Mutual Recognition Research Articles

Exercise design for interagency collaboration training: The case of maritime nuclear emergency management tabletop exercises

AbstractIn this paper, we explore a concept of exercise design within emergency management competence development. The paper presents recommendations for exercise design aspects that may be suitable for gaining collaboration skills and knowledge that responders need in unknown events of high complexity. This study explores the practice of tabletop exercises with complex scenarios that engage participants to discover organizational roles and responsibility division in collaborative action. Empirically, we base our analysis on maritime search and rescue nuclear preparedness exercises in the Arctic seas. We focus on elements that are essential for learners to increase their knowledge of operational complexity and collaborative performance, including understanding one's own and others' roles and responsibilities, formation of interagency teams, their boundaries and interaction between authorities and levels, mutual recognition of risks and learning about resource capacities and their limitations. The study draws conclusions on aspects that are critical for designing emergency management tabletop exercises, in particularly discussions in mixed groups for interpretative learning; own practice reflection for integrative learning; formulating general collaborative competence objectives, and complexity and realism of scenarios.

Mechanisms of forming the image of the Russian Federation in China

The article is about the consideration of the mechanisms for the formation of an objective Russian agenda in the People's Republic of China against the backdrop of a growing trend towards the transmission of a distorted image of Russia by the United States and its allies. China is the most important ally for Russia at the present stage, and, like Russia, it sees a similar structure of the world order and takes an independent and independent position on international issues. Non-alignment with Western sanctions against Russia, as well as active support, which is expressed in increasing strategic cooperation, joint projects, the creation of new agreements that strengthen and develop existing ties in many areas, speak of an unprecedented level of support for China. It is interesting to take a more detailed look at the political interaction between the two countries, namely, the fi eld of public diplomacy and the mechanisms and methods that are used by the parties to promote the image of a partner country in their own country. As noted by A. A. Velikaya, describing the principles on which Russian public diplomacy should be based, notes that special attention should be paid to those countries that already have a positive attitude towards Russia, and efforts to win the critical masses may be ineffective. Taking into account the mutual recognition by Russia and China of the wording "comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction in a new era" to describe bilateral relations, it speaks of the readiness and need for mutual promotion of a favorable image of countries to strengthen dialogue between peoples. Of interest are the advanced methods applied by the two countries to achieve this goal.

The Civil Law Regime of an Electronic Document in Business Activity in the Regions of Central Asia

This article discusses issues relating to electronic documents in business activities, taking into account the trend in the development of civil legislation and law enforcement practice of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Currently, special attention is paid to international requirements and recommendations on procedures and rules of electronic document management. In particular, the study of mutual recognition between different jurisdictions of electronic digital signatures, the expansion of mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of electronic document management between countries, the creation of unified rules for the recognition of electronic documents, the expansion of the scope of electronic document management, including in the business environment, the widespread use of smart contracts, the use of alternatives to electronic digital signatures (such as QR codes, fingerprints, scanned version of a handwritten signature and others), ensure a level of protection of electronic documents. In Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, uniform document management standards have not yet been defined. In practice, companies, as well as state institutions, use both options – document management using paper and electronic media. That is, both countries are characterized by a hybrid format of office work, which creates inconveniences and unnecessary red tape for processing and forwarding documents, and after receiving an electronic document, it becomes necessary to save a copy of it on paper. Therefore, the reasonable use of an electronic document in business activity is one of priority in civil law research.

Authoritarian middle powers and the liberal order: Turkey's contestation of the EU

Abstract The conventional expectation that middle powers support the liberal international order (LIO) is now increasingly being questioned. This article seeks to explore why and how emerging authoritarian middle powers contest the LIO through a study of Turkey's contestation of the EU. By conceptualizing contestations of the LIO as claims to global justice, the article examines the justice claims that underlie Turkey's contestation; with regard to discourse, it does so through a qualitative content analysis of President Erdoğan's speeches, and with regard to practice, through a survey of Turkey's contestatory foreign policy practices. The article shows that middle powers can discursively attack the legitimacy of the LIO by underlining its constituents' failures in upholding their moral duties towards citizens extending beyond their borders (impartiality) and to those who suffer from structural inequalities in the international order (mutual recognition). It demonstrates that their contestatory practices, however, are made with a view to pursue the sovereign interests of the state, with minimal regard for impartiality and mutual recognition. The article unpacks this inconsistency and finds that authoritarian middle powers' contestation of the LIO is mainly driven by concerns for regime security, where the centrality of an issue area to the government's survival prospects is the key factor which determines whether contestation will occur.

