, medicinal, and pharmaceutical attributes, also involved in pathogen response. This is further supported by proteomic data, functionally determining those primary and secondary metabolic pathways, involved in pathogen response and induced upon AMF-colonization. The data also revealed cultivar specific effects of AMF symbiosis that increase understanding of genotype related differences. Additionally, a suite of proteins and secondary metabolites are presented, induced in seeds of P. sativum upon AMF-colonization and pathogen attack, and possibly involved in induced systemic resistance against D. pinodes, useful for modern breeding strategies implementing microsymbionts toward increased pathogen resistance.

AAC Chrome field pea

AAC Chrome is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at the Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB. It has high yielding potential, medium maturity, and good lodging resistance. AAC Chrome has a maturity of 95 d and thousand-seed weight of 241 g. AAC Chrome is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi), moderately tolerant to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes), and moderately susceptible to fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum). AAC Chrome is adapted to all field pea growing regions in western Canada.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Corynespora cassiicola (Pleosporales: Dothideomycetes), with its phylogenetic analysis

Corynespora cassiicola is a well-known plant pathogen with a broad host range and diverse lifestyles. In this study, we presented the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of C. cassiicola for the first time. It has a total length of 40,752 bp, which encodes 17 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA), and 27 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome is: A (36.24%), T (34.62%), G (15.74%), and C (13.39%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. cassiicola has a close relationship with Didymella pinodes from Didymellaceae.

AAC Carver field pea

AAC Carver is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledon, high-yielding field pea (Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at the Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has a maturity of 96 d, seed size of 226 g, and good lodging resistance. AAC Carver is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi DC.), and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight [caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Bloxam.) Vestergr.] and fusarium wilt [caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. pisi (Linford) Snyd. & Hans.]. AAC Carver is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada.

AAC Comfort field pea

AAC Comfort is a high-yielding, semi-leafless, green cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at the Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, in Lacombe, AB. It is adapted to all field pea growing regions in western Canada. AAC Comfort has late maturity, medium lodging resistance, medium seed size, round seed shape, and good bleach resistance and green colour intensity. It is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC., moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Blox.) Vestergr., and susceptible to fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. pisi (Linford) Snyd. & Hans.

Didymella pinodes Affects N and P Uptakes and Their Efficiencies in a Tripartite Mutualism of Pea

In pea (Pisum sativum L.) production, Didymella pinodes (Berk. & A. Bloxam) Petr. is the most damaging aerial pathogen globally. In two completely randomized pot experiments with four replicates, we studied the effects of D. pinodes infection interaction with three symbiotic treatments (Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and co-inoculation of both) and a non-symbiotic control on one or two pea cultivars. Grain yield and yield components of pea, uptakes and physiological efficiencies of N and P and nitrogen fixation were recorded. The results show that there were significant interaction effects among treatments. Therefore, productivity of crops and their uptakes and efficiencies of N and P are dependent on plant health conditions, effectiveness of microbial symbionts and response of pea genotypes. For cv. Protecta inoculated with both symbionts, pathogen infection compared to healthy plants significantly enhanced P acquisition. Overall, plants inoculated with rhizobia alone had higher grain yield by 20–30% and nitrogen fixation by 20–25% than in dual symbiosis independent of plant health conditions. In conclusion, aerial pathogen, pea genotypes and microbial symbionts interactions modified N and P uptake and their efficiencies, which can lead to improving final grain yield quantity and quality in a sustainable farming system.

Morphological and Genotypic Characterization of Fungi Associated with the Ascochyta Blight Complex in Western Regions of Algeria

The study is conducted in two growing areas of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) in northwestern Algeria. Damages caused by Ascochyta sp complex are important in particular for the variety of Kelvedon Wonder. Observations carried out on the infected plants for several years, indicate the presence of superimposed necrosis of different sizes on all aerial organs. However, these observations do not differentiate symptoms by species. The results of morphological and molecular characterization with sequencing in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and inoculation tests on 32 isolates in the laboratory of symbiosis and plant pathology from Toulouse (France), show a reconciliation of the sequencing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products and size necrosis for all Ascochyta pinodes and pinodella. Alone, Ascochyta pisi is distinguished by a smaller size necrosis. On the molecular level, all isolates whose ITS regions were amplified by PCR, expresses similar size products (550 bp). This molecular weight is found on a large set of pathogenic fungi. The three species of Ascochyta sp complex do not exhibit polymorphism for Pisum sativum species and have an identical molecular weight. The pathogenicity tests performed showed differences in aggressiveness on the host plant. Ascochyta pinodes is the most aggressive than the other two species. As a result, it causes more damage to the crop.