Mycorrhizal Application Research Articles

PROVISION OF MICRORHIZA FUNGI AGAINST SALINE STRESS IN CHILI PLANTS

This experiment was a factorial randomized block design (RAK). The screen house used was the screen house of the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, Indonesian National Islamic University. The land was taken from the coast of Kuala Kab. Bireuen, Aceh. Soil was taken from the top soil layer with a depth of 0-25 cm. Mycorrhizae were placed in planting holes around the root area at a depth of 2-3 cm according to the treatment per plant before the seeds were planted in polybags. Then the planting hole that has been given mycorrhizae is covered again with soil. Mycorrhizal application was carried out once at the time of seed planting. Harvesting can be done by picking the fruit and its stalk. The analysis was carried out to determine the level of ability of mycorrhizal species to help plants in the absorption of P nutrients to maximize chili plant production, the effect of chili varieties had a significant effect on root infection at 45 DAP, a very significant effect on stem diameter at 15 DAP, wet root weight, number of fruit planted, dry weight. fruit, had a significant effect on plant height at 15 DAP, stem diameter at 30 DAP and fruit weight at planting, but had no significant effect on plant height at 30 and 45 DAP, stem diameter at 45 DAP, number of leaves at 15, 30 and 45 DAP, weight dry root, root wet weight, root dry weight, root length, number of productive branches 45 DAP. The results showed that the variety had a very significant effect on the growth of chili plants. The best variety was found in the Lado variety in the vegetative phase which could be seen from the variables of plant height 15 and 30 DAP, stem diameter at 15 and 30 DAP, number of leaves at 15, 30 and 45 DAP. While the generative phase of the best variety was found in the PM 999 variety which could be seen in the variables Number of fruit, fruit weight, dry weight, root wet weight and root length.

Mycorrhizal growth and phosphorus responses of tropical soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars differ with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates and phosphorus application rates in a derived-savanna zone of Nigeria

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiosis with most crops and provide a sustainable approach to promote crop productivity in phosphorus (P) deficient soils. There is scarcity of information on mycorrhizal growth and P responses in relation to different AMF isolates, P rates and soybean cultivars in Nigeria. Thus, field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2017 − 2018) to explore the impacts of different AMF isolates (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and P application rates (0, 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha−1) on plant growth, mycorrhizal responses, nodulation, P nutrition and grain yield of two soybean cultivars (TGx 1448-2E and TGX 1440-1E). The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation significantly enhanced root colonization, shoot biomass, nodulation, P uptake, P use efficiency and grain yield of the soybean cultivars compared to control. Inoculation of R. intraradices and F. mosseae consistently favored mycorrhizal responses compared to C. etunicatum. Application of high P rate (40 kg ha−1) negatively affected root colonization, mycorrhizal growth and P responses in inoculated plants. Both cultivars showed similar mycorrhizal responses. Mycorrhizal growth and P responses were significantly enhanced with inoculation of R. intraradices or F. mosseae and P rate of 20 kg ha−1, which resulted in increased P uptake, shoot biomass and grain yield in both cropping years . The findings indicated that inoculation of R. intraradices or F. mosseae with moderate P rate (20 kg ha−1) is optimal to promote plant growth, P nutrition and grain yield of tropical soybean for sustainable cultivation in Nigeria.

Effects of Severe Drought Stress on Some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of AMF Inoculated C. arietinum

In this study, physiological and biochemical changes caused by mycorrhizal symbiosis in chickpea plants under drought conditions were investigated in both root and leaf. Drought stress reduced leaf water potential, but mycorrhizal symbiosis caused a significant increase in leaf water potential. However, the application of mycorrhiza under drought stress caused an increase in the amount of elements that are very important for the development of the plant in the root and leaf. In our study, drought increased the proline concentration and MDA content, while mycorrhiza application decreased them in both leaf and root. In addition, while mycorrhizal application increased the activity of catalase, it decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase. In general, enzyme activities were found to be higher in the leaf, but no distinct pattern was obtained between root and leaf in other analyzes. The study shows that the responses of mycorrhizal symbiosis in chickpea plants may change depending on the severity of the drought. Especially antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content patterns reveal that more comprehensive studies should be conducted on these issues. However, continuing studies until determining the effects of AMF symbiosis on grain yield under drought may provide more comprehensive results.