Global justice and EU climate policy in a contested liberal international order

Abstract Following the failure of the Conference of the Parties (COP15) in 2009 in Copenhagen, the European Union has significantly altered its negotiation strategy in the global climate regime. It moved from an emphasis on ‘leadership by example’ and an insistence on top-down, binding targets within a framework of strong global governance institutions (impartiality in global justice terms) towards a strategy of shared leadership, increased dialogue (mutual recognition) and acceptance of more voluntary instruments (non-domination). This article traces this shift through an examination of EU policy documents and makes sense of it by reference to learning effects of an EU with solidarist ambitions in a pluralist international society, and the changing power distribution and contestations of the post-Cold War liberal order on the global level. Furthermore, it assesses the consequences of the shift for international society (especially concerning different ‘solidarisms’) and global climate justice. We argue that while a changed EU approach has been vital to maintaining the EU's status as a relevant actor and to secure the Paris Agreement, too much emphasis on the pluralist dimension and non-domination may also hinder effective global solutions to climate change. It is therefore vital that the EU continues its solidarist ambitions by pushing for rigorous measures of accountability, but also by alleviating structural domination in the climate regime and particularly by better recognizing and including civil society actors from the global South.

Maternal subjectivity of Indian Muslim mothers: reflections on the hijab and education

Most theories of motherhood, across different societies, tend to be anchored on the child’s needs. This results in mothers either idealised or blamed for the impact they have on their child. In all this theorising, I have found that maternal voice is absent, creating a gap in our understanding of maternal subjectivity. This article is part of the larger doctoral work focused on Indian Muslim mothers, building on Benjamin’s work that argues for mutual recognition of the other in a dyadic relationship as a subject. A psychosocial lens is used to explore the maternal experiences of raising adolescent daughters in contemporary times where the Muslim identity is frowned upon and their cultural practices are a matter of debate. In politically charged contemporary India, where religion is a prominent source of conflict, an Indian Muslim woman, doubly marginalised due to her gender and community, which is in a minority, would find it difficult to find a voice as a mother. Her reflections on hijab and education are highlighted in this article as she mothers and makes an attempt to provide a voice for herself and her daughter. It is proposed that her understanding of the relationship with her mother can be crucial to her negotiation of the current dilemmas of wearing a hijab and the significance of religious and secular education. The voices were captured in in-depth interviews conducted in the capital city of Delhi and have an implicit cultural flavour of North India.

The Hybrid Approach to the Free Flow of Skilled Labour in ASEAN: Analysis and Implications

The free flow of skilled labour, business persons, and talents (referred to as skilled labour) is considered as one of the elements contributing to the foundation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) Economic Community (AEC). The facilitation of ASEAN’s free flow of skilled labour is arguably unsuccessful because ASEAN members have preserved many constraints on the mobility of skilled workers. This research aims to analyse the hybrid approach to the free flow of skilled labour in ASEAN, which combines the liberalization of the movement of natural persons and qualification harmonization in accordance with the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS), ASEAN Trade in Services Agreement, ASEAN Agreement on Natural Persons, Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRAs), and ASEAN Qualification Reference Framework). The authors conceptualize the hybrid approach to the free flow of skilled labour in ASEAN to more effectively implement the regional provisions on the free flow of skilled and analyse its appropriateness and limitations. The research concludes that, for the long-term goal of upgrading the skills of ASEAN’s workforce, the hybrid approach is appropriate to ASEAN’s regional labour integration, under the principle of non-interference and the status of shortage of skilled labour. The authors propose several implications for ASEAN’s Member States to take advantage of the hybrid approach, maximize opportunities and reduce impediments from the impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the ‘job polarization’ phenomenon. Free flow of skilled labour, ASEAN, hybrid approach, brain circulation, job polarization, MNP, MRA, AQRF

