Mutual Vulnerabilities Research Articles

Allies and diffusion of state military cybercapacity

Understanding the diffusion of military capabilities is a central issue in international relations. Despite this, only a few works attempt to explain this phenomenon, focusing on threats. This article explains why threats alone cannot account for cybercapacity-development diffusion and introduces a more consistent explanation: the role of alliances. Allies with cybercapacity help partner-countries without cybercapacity start developing their own capacity to increase the alliance’s overall security by reducing mutual vulnerabilities in cyberspace. Partner-countries that lack cybercapacity are eager to accept this option because it is more favorable than developing cybercapacity on their own. Partner-countries may also start investing in cybersecurity to reduce the likelihood of being abandoned in other, conventional, domains. My new cross-sectional time-series dataset on indicators of a state’s cybercapacity-development initiation for 2000–18 provides robust empirical support for this argument and offers important implications for scholarship on arms, allies, and diffusion.

“The pandemic came to teach us how to eat”: COVID‐19, mutual vulnerability, and native corn in Oaxaca

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has been a period of inflection in the growth of native corn revivalism in Oaxaca, Mexico. New businesses opened selling food and drinks derived from native corn, events such as seed‐swaps were inaugurated, and farmers who had previously grown hybrid corn began experimenting with native seeds. This revivalism was not merely commercial or gustatory, but entailed a re‐evaluation by revivalists of their relationship to native corn. Such relationships became increasingly framed through mutual vulnerabilities. In this article I argue that native corn revivalism is a direct response to the COVID‐19 crisis. I explore how vulnerability featured in my interlocutors’ tellings of the crisis, demonstrating that it offered an analytic through which they theorized and constructed relationships. This approach builds upon interpretations of crisis as narrative form, but turns its attention away from the power‐effects of crisis narratives to instead look to the relationships that such narratives engender.

Power in a Union: How Unexpected Group Partnerships Form

While scholars have focused extensively on the consequences of partnerships between interest groups, less attention has been paid to the historical dynamics shaping when, how, and why such groups unite. This is especially true of “unexpected” partnerships, which unite groups with seemingly little in common. Such partnerships are important, as they can reshape to an unusual degree which actors, issues, and ideas “fit together” politically. We address the puzzle of how unexpected group partnerships form through case studies of previously non-existent alliances between labor unions and the gay/lesbian rights movement in the United States and United Kingdom in the 1970s and 1980s. Using these cases, we produce a theory arguing that unexpected partnerships are a product of a favorable political opportunity structure—present when each group experiences shared threats and mutual vulnerabilities—and the actions of entrepreneurial group leaders, who forge cross-group identities, accentuate shared ideological convictions, and build institutional ties.

Hydro-diplomacy and the prospects of environmental peacebuilding between Pakistan and India

Pakistan and India have a history of animosity on many issues including transboundary water sharing but in 1960 both states agreed on sharing the rivers of the Indus basin by signing the Indus Water Treaty (IWT). IWT ensures sustained cooperation on the issue of transboundary water sharing and sets the parameters for the hydro-diplomacy between Pakistan and India. In recent times, mutual vulnerabilities around the environmental issues and the water scarcity, have again brought in a possibility of extending cooperation on water sharing by revisiting the IWT. Consequently, the hydro-diplomacy has the potential of spill over effect for the settlement of outstanding disputes between Pakistan and India thus paving the way for the regional peace and integration of South Asia. The paper reviews the literature on hydro-diplomacy and incorporates the document analysis to analyse the efficacy of the principles of cooperation laid down in IWT and evaluates the forces that have been behind the treaty and the possibilities for the future of environmental peacebuilding between Pakistan and India. The paper also evaluates the hydro-diplomacy as characterized by the power dynamics, hegemony, and the nature of political and economic relations between Pakistan and India.

On Love, Dying Alone, and Community

This paper examines the problem of dying alone in the context of no-visitors hospital policy during the COVID-19 pandemic. It critically analyses a rights-based solution, offering a democratized visitors policy alternative, premised on the value of legal justice. While an inclusive, participatory, and thoroughly justified visitors' policy, which takes into account the good of all stakeholders in the process, is indeed the right alternative to the paternalistic, top-down no-visitors policy, I argue that the democratized visitors' policy alternative ought to be grounded on reasons of both justice and love. Legal justice and claimable individual rights, though important, are limited and cannot fully capture the vicissitudes of mutual vulnerabilities and the moral stringency of duties of mutual care. In the context of suffering and death, instances of extreme vulnerability and interdependence, individual rights of autonomy and self-determination prove insufficient to meet our most basic needs for love, human presence, and accompaniment.

