Mycorrhizal Application Research Articles

The effect of mycorrhiza on the growth of Ylang-Ylang seedlings

Abstract Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata forma genuina Steenis) is a plant with high economic value and many benefits. Mycorrhizal application is necessary to obtain a quality mother plant. Therefore, a study on the mycorrhiza effect on ylang-ylang growth was needed, especially in the seedling stage. This study aimed to analyse the impact of mycorrhiza infection on the development of ylang-ylang seedlings. The method used in this study was the isolation of Claroideoglomus etunicatum spores. Ten of each spore was inoculated onto the sterilised roots (using 5% Natrium hypochlorite) of the three-month-old ylang-ylang seedlings and then planted on zeolite media and soil in a 6 x 10 cm pottery, which was then transferred to each pot 13 cm in diameter and 16 cm in height. For comparison, zeolite and soil media were used without the addition of mycorrhiza. The result of this study showed that the application of mycorrhizae using soil media had the highest increase in height (4.19 cm), diameter (0.72 mm), number of leaves (2.6 strands), and number of buds (0.8 leaf buds) compared to other treatments.

Effects of Azotobacter spp., mycorrhizal fungi and shade treatments on plant growth and chlorophyll content in boxwoods plants

In this study, two important commercial species, Buxus microphilla and B. herlandii, were evaluated. People do not want polluting and toxic fertilizers used to cultivate the plants they use for nutrition, and they do not want the plants they use as ornamental plants. The study investigated the effects of mycorrhizal and bacterial applications on plant growth and chlorophyll content. As a result of the study, it was concluded that bacterial applications on the development of boxwoods are more effective than mycorrhizal applications. Shading further increased the effect of the applications. In B. microphilla, in a 70% shade, plant height increased by 18.5% with mycorrhizal application, and plant width increased by 29.7% with bacterial application. In B. herlandii, bacterial application increased plant height by 13.3% and plant width by 20.4%. In shadowless application, the amount of chlorophyll in B. herlandii leaves was found to increase by 47.20% with bacteria and in B. microphilla, it increased by 65.86. In shadow application in B. herlandii, leaves were found to increase by 76.70% with bacteria; in B. microphilla, it increased by 94.93%. It was concluded that the bacteria application is more effective than others because Azotobacters fix the free nitrogen in the air to the boxwood soil, which needs continuous nitrogen for growth and development. For this reason, N-fixing bacteria applications to the soil can be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer applications in boxwood cultivation or hedge formation.

Effect of CaCO3, humic acid, and arbuscular mycorrhizal applications on soybean growth in ultisol of Sijunjung, West Sumatra

Soybean is an important source of cheap protein. However, an adequate supply of soybeans is still challenging in Indonesia. This research aimed to evaluate the morphological, physiological, and yield responses of soybeans from the application of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), humic acid, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The research was conducted from December 2022 to April 2023 at the ultisol soil of Sijunjung Regency, West Sumatra. The experiment used a split-split-plot design with three replications. The first factor was AMF and without AMF application. The second factor was humic acid and without humic acid. The third factor was doses of CaCO3 application: 0, ¼, ½, ¾, and 1 time of exchangeable Al. The results showed that CaCO3 application significantly affected root length, shoot dry weight, N-tissue content, soil pH, and exchangeable Al. The application of AMF affected the percentage of AMF colonization. The yield components did not show any significant differences among treatments. However, the yield was 24.85% higher than that written in the official description. Therefore, the application of CaCO3 or humic acid or AMF could be a potential solution to increase soybean yields in ultisol. It needs further evaluation in the field to support future farming practices. Keywords: Al-exch; calcium carbonate; N-tissue content; productivity; soil pH

The Effects of Different GA3 and Mycorrhiza Dosages on Mini Tuber Production in Potatoes

This study was conducted in 2017 under greenhouse conditions using selected four different potato clones to determine the effects of different doses of GA3 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on mini tuber production. The research, carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, applied GA3 doses of 0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm, and mycorrhizal inoculat doses of 0, 500, 1250, and 2000 mg/100 tubers. Parameters including emergence time, plant height, main stem number, tuber number, average tuber weight, tuber size distribution (>45 mm, 28-45 mm, <28 mm), and maturity period were examined. The effect of GA3 application on all investigated parameters except the number of main stems was significant, statistically. The highest mini tuber number (9.1 tubers) and mini tuber yield (408.4 g/pot) were obtained from the application of 15 ppm GA3, while the highest average mini tuber weight (46.74 g) was obtained from the control group. In mycorrhizal applications, the highest tuber number was obtained at a dose of 500 mg/100 tubers, and the highest mini tuber weight and yield were obtained at a dose of 1250 mg/100 tubers. As a result of the study, it was determined that the application of 15 ppm GA3 is suitable due to its positive effect on mini tuber multiplication, and the mycorrhizal application at a dose of 500 mg/100 tubers is appropriate due to its positive effect on increase of tuber number.