ПРАВИЛА РЕГИСТРАЦИИ И ЭКСПЕРТИЗЫ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ СРЕДСТВ В РАМКАХ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОЮЗА: ОЦЕНКА КЛЮЧЕВЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ

The formation of a common pharmaceutical market within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union requires the harmonization and unification of procedures for registration and examination of medicines. Changes made annually to the Rules for Registration and Expertise, their analysis and evaluation contribute to the optimization of this process. The goal is to evaluate the key changes made to the Rules for Registration and Expertise of Medicines over the past two years by a group of experts. Materials and methods. The expert group included 38 specialists with experience in registration of medicinal products and making changes to the registration dossier. The evaluation was carried out according to the Likert scale using the developed expert evaluation card. Results. It is shown that, in general, experts are very positive about the changes, both from the standpoint of their practical significance and the optimal ratio of stability and flexibility, and in terms of accuracy, correctness and clarity of formulations. Particularly noted were the creation of the necessary conditions for the active circulation of orphan drugs, their accelerated use in a number of individual cases, the increase in the availability of unregistered drugs in special cases, the exclusion of the annual re-evaluation of the “benefit-risk” indicator for a number of drugs, accelerating mutual recognition procedures in several Member States through simultaneous initiation. Conclusion. The strengths and weaknesses of the amendments to the Rules for Registration and Expertise of Medicines have been established. The need for a more detailed consideration of the amendments concerning the terms of the procedures for registration and expertise of medicines, as well as the assessment of changes in the annexes to the Rules, is shown.

Hospitalidade e conflito: o problema do “reconhecimento” no acolhimento de refugiados

This article explores the philosophical complexities of asylum and refugee reception, critiquing both continental and analytical traditions while proposing a phenomenological method to bridge theory and praxis. It highlights the analytical tradition’s focus on formal rights and obligations, and contrasts this with insights from the continental tradition and Hannah Arendt’s experiential perspective on asylum. The paper advocates for a comprehensive theory of hospitality, aiming to reconcile formal rights with the lived experiences of refugees, ultimately striving for a balanced understanding and better facilitation of mutual recognition and integration.

Vulnerability in Times of War

Vulnerability as a critique of the one-sidedness of the principle of autonomy is at risk of overemphasizing the positive dimension of vulnerability. Moreover, in the discourse on vulnerability, the threat of dehumanization (or moral vulnerability) has not been scrutinized enough ethically. Therefore, the ethics of vulnerability is insufficient when faced with the force of war that requires the conceptualization of vulnerability for political-ethics. The Russian war in Ukraine demonstrates this weakness in a striking way: the called-for openness to the other as well as an active form of nonviolence, as promoted by Judith Butler, may not be an option in times of war. Continuing Jessica Benjamin’s psychoanalytic approach to mutual recognition, the essay shows that the task of morality does not rest upon broadening one’s vulnerability, but rather in understanding vulnerable agency as the dialectic of vulnerability and agency. For the further development of this dialectic, the triadic figuration is emphasized, complementing the dyadic relation of self and other. While the Third can take multiple figurations in the psychoanalytical setting, I understand the Third within the political-ethical context as the possibility of a “moral world” of nonviolence and respect. During war, the role of the bystander is to become a witness who, through the process of witnessing, advocacy, diplomacy, and justice, allows for the moral Third to reemerge. Among others, the ethics of vulnerability must spells out the price for the failure of taking on this responsibility, namely the eclipse of morality.

Towards mutual recognition: Ricoeur against Kojève

In this article, we examine two philosophical theories of recognition: those of Paul Ricoeur and Alexandre Kojève. We trace this line of development in the theory of recognition as a return from Ricoeur to Kojève. Our hypothesis is that over the past twenty years, the theory of recognition has undergone a change in content and has transformed into a theory of misrecognition. In turn, the theory of misrecognition is grounded in the struggle between subjects and brings us back to the discourse of the struggle between the Slave and the Master. This transformation from struggle to reciprocity and vice versa, we argue, suggests that a theory of identity formation as a process of resistance to assujettissement is in demand at this moment in history. In the 2010s, as the theory of misrecognition took shape primarily in the English‑speaking world, the constitution of the subject began to be understood once again as the outcome of struggles within feminist, Marxist, and other emancipatory theories. We examine both Ricoeur’s arguments against Kojève, Althusser, and the theory of misrecognition in general, as well as the «return» of Kojève’s arguments in the contemporary theory of misrecognition.