Visual Narratives & The Posthuman: Making Interspecies Connections Between Cryptic Creatures and Humans Tangible

Prompted by species extinctions, exclusions of ‘unloved’ others from ethical considerations, and mutual vulnerabilities of humans and nonhumans on a changing planet, I explore visual narrative as a method to (re)situate humans ecologically, and nonhumans ethically (Plumwood 2002), and imagine better relationships with biological kin that often go unnoticed. Visual narratives provide a range of possibilities for making interspecies connectivity more tangible, from the macro to the micro. Making sense of other beings happens in more than only linguistic ways. Visual narratives provide ways to attune to nonverbal sense-making. I highlight three interrelated themes – communications, patterns, and hybridity – in relation to narrative techniques like scale, perspective, and possible reader engagements. I explore how they make visible and (de)familiarise repeating forms, processes and multi-sensory experiences across scales. Drawing from my own practice and others, even the most cryptic creatures can become less alien.

Couldn’t care less? A psychosocial analysis of contemporary cancer care policy as a case of borderline welfare

This article engages with recent shifts in public healthcare policy in Norway through a psychosocial analysis of contemporary cancer care, which evokes the hope of cure and reparation in the psychosocial imaginary. With increasing incidence and prevalence, cancer is a persistent challenge for public health services. Policy makers therefore emphasise that resources must be prioritised while ensuring good-quality care for vulnerable citizens. In 2015, Norway implemented integrated patient pathways as national guidelines to standardise clinical assessment and medical treatment for patients with a suspected cancer diagnosis. In a text analysis of ‘the integrated breast cancer pathway’ as a framework for practice, we found the concept and practice of care absent. There were sparse descriptions of the relational responsibilities of health professionals, beyond informing and communicating. From a psychosocial care understanding, we problematise how the emphasis on information delivery presupposes a universally autonomous, competent, resilient and rational patient, rather than a particular human being with complex thoughts, feelings, needs and vulnerabilities in the face of a life-threatening illness. We refer to wider issues effected by neoliberal governance, which may profoundly impact on the relationship between professionals and patients. We raise the concern that integrated cancer care is a case of borderline welfare, characterised by a fear of feelings associated with mutual vulnerabilities and dependencies. We identify values and ethical pressures at stake in an emerging careless policy in Norwegian welfare, in light of the government’s stated ambition to become an international role model for good patient trajectories.

North Korean Nuclear Learning Under the Essentials of Nuclear Revolution: Cooperative Mechanics for Stabilizing the Korean Peninsula

This paper attempts to answer an overarching question: how the meaning of nuclear revolution can be applicable in the Korean Peninsula and if the theory of nuclear revolution has changed the overall dynamics of warfare between the US–Republic of Korea (ROK) and North Korea? In finding an answer to this key question, this article conceptualizes the North Korean nuclear learning under the essentials of nuclear revolution. Under the ambit of nuclear revolution, this article finds out that if North Korea uses its nuclear weapons as part of its war-fighting strategy, it will not be an over-kill, but a mutual kill on both sides of the Korean Peninsula. The article concludes that since nuclear revolution causes mutual vulnerabilities, Pyongyang will be extremely careful thinking about the unthinkable against Seoul. In doing so, it will opt for more cooperation with the US–ROK to prevent war, practice restraint, and stabilize the Korean Peninsula.