Impact of Soil-Applied Microbial Inoculant and Fertilizer on Fungal and Bacterial Communities in the Rhizosphere of Robinia sp. and Populus sp. Plantations

The impact of chemical fertilization on rhizosphere soil communities is a growing concern due to the changes they cause on microbes in soil ecosystems. The present study aims to compare mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilizer applications on bacterial and fungal communities in rhizosphere soil of intensively cultivated Robinia pseudoacacia and Populus × euramericana plantations using the Illumina Miseq sequencing platform. Our results revealed that the different host plants and applied treatments did not significantly affect soil bacterial diversity, but interfered with native rhizosphere bacterial communities in plantation sites. In contrast, host plants and inorganic fertilizer had a strong effect at the family and genus level on the composition of soil fungal communities. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the structure and composition of the fungal community are more sensitive to the nutrient sources in soil than bacteria.

Interactive Effects of Potassium and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Glomalin and Biochemical Responses of Sunflower Grown in a Pb and Zn Contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT It is well documented that sole application of potassium (K) or mycorrhizal fungi can alleviate heavy metal stress in plants. As an indicator of the efficient defense in the mycorrhizal fungi-plant system, glomalin synthesis in the rhizosphere can be determined. In this study, interactive effects of mycorrhizal fungi (MY) and K on glomalin content, heavy metal uptake and mycorrhizal properties of sunflower plants were examined with three soil K levels (0, 100, and 200 mg K kg−1 using K2SO4). The three levels of mycorrhization are: i) no mycorrhizal inoculation, ii) Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation, and iii) mixed mycorrhizal inoculum application. Joint application of potassium and mycorrhiza significantly increased the percentage of root colonization and easily extractable glomalin (EEG), showing 56% root colonization in the treatment of K100 + mixed mycorrhiza and 178 µg EEG g−1 in the treatment of K200 + mixed mycorrhiza. Joint application of MY and K significantly reduced the translocation of heavy metals to the shoot of the plants. The highest total uptake of Zn by plants per pot (2.01 mg pot −1) and Pb (0.78 mg pot −1) were found in non-mycorrhizal plants. The MY and K treatments also increased the chlorophyll content and leaf area index by 57%. This study concluded that application of potassium and mycorrhizal fungi enhanced glomalin production and increased plant resistance to heavy metal stress.

EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN CENDAWAN MIKORIZA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KAKAO SAMBUNG PUCUK (Theobroma cacao L.) DI KABUPATEN SIKKA

The use of mycorrhizal biofertilizers in shoot grafting cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) nurseries is one of the efforts made to increase cocoa growth in Sikka Regency. This study aims to determine the effect of the dose of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer on the growth of cocoa seedlings. The study used a randomized block design (RAK) with fertilizer doses of 0 g/polybag (control), 10 g/polybag, 20 g/polybag, 30 g/polybag, 40 g/polybag 50 g/polybag. The results showed that the treatment the addition of mycorrhizae on shoot grafting cocoa seedlings had no effect on all growth variables observed at 30 days after mycorrhizal application and significantly affected all growth variables for cacao seedlings aged 60 days after mycorrhizal application. Giving mycorrhizae to shoot grafting cocoa seedlings at a dose of 50 g/polybag (M5) gave the highest yield for all growth variables of cocoa seedlings aged 60 days after mycorrhizal application, namely plant height 48.50 cm, stem diameter 1.10 cm, and number of leaves 8 ,25 strands.