Religious nationalism and religious governance: Overlaps and divergences. The case of Croatia

In this article, we argue that the religious governance in Croatia was shaped by the specific position that was given to the Catholic Church in Croatia as the historical and moral guardian of the Croatian people. We describe how the fusion of religious and national identity occurred and how it was connected to the relationship between the Catholic Church and the political party that governed Croatia in the 1990s, as well as the relationship between the state and minority religious communities. The article also deals with the issue of whether religious nationalism, which is very strong at the levels of society and national self-consciousness, played any role in the governance of religious diversity and how it has influenced social movements that have reconfigured mutual recognition of different religious communities in Croatia.

An Assessment of Medical Doctors - Nurses Collaborative Working Relationship and Associated Factors Towards Improving Clients ' Healthcare in ATB University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi

The study was carried on the assessment of medical doctors' - nurses' perception on their collaborative working relationship and associated factors towards improving client’s health care problems in ATBU Teaching Hospital Bauchi. It adopted a descriptive survey research design and collected data from medical personnel in ATB University Teaching Hospital Bauchi. The number of respondents used in this study was 720 doctors and nurses. Out of this population, sample of 254 respondents were selected in this study based on stratified proportionate sampling and the accidental sampling techniques. The instrument for data collection used in this study was a structured questionnaire. It was validated and a pilot study was carried on 30 doctors and nurses in Specialist hospital in Bauchi metropolis. A reliability coefficient of 98 of the instrument was obtained. The result shows that nurses and doctors perceived their working relationship positively and that nurses’ and doctors’ responsibilities is collaborative and complimentary to each other. Factors that influences positive working relationship between doctors and nurses the study discovered, include effective mutual respect and trust, and effective communication. In addition, the study also discovered that providing opportunities for joint training programs and workshops between doctors and nurses will encourage mutual respect and recognition, and will improve the collaborative working relationship between them. However, majority of the respondents did not believe that all the positions of authority in the hospital should be held by the medical doctors.

The impact of mutual recognition of geographical indications on the quality upgrading of China’s agricultural exports

Improving the quality of agricultural exports and increasing value–added trade is crucial for shaping new competitive advantages of agricultural exports, building a strong trading nation and achieving high–quality agricultural development. This study constructed a multi–time point difference–in–differences model to empirically test the effect and mechanism of the mutual recognition of geographical indications (GIs) between China and the European Union (EU) on the quality upgrading of China’s exported agricultural products from 2000 to 2016 based on theoretical analysis of the effect mechanism of GIs on agricultural product exports. The study determined that mutual GI recognition between China and the EU has effectively improved the quality of agricultural exports, with a greater effect on upgrading the quality of products from countries with high GIs endowment, quality frontier and large and medium–sized enterprises and labour–intensive products. The mechanism analysis revealed that mutual GI recognition between China and the EU can improve the quality of agricultural exports through specialisation agglomeration and cost-saving effects on the supply side and domestic demand upgrading and product recognition effects on the demand side. This study has important implications for further enriching quality improvement theory regarding agricultural products and presents a new approach for enhancing the quality improvement path of exported agricultural products that lack supply–side resources.