Abstract 1416: Pan-cancer mutual vulnerability and viability

Abstract We used a skew-distribution-based statistical methodology to fit parametric models of cell-viability profiles from genome-wide RNAi-gene knockdowns. We identify the subset of genes with the highest degree of skewness that represent most oncogenes and tumor suppressors. We decomposed those genes using matrix decomposition in order to define mutual vulnerabilities. The resulting matrix decomposition components represent coordinated patterns of gene dependency shared by many genes in many cell lines across cancer types. We identify the most salient mutual vulnerabilities, generate a comprehensive catalog of them, and annotate them based on their association with a variety of genomic features including: gene, protein, and pathway expression, mutational landscape, copy number alterations, promoter methylations, metabolites, miRNAs, and drug sensitivities. We also generate an Onco-GPS (Oncogenic Positioning System) Map that provides a summary and visual representation of the mutual vulnerabilities and their components, and allow us to compare them with their counterparts in Pan-Cancer transcriptional and drug sensitivity spaces. Citation Format: Huwate Yeerna, William Kim, William C. Hahn, Jill Mesirov, Pablo Tamayo. Pan-cancer mutual vulnerability and viability [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1416.

Thinking Ecologically About Rhetoric's Ontology: Capacity, Vulnerability, and Resilience

ABSTRACT Rhetoric teems with ecologically inclined thoughts. This article's interest in “ecology” arises from the circumstance of rhetoric's multiple ontologies. We revise three commonplaces of theory to support discussions that follow from understanding rhetoric's ontology as an emergent, materially diverse phenomenon, shifting the emphasis from agency to capacity, from violence to vulnerability, and from recalcitrance to resilience. The proposed commonplaces treat ecology as an orientation to patterns and relationships in the world, not as a science. The article is organized by these three interrelated transitions. The first transition defines capacity more fully in contrast to symbol use as human agency. The second moves from thinking of rhetorical force as imposition, which is tied to violence, to understanding it as a distributed sense of capacity derived from mutual vulnerabilities between entities. The third suggests that the persistence of rhetorical capacities stems from systemic adaptability and sustainability (resilience) rather than individuated abilities to resist (recalcitrance).

Caring for elder patients: Mutual vulnerabilities in professional ethics.

Neglect and abuse of elders in care institutions is a recurring issue in the media. Elders in care institutions are vulnerable due to their physical, cognitive, and verbal limitations. Such vulnerabilities may make them more susceptible to mistreatment by caregivers on whom they are heavily dependent. The goal was to understand caregivers' concerns about ensuring correct and proper treatment, as well as their experiences with neglect and abuse of older patients. This article examines resources and challenges of professional ethics within the care setting. A study was conducted to explore the quality of care provided to older patients in nursing homes, geriatrics institutions, and ambulant care in the northwest region of Switzerland. A total of 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted with nursing staff of varying experience levels. Ethical approval was granted by the competent regional ethics commission, Ethikkomission Nordwest-und Zentralschweiz EKNZ [Ethics Commission Northwest and Central Switzerland] (2014-015). Three themes emerged from our data analysis: professional identity, professional context, and professional relationships. Our findings indicate mutual vulnerabilities within these three themes, characterizing the interactions between nursing staff and older patients. Study participants believe that incidences of error, neglect, and abuse are consequences of their own vulnerability since they are not able to meet the demands of an overstraining work situation. Different aspects of this mutual vulnerability are described and critically discussed as challenges for professional ethics. Early education, continuous training as well as better management and response from the institution are necessary to maintain professionalism while handling mutual vulnerabilities.

The Uncomfortable Meeting Grounds of Different Vulnerabilities: Disability and the Political Asylum Process

Political asylum is based on a discourse of rescue that corresponds in part to discussions of precarity, interdependence, and mutual vulnerabilities in transnational feminist work. Although political asylum can be seen as a response to a human rights solicitation, this solicitation is often refused, resulting in deportation rather than asylum for most applicants. Individuals who claim persecution on account of disability face additional obstacles and are caught between conflicting discourses of rescue, exacerbated by their being both invisible and hypervisible within the political asylum system. Building on our earlier work on discourses of refusal within the political asylum process, we examine how, consistent with disability rights discourses, the refused individuals themselves refuse the narratives and subject positions assigned to them. Further, we consider how the refusal of rescue itself participates in the maintenance of asymmetrical transnational power relations.