Early boosting of genetically improved Falcataria moluccana with mycorrhiza for better growth and disease tolerance

Falcataria moluccana is a widespread species that grows rapidly in Indonesia and produces timber used for carpentry. Nonetheless, this species is especially susceptible to gall rust disease. To find plants that can handle rust, a mix of breeding with progeny experiments and forest management methods, like arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), were used. The point of this study is to find out if adding AM changes how F. moluccana seedlings grow and how they react to gall rust disease, both those that have been improved and those that have not. We will also look at the response by calculating the area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) value for rust disease to grow in F. moluccana seedlings. The experimental design comprised four different treatments, including varying quantities of mycorrhizae, as well as four different seed sources. For the mycorrhizal inoculation experiments, there was a control group and three treatment groups. The treatment groups got 5, 10, and 15 g of mycorrhiza per polybag, respectively. The seeds used in this study were sourced from two unimproved families, namely Java and Solomon, as well as two genetically improved families, F63 and F77. This study revealed that mycorrhizal application affects the growth of F. moluccana seedlings and significantly reduces both disease incidence and severity. The application of mycorrhiza reduces the disease incidence and severity; the AUPDC value of seedlings with mycorrhiza added is four times lower than that of seedlings without mycorrhiza. The disease severity was highest for the unimproved Solomon seedlings, despite the fact that the source of seeds had little impact on the disease incidence. Meanwhile, the genetically improved seedlings demonstrated lower disease incidence and severity rates than seedlings without improvement, with an AUPDC value nearly half that of the unimproved seedling. In terms of diameter and height, F. mollucana seedlings derived from various seed sources were remarkably diverse, and seedlings with improvements grew much better than seedlings without improvements. This study shows how arbuscular mycorrhiza affects how well improved and unimproved F. moluccana seedlings deal with gall rust disease.

Effect of application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and yield of soybean in different agroecosystems

Soybean is a legume that can be cultivated in various types of agroecosystems such as lowlands, dry land, and swamps with various types of soil. This research aims to analyze the effect of mycorrhizal application on the growth and yield of soybeans planted in various agroecosystems. The research was designed with a two-factor randomized block design. Location of soybean planting as the first factor consists of four soybean development locations in Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, namely: soybean cultivation in dry land, lowland in Galesong subdistrict, soybean cultivation in dryland, and lowland in South Galesong subdistrict. Application of mycorrhizal is the second factor which consists of two levels: no application, and mycorrhizae application. The results showed that the location of planting had a significant effect on soybean production, where soybean cultivation in lowlands resulted in significantly higher soybean production. The mycorrhizal application treatment obtained significantly higher soybean growth and production. The results of the analysis of soil chemical properties show that the total N content of soil in lowland land is moderate, P-available has low status, and low C-organic status. Galesong dry land showed a high total N content of 0.59%, but available P and organic C are very low.

The Effect of Mycorrhiza Applications on Growth and Yield in Some Strawberry Cultivars under Calcareous Soil Conditions

This study was conducted in the research and practices of greenhouses at the University of Selçuk, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture Department. The effects of three different mycorrhiza species and combinations of strawberry plants on plant growth and nutrition were investigated in three different strawberries cultivars. According to the results, it was determined that Glomus chlorodum mycorrhiza alone and in combination increased stem fresh and root fresh weights, leaf relative water content, number of stems, and number of leaves compared to control plants. However, no significant changes could be obtained with mycorrhizal applications on membrane permeability and chlorophyll values in all strawberry varieties used. Nutrient analysis of nitrogen, magnesium, iron, manganese, and boron in the leaves of the application of mycorrhiza with significant increases has been achieved. Glomus etunicatum + Glomus chlorodum and Glomus deserticola + Glomus etunicatum applications had the best results. As a result of this study, it can be suggested that Glomus etunicatum and Glomus chlorodum can be used to promote plant growth in strawberry calcareous soil conditions.