Indefinite healing: China’s ‘One Country, Two Systems’ formula over Hong Kong from a Daoist–Zhongyi perspective

How can liberalist Hong Kong and socialist China coexist without posing a threat to each other? Based on L. H. M. Ling’s Daoist–Zhongyi theory and China’s ‘One Country, Two Systems’ (OCTS) policy over Hong Kong, this article analyses how the differences could be addressed through the Daoist–Zhongyi treatments of political healing, namely mutual resonances with respective legacies and desires, open engagement of parity and comity, power-sharing and trust. However, it also discusses how the Daoist–Zhongyi treatments might be misused for control when principles of healing are abandoned. First, drawing on the Chinese classics Daodejing and Huangdinejing, it outlines healing treatments of the Daoist–Zhongyi theory. Second, by examining the formation of the OCTS in the 1980s, it illustrates how the Daoist–Zhongyi treatments could be practised through mutual recognition, compassion, and trust through political commitments and compromises. Third, it discusses how the recent imposition of China’s National Security Law for Hong Kong exploits the Daoist–Zhongyi approach, making OCTS a tool for control rather than healing. The article concludes by indicating the indefinite nature of the Daoist–Zhongyi approach as a dialectical statecraft. Its potential for healing or control depends on whether the treatments deviate from Dao.

Moral Foundations of Legal Communication

The article is founded on the position that social communication as an evolutionary option for the development of communication of all living beings must also include legal communication. In this existential context, legal communication is not reduced only to the transfer of symbolic (textual) information determining the behavior of subjects of law. It is also considered as a vital option for adapting to the environment, which allows both individuals and society to survive, develop and self-realize. Legal communication involves not just cooperation and interaction between legal subjects, but also the observance of the necessary conditions for the implicit and explicit goals of legal communication to be achieved and realized. Implicit (universal, transcendental, evolutionarily necessary) goals are reflected at the sociobiological level in the reciprocal altruism (ego-altruism) of communicants, at the philosophical (rational) level — in the principle of mutual legal and moral recognition, at the religious level — in the commandment “love your neighbor as yourself.” The authors reveal the connection between these concepts and the concept of communication by J. Habermas and the principle of mutual recognition by A. Honneth, on the one hand, and the idea of intuitive law by L.I. Petrażycki and the ideal of “free all-unity” by P.I. Novgorodtsev, on the other hand. It is shown that the findings of these scholars lie at the heart of the communicative theory of law and are supported by neuroscience data. According to the position put forward in this research, the rejection of mutual recognition inevitably entails the assertion of parochial altruism, the ideology of tribalism, the ideological justification of authoritarianism, violence as a universal political method, the neglect of human rights and, as a result, the deformation and destruction of legal communication.

Understanding Reciprocity and the Importance of Civic Friendship

This article aims to contribute to the existing literature on the virtues and challenges of political liberalism. It argues that the principle of reciprocity can only sustain political agreement under pluralism, if citizens share a relationship of civic friends, based on mutual recognition as equals (Lister in Anal Kritik 2011, pp. 91–112), a non-prudential concern for the interest of others (Leland and van Wietmarschen in J Moral Philos 14, 2017, pp. 142–167) and shared experiences that can foster interpersonal trust. Inasmuch as this thicker definition of civic friendship is sound, and breeds a successful ground for civic reciprocity, it is argued that this renders the concept of civic reciprocity culturally sensitive in at least four ways: how citizens commit to reciprocity, what political values and institutional arrangements they deem reasonable and how they choose to cooperate are all influenced by culture. While this makes the project of multiculturalism more challenging, it does not make it impossible. Rather, it reminds us that while the formal requirement of reciprocity is important, it is a relational value anchored in how citizens relate to one another. Therefore, for multiculturalism to be successful, policies that strengthen ties of civic friendship need to be implemented.

ANALISIS KEABSAHAN PERJANJIAN JUAL BELI MELALUI MEDIA ELEKTRONIK DENGAN PEMBAYARAN PAYLATER (BAYAR NANTI) MENURUT KUH PERDATA

The use of e-commerce media in the world of trade will have an impact on the international world in general and Indonesian society in particular. This relates to very important legal issues. The importance of selling agreements via electronic media and knowing the legal protection for sellers and buyers if one party defaults. This research aims to analyze the validity of sales and purchase agreements via electronic media with PayLater (Pay Later) payments according to the Civil Code. The approach used is normative juridical with the method used is research with reference to law including literature study. The objects used in this research are Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, the Civil Code, aspects of contracts and other relevant instruments. The results of this research indicate that the sale and purchase agreement via electronic media with PayLater (Pay Later) payment has legal validity in accordance with the Civil Code. Both parties must fulfill the conditions specified in the agreement, namely mutual recognition and understanding of the rights and obligations agreed upon by the parties. Apart from that, the party who is obliged to pay must also submit or obey the provisions regarding debt obligations so that the agreement can be maintained. Therefore, legal personnel must be careful in helping their clients to follow legal regulations so as not to cause legal problems.