Wasps-Bees-Mushrooms-Children: Reimagining Multispecies Relations in Early Childhood Pedagogies

This article considers thinking with a common worlds framework in relation to reimagining our pedagogies to move beyond the nature/culture binary. Drawing on the work of scholars who engage with common worlds ethnographic projects, the author grapples with what it means to shift from humancentric perspectives of teaching children about nature toward attending to the interdependencies, mutual vulnerabilities, and responsibilities between humans and nonhumans. The article describes encounters between children, wasps, bees, and mushrooms as a means of illustrating how we might move toward different ways relating to the nature/culture divide, away from learning about toward thinking with.

Social Protection Beyond the Bottom Billion

Most conceptualisations of bottom billion assume that the poor are a minority group in a state of continuous dependency, identifiable by region and demographic. Using a flow analysis (inflow and outflow) of poverty, rather than a stock analysis, we explain why poverty is more appropriately understood as a dynamic, with majority of people flowing in and out of poverty for short durations. Distinguishing between structural and transitory poverty gives rise to a focus on identification of multiple constituencies in wider population including permanently poor; sometimes poor; and non-poor. External shocks, including economic and environmental shifts, and risks such as ill-health, can affect any individual, household, or population in a non-predictable way, and can lead to loss of livelihood and a descent into poverty for various durations. At any point in time bottom billion is made up of a blend of both transitory and structural elements with former reflecting poverty as a risk for a much wider population than is often assumed. Using this analysis, total stock of poverty potentially entails up to 5.1 billion people who do not have access to comprehensive social protection systems and are therefore vulnerable to spells in poverty. To protect against shared risks and mutual vulnerabilities, this paper argues that global insurance instruments, regulated through domestic institutions, would provide an efficient solution to transitory poverty. Further, it argues that these instruments could provide a foundation for investment in more equitable and extensive social protection measures that could target multiple dimensions of structural poverty thereby seeking to ensure that no one is left behind.

Cultural vulnerability: A narrative approach to intercultural care

This article uses analysis of focus group discussions with palliative care professionals in the United Kingdom to discuss the value of a stance of cultural vulnerability in intercultural social work. Cultural vulnerability recognizes mutual vulnerabilities in caring relationships. The meanings and potential of cultural vulnerability are explicated through an in-depth case study analysis of a group interview with hospice social workers. Narrative methods are advocated as a resource in supporting practitioners to recognize cultural vulnerability and to work with indeterminacy and difficult emotions. The representation and role of cultural knowledge and racism in social work narratives is given specific attention.

Det nakna ordet - Den protesterande kroppens transkorporala etik

This essay brings feminist corporeal theories and material feminisms to bear upon the many naked protests occurring worldwide, asking how the naked body functions within these events. While most feminist corporeal theories remain within the demarcation of the Human, the naked protests considered here extend human corporeality into actual places, enacting nakedness as an ethical performance of vulnerability – the allied, mutual vulnerabilities of human/animal/environment. Taking up the concept of intercorporeality, as defined by Gail Weiss and others, I propose the term ‘‘trans-corporeality,’’ which emphasizes the imbrication of human bodies not only with each other, but with non-human creatures and physical landscapes. Feminist theories of performance, particularly those of Peggy Phelan (1993) and Rebecca Schneider (1997), are crucial for understanding the possibilities for expressing this sense of trans-corporeality, which redefines the human as material, and thus requires a critique, subversion, or evasion of the dominant modes of representation and the gendered scenarios of visibility. The performance artist/activist La Tigresa, who strips for loggers to save old-growth forests, and the many Bare Witness activists who spell out words with their naked bodies perform vulnerability as a trans-corporeal condition in which the material interchanges between human corporeality, geographical places, and vast networks of power, provoke ethical and political actions. Paying attention to particular corporeal actions, activities, practices, and events can help feminist theory reconsider ‘‘the body’’ as more than a site of cultural inscription. Moreover, the naked protests considered here extend the parameters of the political domain by seeking an ethical recognition of vulnerable, interdependent, interwoven, human and non-human flesh.