PENGARUH APLIKASI MIKORIZA DAN KOMPOS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN KEDELAI

The Effect of Mycorrhizal and Compost Applications on the Growth and Production of Soybean Plants. Supervised by St. Subaedah and Saida. This research was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of mycorrhizal applications on the growth and production of soybean plants, to determine the response of soybean plants to compost and mycorrhizal applications and to determine the effect of compost dosage on mycorrhizal media on growth and production of soybean plants. This research was conducted at the Green House and Soil Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Muslim University of Indonesia. It took place from August to November 2020. The materials used in this study were soil, sand, mycorrhizae, compost, NPK, soybean seeds, polybags 30 x 40 cm in size, distilled water and alcohol. This research was designed with a randomized block design consisting of five treatments, namely without mycorrhizal and without compost (M0), mycorrhizal application without compost (M1), mycorrhizal application + compost 10 g / polybag (M2), mycorrhizal application + compost 15 g / polybag. (M3) and mycorrhizal application + compost 20 g / polybag. Each treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 15 experimental units. The results showed that mycorrhizal application gave a better effect on plant height than without mycorrhizae, mycorrhizal and compost applications had a better effect on pod weight and soybean seed weight per plant, mycorrhizal application and compost at a dose of 20 g / polybag obtained per the tallest plant.

Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on growth and absorption of nutrients of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) under salinity stress.

به منظور بررسی تاثیر قارچ‌های مایکوریزا بر خصوصیات رشدی و جذب عناصر جعفری مکزیکی (.Tagetes minuta L) تحت تنش شوری آزمایش گلدانی بصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در 3 تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. فاکتور اول کاربرد قارچ میکوریزا در سه سطح (عدم تلقیح، Rhizophagus intradices و Funnetiformis mosseae) و فاکتور دوم شامل 4 سطح شوری آب آبیاری (0، 40، 80 و 120 میلی‌مولار کلرید سدیم) ‌بود. نتایج نشان داد کلیه صفات رشدی در اثر تنش شوری به شدت کاهش یافتند و کاربرد مایکوریزا باعث تعدیل اثرات مضر شوری و مقاومت گیاه به شوری گردید. بیشترین تعداد گره (12.89)، قطر ساقه (7.49 میلی‌متر)، ارتفاع بوته (65.75 سانتی‌متر) و تعداد شاخه جانبی (23.33) در تیمار بدون تنش شوری همراه با کاربرد قارچ مایکوریزا رایزوفاجوس اینترادیکس حاصل شد. با افزایش شوری میزان فسفر، کلسیم، سدیم، کلر و نیتروژن برگ افزایش و در مقابل میزان پتاسیم، منگنز، روی و آهن آن کاهش یافت. بیشترین میزان فسفر برگ (8.5 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن خشک برگ) در بالاترین سطح تنش شوری و کاربرد قارچ فونتی فورمیس موسه‌آ، بیشترین میزان سدیم (33/123 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن خشک برگ) و کلر برگ (63.09 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن خشک برگ) در تیمار 120 میلی‌مولار شوری و بدون کاربرد مایکوریزا مشاهده شد. این در حالی‌است که بیشترین میزان پتاسیم برگ (6.23 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن خشک برگ) در تیمار فاقد شوری و بدون کاربرد قارچ‌های مایکوریزا، بیشترین میزان منگنز برگ (143.91 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن خشک برگ) در تیمار 40 میلی‌مولار شوری و کاربرد موسه‌آ و بیشترین میزان روی برگ (7.12 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن خشک برگ) در تیمار فاقد شوری و کاربرد موسه‌آ ثبت شد. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که شوری سبب کاهش میزان رشد و کاربرد مایکوریزا در این شرایط باعث بهبود رشد و جذب عناصرغذایی شد.استفاده از قارچ‌های مایکوریزا بخصوص فونتی­فورمیس موسه­آ به ­عنوان یک راهکار مناسب برای افزایش مقاومت به شوری در گیاه جعفری مکزیکی توصیه می­گردد.