Erosion of the Principle of Mutual Recognition. European Arrest Warrant and the Principle of Mutual Recognition in the Light of the Recent CJEU Rulings

An effective implementation of mutual recognition in the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice requires mutual trust between the Member State. Mutual trust has been eroded in some Member States due to the rule of law crisis. However, it is not only the rule of law crisis, but also the departure of the Member States from the shared values of respect for fundamental rights, as well as the differences in the prosecutorial systems of individual Member States, that have caused changes in the perception of the principle of mutual recognition. This paper will examine the evolving approach to the principle of mutual recognition based on the recent Court of Justice of the European Union rulings on the European arrest warrant. The analysis concludes that the CJEU attaches more importance to the protection of the principle of mutual recognition, the prosecution of perpetrators of crime, and the unwavering presumption of respect for fundamental rights by the Member states than to the effective protection of fundamental rights.

Mobility of researchers in the European Union and Ukraine

Problem setting. The opportunity to move to another country to develop a research career has always attracted scientists. For an individual researcher, international mobility is a chance to improve their skills, work in world-renowned research centers and institutions, be involved in modern research projects, and achieve success in their scientific career. Temporary intellectual migration of scientists is also of great importance for global science, as it helps to eliminate the heterogeneity of the development of scientific fields in different countries and, to some extent, solves the problem of «brain drain» from countries with a lower level of research system. analysis of recent researches and publications. Franzoni, C., Scellato, G. and Stephan, P., Fernández-Zubieta, A., Lawson, C., and Geuna, A., Janger, J. and Nowotny, K., Giovanni Abramo, Ciriaco Andrea D’Angelo, Flavia Di Costa have studied the issues of research mobility. Ukrainian scholars have mainly studied the academic mobility of students of higher education institutions in the context of innovations in modern higher professional education. The works of Bondar H.O., Magdyuk O.V., Rogulska O.O., Padalka G., Silivanova I.A., Vasylenko O.V. can be distinguished. Considering this, there is a need to study the phenomenon of researcher mobility in Europe and Ukraine and to study the experience of the European Union member states in regulating researcher mobility. Purpose of the research is to analyze the phenomenon of research mobility in the European Union and Ukraine, to compare the types and forms of academic mobility, to identify the problems faced by researchers during intellectual migration. article’s main body. The author studies the history of academic mobility in the European Union, which is inextricably linked to the Bologna Process the European educational movement for the mutual recognition of European higher education documents and the creation of the Higher Education Area. It is noted that this movement began with the aim of ensuring freedom of mobility of participants in higher education, primarily students and academic staff of higher education institutions, but eventually included researchers, emphasizing the importance of academic mobility of this category of subjects of scientific activity. The article describes the legal regulation of researcher mobility in Ukraine and the European Union. In particular, the author notes the application and significance of the principle of academic mobility in the regulation of labor relations of researchers in the European Union. The author provides a comparative characterization of the types and forms of academic mobility in the European Union and Ukraine, and in the course of analyzing them the author concludes that there are both similar types and forms of researcher mobility in the European Union and Ukraine, and different ones. The article examines the problems faced by researchers participating in academic mobility programs. The main problems are lack of research funding and lack of vacancies (in the European Union), insufficient funding, language problems and brain drain (in Ukraine). conclusions and prospects for the development. Mobility of researchers in the European Union is a widespread phenomenon encouraged by the EU’s research and innovation policy, in particular, academic mobility is one of the priorities for the development of the European Research Area (ERA). The author notes that Ukraine has updated legislation regulating the academic mobility of Ukrainian scientists, but the phenomenon of research mobility requires state support, since the country has a problem of «brain drain» when scientists leave for the European Union or other developed countries in search of a better life and do not return