The naked word: The trans-corporeal ethics of the protesting body

This essay brings feminist corporeal theories and material feminisms to bear upon the many naked protests occurring worldwide, asking how the naked body functions within these events. While most feminist corporeal theories remain within the demarcation of the Human, the naked protests considered here extend human corporeality into actual places, enacting nakedness as an ethical performance of vulnerability–the allied, mutual vulnerabilities of human/animal/environment. Taking up the concept of intercorporeality, as defined by Gail Weiss and others, I propose the term “trans-corporeality,” which emphasizes the imbrication of human bodies not only with each other, but with non-human creatures and physical landscapes. Feminist theories of performance, particularly those of Peggy Phelan (1993) and Rebecca Schneider (1997), are crucial for understanding the possibilities for expressing this sense of trans-corporeality, which redefines the human as material, and thus requires a critique, subversion, or evasion of the dominant modes of representation and the gendered scenarios of visibility. The performance artist/activist La Tigresa, who strips for loggers to save old-growth forests, and the many Bare Witness activists who spell out words with their naked bodies perform vulnerability as a trans-corporeal condition in which the material interchanges between human corporeality, geographical places, and vast networks of power, provoke ethical and political actions. Paying attention to particular corporeal actions, activities, practices, and events can help feminist theory reconsider “the body” as more than a site of cultural inscription. Moreover, the naked protests considered here extend the parameters of the political domain by seeking an ethical recognition of vulnerable, interdependent, interwoven, human and non-human flesh. The naked protestors, significantly, carve out a space for their politics as much as they assert a voice. In doing so, they emphasize what is often occluded by discursive models–actual places, material bodies, and other matters. This emphasis on political space is not only crucial for an environmentalism that must insist upon the value of particular places, but–when recast as trans-corporeal space–also for a range of issues, including environmental justice, environmental health, and queer politics, that demand a recognition of the coextensiveness of material needs, pleasures, and dangers.

Integrated Policy and Planning for Water and Energy

We are faced with chronic water and energy vulnerabilities. Some argue that we will face two crises in the 21st century: a water crisis and an energy crisis (Brown 1998, 2003, Flavin 1999, Feffer 2008). Water will become increasingly scarce as water tables drop due to over-consumption and water quality will continue to deteriorate as a result of excessive contamination. Further, the present energy regime’s dependence on non-renewable sources has added considerable stress to the environment, including the prospect of climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007). We are amidst a situation where we could be easily blamed for compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This paper first briefly describes a need for understanding the integrated considerations of water and energy in resource planning, especially during droughts. After introducing a conceptual framework of the water-energy integration, this paper reviews the results of a national survey of energy and water departments to see how these synergic benefits are explored at the state level. Lessons learned from our case studies serve as useful guidelines for state water-energy planning and program development. Finally, as an example case of the water-energy nexus, the concept of desalination is introduced with its implication on energy demand.

Protecting the People: Public Security Choices After Civil Wars

Analysts of civil war settlements have devoted significant attention to how the security of warring parties can be enhanced to reduce their mutual vulnerabilities and foster peace. Less work has been done, however, on another serious challenge of postwar settings: the security of the general population. Once safe from the crossfire of warring armies, civilians often face new threats from violent criminals, excombatants, rioters, vigilantes, or members of other ethnic groups with whom they are to cohabit under a peace agreement. In the aftermath of virtually all the civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s, civilians perceived greater insecurity, often as a result of documented increases in violent crime. Ironically, in places like El Salvador and South Africa, civilians faced greater risk of violent death or serious injury after the end of the conflict than during it. [1] Even in cases where the end of civil wars has incontrovertibly reduced the dangers to civilians, postwar crime waves have been common, as have civil disturbances of various kinds. postwar public security situation is not entirely bleak: some aspects of peace settlements foster perceived and real improvements for the security of the general population. These include enhanced human rights protections, punishment for past human rights violations, and provisions to disarm combatants and civilians after wars. As compared to these various measures, reform of security institutions may have somewhat less impact on societies like Rwanda, where large portions of the populace are implicated in ethnic hatred and violence. Nevertheless, security reforms remain one of the most important mechanisms for preventing political violence and common crime in many postwar settings. As police scholar David Bayley puts it, The police are to government as the edge is to the knife. [2] Where police are repressive or politically biased, formal democratic rules and equality before the law can mean little in practice. Where the police are dominated by one ethnic group, members of excluded groups will likely turn to alternative, ethnically based mechanisms to provide security. And where no public security provisions are made, organized crime can assume such proportions as to produce corrupt mafia states, possibly with the complicity of international actors. Conversely, police who are effective in protecting individuals from criminal threats, who respect individuals' rights, and who protect vulnerable groups regardless of ethnicity or political orientation can create a positive climate even when broader political arrangements are uncertain or less than democratic. [3] Despite the myriad dangers for public security after conflict, relatively few civil war settlements explicitly set forth a road map for restructuring security forces in ways that reorient public safety toward protecting citizens rather than the regime. Of eighteen recent cases, minimal police reforms were included in twelve agreements (see Table 1). In most of these cases, few specifics were stipulated beyond the inclusion of former enemies into police forces and brief commitments to human rights standards and professionalization. general neglect of public security provisions in peace accords reflects the logic of peacemaking; the parties, and outside mediators, tend to focus on the post-settlement security of the civil war adversaries themselves, since this is what will make or break a peace process in the short run. Indeed, inattention to public security issues has seldom, if ever, caused renewed civil war. It has, however, contributed to extreme hardships and undermined longer-term prospects for both peace and democracy. Most civil war peace accords in the post-Cold War period have depended to some extent on liberal political institutions, including elections with at least two competing parties, constitutional systems with checks and balances, and minimum political and civic rights. …