Inoculation with mycorrhiza and Azotobacter chroococcum affects the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Eryngium caeruleum at different planting densities

Eryngium caeruleum is a perennial native plant that grows under diverse climatic conditions of Iran. This study aimed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal and Azotobacter inoculation on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of E. caeruleum at various planting densities. Factors included three levels of plant density (10×30 cm, 20×30 cm, and 30×30 cm), two levels of seed inoculation with Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi (inoculation with Glomus mosseae and without inoculation), and two levels of seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (with and without inoculation). The application of VAM fungi and A. chrooroccum significantly affected the measured traits. The interaction effect of plant density×mycorrhizal application and plant density×Azotobacter application on dry leaf weight was significant at a 1% level. The total leaf dry weight for the VAM treatments at a 30×30 cm plant density was 2.93 g. Also, the application of mycorrhizal fungus increased the essential oil percentage, the essential oil yield, and phosphorus concentration in the aerial organs by 132.68%, 100%, and 137.5%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The simultaneous application of A. chroococcum and VAM improved the quantity and quality of the yield components of E. caeruleum by increasing the availability of mineral nutrients

Pertinent challenges in mycorrhizal ecopreneurship for sustainable food production

Most existing literature pictures mycorrhizas as the golden grail for food production but almost nobody uses them outside academia. We here explored why this is the case and arrived at the conclusion that the literature does not appeal sufficiently to the needs of the producers and this forms a bottleneck that prevents expansion of mycorrhizal technologies. We identify two reasons why addressing consumers (rather than producers) is a key problem and propose three actions that in our opinion could increase the appeal of mycorrhizal applications. We think that the momentum is there to invest in sustainable ways to develop our societies. We also advocate that mycorrhizal technologies should be part of any changes towards a sustainable intensification and hope that our insights will make experts on mycorrhizas rethink how they communicate their findings.

Health of shallot bulbs planted with mycorrhizal applications and several types of mulch in moler disease conducive land

Moler is one of the important diseases of shallots caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae. Recently, it is very detrimental to one of the shallot production centers in Indonesia, namely Brebes, Central Java. The intensity and yield loss of this pathogen attack can exceed 60% and 50% respectively. Efforts to develop sustainable control are urgently carried out, such as the use of biological control agents and environmental management by using mulch. This paper reports on the health of shallot bulbs grown with the application of mycorrhiza and mulch. This research was conducted on shallot land conducive to moler disease, in Sidamulya, Wanasari District, Brebes Regency, Central Java with alluvial soil type. The results showed that the health Index of bulbs in the mycorrhizal treatment was 98.89%. In the combination treatment of mycorrhizae with some organic mulch, reached health index of shallot bulbs by 100%.

Intercropping system of Capsicum annum L. and Tagetes erecta with Mycorrhizal application and cow waste compost

Factors that cause fluctuations in chili production are nutrient content and attack by plant disturbing organisms (PDO). To overcome pest attacks can be done by planting refugia which serves as an alternative that will bring in natural enemies. In addition, the application of cow dung and mycorrhizal compost as biological agents will be able to maintain soil quality and plant growth. This study aims to determine the effect of cow waste compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth and production of red chili plants intercropped with refugia plants. The method was a factorial randomized block design consisting of 2 factors, namely: cow waste compost and AMF. Cow waste compost consists of 5 levels, namely: K0 = without giving cow waste compost, K1 = cow waste compost at a dose of 5 tons/ha-1, K2 = cow waste compost at a dose of 10 tons/ha-1, K3 = cow waste compost at a dose 15 tons/ha-1, K4= cow waste compost dose of 20 tons/ha-1. Meanwhile, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi consisted of 4 levels, namely: M0= without AMF, M1= AMF 50 kg/ha-1, M2= AMF 100 kg/ha-1, M3= AMF 150 kg/ha-1. The results showed that AMF had a most significant effect on the number of fruits per plant, production per plant, and production per plot, but not significantly different on plant height, some branches, and flowering age of Laris variety red chili. AMF treatment with 150 kg/ha (M3) dose had the highest average value for all observed parameters.

Management of mushroom resources in Spanish forests: a review

Abstract Mycological resources have attracted considerable interest from the public recently. In this context, forest mycological management of wild mushrooms has emerged a research field and is developing rapidly with the objective to sustainably use and conserve mushrooms in multifunctional forests. Although the term ‘mycosilviculture’ was coined relatively recently, forest management of mycological resources and fungal silviculture began already in the 1980s. This study reviews the literature on the forest management of wild mycological resources with emphasis on studies in Spanish Mediterranean forests. The review covers some of the most important aspects of management, such as the diagnosis of mycological resources through inventory and sampling protocols, predictive models of mushroom yield, stand variables and mycosilvicultural practices that affect mushroom yield and fungal diversity. Finally, the potential of mycorrhizal applications for mycosilviculture is briefly discussed. Most of these studies have been based on carpophore inventories, and few have analyzed soil and air fungal biomass. The Mediterranean climate determines mushroom yields; so far, mushroom yields models have been developed mainly for Boletus gr. edulis and Lactarius gr. deliciosus species and for pine forest ecosystems. In the future, it will be necessary to adjust these models to new climatic conditions, and to investigate the complex interactions between different yield and/or fungal diversity factors, adjust the scale of study and fungus-host specificity. So far, few studies have been carried out on mycosilviculture in Mediterranean forests, addressing the effect of thinning and clearcutting on fungal communities; moreover, experiences of mycological management of shrublands, prescribed burning, management of woody debris or selective planting of mycorrhizal seedlings in forests are scarce. The need to study other Mediterranean forest ecosystems is pointed out.