Integrated nutrient management with mycorrhizal application on capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. Grossum Sebdt.) under protected cultivation in Tripura

Integrated nutrient management with mycorrhizal application on capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. Grossum Sebdt.) under protected cultivation in Tripura

The Effects of Types of Manure and Mycorrhizal Applications on Sandy Soils on the Growth and Yield of Curly Red Chili (Capsicum annum L.)

Market demand for chilies continues to increase, so efforts are needed to increase the productivity of the chili plants. One of the efforts is by intensifying production factors such as applying fertilizers on beach sand which contain low nutrients and organic matter so that manure input is needed and also utilizes soil microbial technology in the form of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which are relatively cheap economically and environmentally friendly. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of types of manure and mycorrhizal applications on the growth and yield of curly red chili. The research was arranged in a strip-plot Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) consisting of two factors with three replications. The first factor is the type of fertilizer (cow manure, chicken manure, guano fertilizer, quail manure and urea fertilizer) and the second factor is the application of mycorrhizae (with and without). This study concludes that quail manure increases plant height. The addition of chicken manure, guano fertilizer and quail manure multiplies the total fruit production. The application of mycorrhizae gives the same results on the growth and yield of chili.

Growth and Yield of Two Soybean Varieties by Phosphate Fertilization and Arbuscular mycorrhizal Application

Growth and Yield of Two Soybean Varieties by Phosphate Fertilization and Arbuscular mycorrhizal Application

Growth and yield of various soybean variety (Glycine max L. merril) with mycorrhizal application

Soybean demand from year to year is increasing in line with an increase in population and increasing people’s understanding of nutritious food, while soybean production is still very low. Therefore, various efforts continue to be made to increase soybean production, for example by selecting high-yielding varieties and improving soil fertility. This research was conducted with the aim of increasing soybean crop production by selecting appropriate varieties and improving soil fertility by application mycorrhizal biofertilizers. This research was conducted in the form of experiments in the district of Takalar, South Sulawesi, which took place from April to July 2019. The experiment was designed with the Split Plot Design. As the main plot is the treatment of varieties consisting of 3 types, namely: Anjasmoro varieties, Argomulyo varieties and Gema. As a subplot is the provision of mycorrhizae consisting of two levels, namely without the application of mycorrhizae and mycorrhizal applications. From these two factors, 6 treatment combinations were obtained and were repeated three times, so that 18 experimental units were obtained. The results showed that there was an effect of varieties treatment and mycorrhizal application on plant growth and soybean crop production. The use of Gema varieties and their interactions with the application of mycorrhizae produce the highest soybean plants. The parameters of production components and soybean production indicate that mycorrhizal application produces the highest number of productive branches, while the use of Anjasmoro and Argomulyo varieties produces the highest number of pods, pod weight and dry seed production per ha.

Pengaruh Pemberian Kompos Blotong Limbah Pabrik Gula Dan Mikoriza Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)

Nursery success is one of the important things in the oil palm plantation business. Nurseries are the beginning of efforts to cultivate palm plants, so the nurseries must consider all the conditions that can affect the development of the growth of oil palm plants. One important requirement is to conduct nurseries that tend to be organic, which are environmentally friendly. The use of organic fertilizers and sustainable biological fertilizers is very important in increasing soil fertility, growth and crop yields. Organic fertilizer that used is sugar mill wasted blotong and biological fertilizer is mychorrhizal. To determine the effect of giving sugar mill waste blotong and mycorrhizal applications on P nutrient levels in the Main Nursery. This study uses factorial randomized block design method (RAK). First factor is blotong (B): B0= control, B1= 500 gr blotong/seed, B2= 100 gr blotong/seed. Second factor is Mycorrhizal (M): M0= control, M1= 10 gr mycorrhizal arbusculae/seed, M2= 20 gr mycorrhizal arbusculae/seed. 9 treatment combinations were obtained with 4 replications, so the total treatment was 36. Blotong compost application significantly affected palm seed height, canopy dry weight and root dry weight, while mycorrhizal application only significantly affected seed height. the combination between them two gives the best effect on B1M1 treatment.