From AD 2000 to AD 2025

THE CUSP OF ANOTHER MILLENNIUM can spur reflection on the future as well as the past. Which alternative futures should we nurture? Which should we try to avoid? Before attempting to answer those question, we must start with the facts of international life today - global interdependence, the forces of globalization, and the existing pyramid of power.Global interdependence means that states are mutually vulnerable - in military, economic, public health, and other terms. Our close proximity permits us to hurt or to help one another.(f.1) Still, we have choices. We may claim and seize values for ourselves at the expense of others or create values with others for mutual gain.(f.2)Networks of global interdependence reinforce the importance of states, but many transnational forces ignore and transcend state borders. Some - knowledge, values, skills, and tastes - are intangible. Others - drugs and viruses - are tangible. All are spread by transportation and communication technologies - airplanes, ships, modems, satellite broadcasting, electronic banking. Transnational forces can integrate humanity or divide it. Modems can be used by the Ku Klux Klan as well as by Human Rights Watch. Neither the forces of Jihad nor those of McWorld bode well for democracy.(f.3)Within this flux, however, there is also a pyramid of power. Many thousands of non-state actors crowd the world stage, but states remain the most weighty actors and form a hierarchy of power. At the end of the 20th century the world is unipolar. It combines a single superpower with successive levels of great, medium, regional, and rising powers. Only the United States possesses great military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural strengths; even its physical setting, resources, and distance from potential foes is unmatched. The great powers in the second rung are strong in some domains but pre-eminent in none.(f.4) Each lacks important assets. A united Europe could be strong in most realms (though never able to match the United States in physical setting), but Europe's potential remains far from fulfilled. The strengths and weaknesses of other potential powers such as Kazakstan and Brazil depend on a host of factors difficult to predict - from the price of oil to climate change.Heirarchy of Power in the 1990sSuperpower: United StatesGreat Powers: Japan, China, Germany, RussiaMedium Powers: United Kingdom, France, India, ItalyPotential Great Powers: European Union, Kazakstan, UkraineRegional Powers: Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan.Let us stretch our minds across the first quarter of the twenty-first century and focus on six possible scenarios. Each assumes that technology continues to reduce distance and time, that many means of locomotion and of destruction become cheaper and more widely acceptable, and that mutual vulnerabilities increase. The first five scenarios assume that governments dominate the world scene; the sixth that the processes of globalization elicit world governance by combinations of national, international, and transnational agents. Each scenario blends elements of conflict and mutual gain.To maximize credibility, let us portray each scenario as a fact rather than as what 'could,' 'would,' or 'should' be. The most familiar scenarios - those closest to the pyramid of power in the 1990s - are listed first.I UNIPOLAR STABILITYUnited States hegemony is rooted in tangible and intangible assets that show no sign of weakening - a splendid geographical setting occupied by a diverse and well-educated population with freedom to create.(f.5) The unipolar world continues for decades. It proves to be the most peaceful, stable, and prosperous era in human history. It is a world in which most states deal with global interdependence so as to generate mutual gain. It begins to embody the principle: From each according to her or his ability, to each according to her or his need. …