Plant growth analysis and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Amaranthus tricolor L.

Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L) is a horticultural vegetable that contains anthocyanins, protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and B vitamin. However, this plant has not become a major commodity, so it is generally grown in lands with a low level of soil fertility. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in powder dosage form can help plant growth with a positive effect. However, this dosage form has several weaknesses, so a study aimed at knowing the effectiveness of AM fungi in different dosage forms is needed in physiological studies to analyze plant growth and the level of colonization of red spinach roots in the vegetative stage. This research was carried out using the model of the Latin square design (LSD) with three treatments for AM dosage forms of fungi: tablets, sachets, and powders, and without mycorrhizal application (control). The results showed that AM fungi in sachet dosage form could colonize the roots of spinach plants with the highest percentage, although physiological studies have not given consistent results. The sachet dosage form of AM fungi is the novelty of this study. AM fungi in a sachet dosage form can are recommended as the dosage form the most attractive, efficient, and effective to be applied and mobilized to farmers' fields.

Pemanfaatan Teknologi Mikoriza di Tanah Karst Petani Desa Karangasem Kabupaten Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta

The community of Karangasem Village works as farmers. The land condition in Karangasem village dry land , high content of lime carbonate and shallow soil solum so that the percentage of plant life is low. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to increase knowledge of land management that is suitable for karst areas. Prior to the application of new technology, it is necessary to measure the level of knowledge of farmers towards technology and changes in attitudes that occur after understanding the technology. These factors encourage Community Service (PkM) with assistance to farmers which aims to foster farmer changes that include the level of knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, and motivation for farming activities carried out. The PkM method is done by focus group discussions , counseling, training and assistance for mycorrhizal applications on woody plants, icons of rare tree conservation and land management. The implication of the activity is that 92% of farmers who do not know about mycorrhizal inoculation technology and its benefits for soil and plants become 100% aware and know the benefits of mycorrhizal application.. Changes in farmers' attitudes have implications for the pattern from chemical agricultural changes to organic farming and environmentally friendly agriculture.

Vegetative growth of Biduri (Calotropis Gigantea) on mycorrhiza and azolla application

Climate change is causing many environmental problems that impact human health. Extreme environmental conditions affect the immune of the human body. It is easily exposed to the disease. The community takes various precautions to improve the immune system. One of them is to use medicinal plants as an endurance enhancer because some medicinal plants contain immunomodulators. Biduri (Calotropis Gigantea) is one of the medicinal plants that allegedly serves as an immune stimulator or immunosuppressive antibody production. Biduri has not been cultivated by the community, growing wildly. Research using Azolla and mycorrhizal was conducted as an effort to domesticize Biduri and prepare the source of medicinal raw material. The research aims to study the effect of Azolla and mycorrhiza on the vegetative growth of biduri. The study used 5 levels of Azolla, namely 0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 tons ha−1, and 4 levels mycorrhizal, namely 0, 5, 10, and 15 tons ha−1. Treatment combinations are arranged based on a Randomized Complete Block Design and repeated 6 times. The vegetative growth including the plant height, number of leaves, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length was measured at 12 weeks after transplanting. The response of vegetative growth on Azolla and mycorrhizal application showed the same pattern, the application of mycorrhizal has not shown a difference in height or development of biduri leaves, while the application of Azolla 12.5 tons ha−1 increases the height of plants and leaves development significantly compared to without Azolla.