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE, MYCORRHIZAL APPLICATION AND BULB SEPARATION ON THE GROWTH OF THE WILD ORCHID ANACAMPTIS PYRAMIDALIS

Pyramidal orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis) is a wild terrestrial orchid widelyfound in Lebanon and the Mediterranean zone. Random collection and trade of theorchid for medicinal and edible use (salep) subjected it to a risk of extinction.Consequently, the current work aimed to propagate this orchid in vivo. Orchidbulbs were transplanted from the wild into four different soil substrates (Pinebark,Pinebark-Peat (1/1), Peat-Sand (1/1) and control: soil from the collection site)under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. The effect of mycorrhizalapplication (MY: Yes) was tested in the different substrates except in control andorchid bulbs (son bulb and mother bulb) were planted combined (SB+MB) or afterseparation of the mother bulb (SB). Same treatments were repeated over twoconsecutive years. Results showed an earlier emergence of son bulbs (SB) grownin control substrate. Moreover, there was a significant difference in plant growthwith superiority for (SB) compared to (SB+MB) regarding plant length andelongation of first leaf except bulb dimensions (length and width) that were higherin (SB+MB). Mycorrhizal application enhanced the overall growth of plants and itseffect was the most obvious in the substrate Peat-Sand (1/1). In general, the bestgrowth of the orchid was observed at the level (SB)/(MY:Yes)/Peat-Sand (1/1).Results of the second experimental year confirmed those of the first year with animprovement of the rate of emergence by 13%. The in vivo propagation methodwas beneficial on improving the growth of A. pyramidalis ex situ and it could beadopted as an initiative for wild orchid conservation.

Strengthening mycorrhizal research in South America.

Strengthening mycorrhizal research in South America.

Mycorrhizal colonization of indigenous tropical tree species grown in peat swamp forests of Sumatera, Indonesia

The restoration of peat swamp forests in Sumatra island has become Indonesian government’s priority to restore ecological functions and their utilization. Indigenous. However, little information is available on the status of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in Sumatera. The objective of this research was to know AM fungi colonization in indigenous of tropical peat swamp forests. Root samples of 28 tree species in 14 families grown in a peat swamp forest of Jambi, Riau, and South Sumatera. All soil and tree roots were grown in zeolite media and trapped in Pueraria javanica and Shorgum bicolor as host plants for four months in a green house. Roots were stained with 0.1% trypan blue and vesicles, arbuscles and internal hyphae of AM fungi observed under a compound microscope. The results have shown that 20 tree species (72%) were colonized by AM fungi, 4 tree species of the dipterocarps family (14%) were colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM), and four other tree species (14%) did not find FMA or ECM colonization. It is suggested that utilization of mycorrhizas can increase early growth of some tree species grown in peat swamp forests and mycorrhizal application will be expected as a key technology to restore degraded peatlands.

Conservation trial ofAnacamptis pyramidalisthrough vegetative propagation combining the effect of medium conditions and bulb state

Pyramidal orchid [Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich.] is a wild terrestrial orchid found widely in the Mediterranean zone. In Lebanon, random collection and the absence of a conservation strategy have subjected it to the risk of extinction, which stimulated a propagation trial in 2014 and 2015 as an initiative for a future conservation strategy. Orchid bulbs were transplanted from the wild into four substrates (pine bark, pine bark-peat (1/1), peat-sand (1/1) and soil from the collection site as a control), The effect of mycorrhizal application (MY:Yes) was tested in the different substrates except in the control, and orchid bulbs (son bulb SB and mother bulb MB) were planted combined (SB+MB) or after separation of the mother bulb (SB). The same treatments were repeated over two consecutive years. Results showed an earlier emergence of son bulbs (SB) grown in control substrate. Moreover, there was a significant difference in plant growth, with superiority for SB compared with SB+MB regarding plant length and elongation of first leaf. Mycorrhizal application enhanced the overall growth of plants, and its effect was most evident in the substrate peat-sand (1/1). In general, the best growth of the orchid was observed in the combination SB/MY:Yes/peat-sand (1/1). Results of the second experimental year confirmed those of the first year, with an improvement of the rate of emergence by 13%.