The effect of mycorrhizal and phosphorous fertilizer applications on soybean plant production (Glycine max L. Meriil)

This study aims to determine the production of soybeans with the application of mycorrhizal biological fertilizers and P fertilizers on the production of soybeans (Glycine max L. Meriil). This experiment was carried out at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Indonesian Methodist University, from August–October 2018. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) consisting of Mycorrhiza (M) namely M0: 0 g/plant (control); M1: 5 g/plant; M2: 10 g/plant; M3: 15g/plant and Fertilizer (P), namely P0: 0 g/plant (control); P1:0.25 g/plant; P2: 0.5 g/plant; P3: 0.75 g/plant. All treatment combinations were 12 combinations and each treatment combination was repeated 3 times. Variables observed in this study include: flowering age (days); seed production per sample (g); seed production per plot (g); dry weight of 100 seeds (g). The experimental results showed that the interaction between mycorrhizal application and application of NPK fertilizer had a significant effect on seed production per sample, seed production per plot, dry weight of 100 seeds and not significantly different with flowering age. The highest seed production per sample was found in the M3P3 treatment of 26.32 g, the highest seed production per plot was found in the M3P2 treatment of 161.80 g and the highest dry weight of 100 seeds was found in the M3P3 treatment of 25.60 g. The mycorrhizal biofertilizer application treatment showed that the fastest flowering time was found in the M3 treatment, namely 36.58 days and 36.92 days in the P (P3) fertilizer treatment.

Aspects, problems and utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) application as bio-fertilizer in sustainable agriculture.

The rapid growth of human population on globe and reduction in agricultural land exerts huge pressure on crop productivity, food security and soil health; specially, in developing countries. Improper land management with excessive dependency on chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals to secure productivity tolls on human health, environment, biodiversity and sustainability. The utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as bio-fertilizer and in consortia with other beneficial microbes has become an increasing area of research in agriculture and life sciences. Former investigations revealed the positive influence of AM in nutrition, growth, yield of crops, soil quality increasing biological soil fertility and pathogen resistance. AMF symbionts are highly beneficial in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Along with other beneficial rhiozobacteria AM is almost substitute of chemical fertilizers in modern sustainable organic agricultural systems. But conventional agriculture in most countries is beyond to reach these benefits of AM. The issues which hinder the utilization also contradict to sustainability to some degrees. The present review highlights on the issues of hindrances in applicability of AM to the agricultural fields focusing on the mode of functions, maintaining soil and environmental sustainability; interactions with other biofertilizers and impact of various agrochemicals and agro-practices including tillage and crop rotation. The procedures to avail the full benefit of AM in agricultural field for sustainable system are discussed here.

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) VARIETAS RUBARU TERHADAP BIOCHAR SEKAM PADI DAN MIKORIZA DI VERTISOL

Cultivating red onion on a Vertisol during rainny season could face to physical and chemical problems from the soil. Application of biochar and mycorrhiza can improve soil quality both physical and chemical properties of Vertisol. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rice husk biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on growth and yield of red onion grown on a vertisol. The research was carried out at the Agrotechnology Research Station, University of Trunojoyo Madura from December 2018 to February 2019. The experiments were arranged on Split Plot Design (SPD) with the main plots were the biochar treatments and the sub plots were AMF applications. Two rates of biochar applications namely B0 (no biochar) and B1 (10 ton/ha), and four rates of AMF applications involving M0 (no mycorrhiza), M1 (2.5 g/plant), M2 (5 g/plant) and M3 (10 g/plant), were employed. No P fertilizer was applied on three AMF treatments (M1, M2, and M3). There were 8 combination treatments, and each treatment was replicated four times to end up in 32 experimental units. The results showed that there was no interaction between biochar and AMF treatments on all observed parameters. Biochar increased the number of leaves at 4 and 6 WAP (week after planting), the number of roots, and the weight of fresh tubers, and dry tubers that were suitable for storage. Mycorrhizal (AMF) application significantly influenced the number of leaves at 2 and 6 WAP, number of roots, wet weight of tubers, dry weight of tubers, and percentage of AMF root colonization. The application of rice husk biochar and AMF increased tuber yields respectively up to 17.21% and 19.58% compared to that of control.

Impact of mycorrhizal soil fertility proteins and Arbuscular mycorrhizal application to combat drought stress in maize plants

Impact of mycorrhizal soil fertility proteins and Arbuscular mycorrhizal application to combat drought stress in maize plants

Comparative effects of the combination of biofertilizer, NPK, and mycorrhizal application on maize production system

The use of uncontrolled an-organic fertilizer continuously will degrade soil fertility and nutrients balance. To minimize those impacts, biofertilizers and an-organic fertilizer are needed to maintain a sustainable maize production system. The study used a randomized complete block design with 3 replications with different levels of fertilizer application, conducted at University of Brawijaya experimental research station at Jatimulyo-Malang-East Java. Several parameters were measured to examine those effects on soil and crops. The treatments affect crop height, leaf chlorophyll indices, leaf area indices, maize yields, total number, and mycorrhizal infection. The best treatment was detected under the combination of 100% biofertilizer and 100% NPK, along with the addition of 100% microelements. The lowest was observed under mycorrhizal applications. There was a positive correlation between chlorophyll, crop height, leaf area, and maize yields.