Applications of mycorrhiza on potato growth and productivity

Mycorrhiza is a root plant symbiont functioning to increase mineral and nutrients absorption. Mycorrhiza fertilization to potatoes has to be monitoredin order to observethe effects of mycorrhiza on the growth of potatoes. Therefore, theaim of thisstudy was to analyze the effect of mycorrhiza on potato growth and production. This field research was conducted in Kledung village, Temanggung (1,138 masl) from 25 March to 25 June 2018. The method used was separated block design with 4 treatments and 20 replications in each plot. The first plot (P1) was the plot without treatment; the second plot (P2), positive control, was the plot treated with chemical fertilizer;the third plot (P3) was plot treated with organic fertilizer Bokasi and Trichoderma; and the fourth plot (P4) was fertilized using mycorrhiza. The data related to growth and production were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test; while, to determine the best type of fertilizer among treatments t-testwas used. The results showed that mycorrhizal application significantly increased height (20.12 cm p ≤ 0.05), the number of leaf (32.47, p ≤ 0.05), and potato production (213.70 gr). It can be concluded that the use of mycorrhiza significantly increased the growth and production of potato.

Aplikasi Mikoriza Arbuskula Untuk Meningkatkan Serapan Fosfat, Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.)

One of the problems in phosphate nutrient fertilization is a low level of efficiency, so the application of arbuscular mycorrhiza is often done to increase phosphate uptake. In this study mycorrhizal was applied to shallots which were given P fertilizer to assess the effect of mycorrhizal applications on growth, yield, and phosphate uptake. This research was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture's Greenhouse of the University of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru from March to May 2016. The seed of shallot was grown on 5 kg of soil and quartz sand (3:1) fertilized by P (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg SP-36 ha-1) and applied with mycorrhiza (without and with 10 g of plant-1 mycorrhizal inoculum) at planting. The observations made after 75 days after planting showed that the application of arbuscular mycorrhiza was effected to improve several observation variables, namely plant dry weight, bulb dry weight, phosphate nutrient uptake, and phosphate efficiency. The application of mycorrhiza at phosphate doses of 250 kg SP-36 ha-1 can increase plant dry weight by 97% and bulb dry weight by 203% compared to without mycorrhiza. Whereas the application of mycorrhiza at a phosphate dose of 100 kg SP-36 ha-1 is the best and most efficient treatment to increase phosphate nutrient uptake and phosphate efficiency. The results of this study show that the application of mycorrhizal can increase nutrient uptake of phosphate which ultimately increases the growth and production of shallot plants.

Recent Trend: Is the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant-Enemies Performance Biased by Taxon Usage?

The potential for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to confer resistance and provide bioprotection against plant pests and pathogens is intriguing to biologists studying at many levels of biological organization, including the organismal, population, and community levels. In recent years, there has been a growing trend to experimentally test the role of AM-fungi in plant-enemy performance. Yet, it remains unclear whether taxon usage in these studies are biasing the results. Here I conducted a survey, while strictly focusing on the effect of AM-fungi, with respect to plant-enemies performance. I found 25% of case studies did not observe a reduction in performance. Interestingly, 75% of studies featured a single AM-fungal taxon, as opposed to multiple taxa. What is even more compelling, 72% of studies featured Rhizophagus irregularis and Funnelformis mosseae. These findings demonstrate a lack of AM-fungal diversity in this area of research and a need for expansion in mycorrhizal taxon usage, to understand more fully the significance of mycorrhizal application in conferring bioprotection.