Mutual Phase Research Articles

Generation of multiple laser lines by sum-frequency mixing of continuous-wave Raman emissions from a dispersion-compensated optical cavity

Three color continuous-wave (CW) laser emissions with constant frequency separation are generated in the near-infrared (NIR) region using a dispersion-compensated optical cavity filled with hydrogen gas. By focusing these laser emissions into second-harmonic generation (SHG) crystals, multiple second harmonic signals and sum-frequency signals are generated in the near-ultraviolet (NUV) with a constant frequency spacing. Up to five colors of these NUV CW laser emissions can be generated simultaneously by using SHG crystals with different orientations. The interference between the second-harmonic signal of one NIR laser emission and the sum-frequency signal of the other two NIR emissions was observed experimentally, indicating mutual phase coherence among the NIR laser emissions. The phase coherence allows the synthesis of a train of ultrashort pulses with a THz repetition rate in both the NUV and the NIR by using the CW emission lines.

Phase shift of the current under a single-phase short-circuit in the stator winding of a turbogenerator with double winding per phase

An equivalent model of a faulty turbogenerator under a single-phase short-circuit in the stator winding is presented. The model is based on modified voltage–current equations for the positive-sequence component of the short-circuit current that takes into account the mutual spatial displacement of particular part of the faulty stator winding, the rotor magnetic asymmetry and the impact of the resultant reactance value of the unit transformer and the power network. The developed model also represents the effect of the mutual phase shift of the short-circuit current flowing in the relevant sections of the damaged stator winding. The mutual phase shift value of the short-circuit current (periodic component of basic frequency) is found to be dependent on the number of shorted turns in the stator winding. Also found is the influence of the load current value on the displacement angles between currents flowing in the particular part of the faulty stator winding. This phenomenon of phase shift of the short-circuit current could be used as an additional criterion of operation for turbogenerator protection systems.

Phase-dependent field-free molecular alignment and orientation

We investigated the temporal behavior of alignment and orientation of LiH following a femtosecond laser pulse excitation comprising two fields at center frequencies $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and $2\ensuremath{\omega}$ (e.g., $E(t)=E[cos(\ensuremath{\omega}t)+cos(2\ensuremath{\omega}t+\ensuremath{\Phi})]$) shifted by a phase $\ensuremath{\Phi}$. The effects of repopulations and rephasing of rotational states on the resulting alignment and orientation were evaluated. The population distribution of rotational states is only changed during the exciting pulse. Afterwards the established rotational state distribution is maintained in the absence of collisions. The phases of rotational states play the most crucial role in determining the time evolution of molecular alignment and orientation. Equal alignment and rotational populations are obtained when the phases are chosen $\ensuremath{\Phi}=0$ and $\ensuremath{\Phi}=\ensuremath{\pi}$. However, orientation is different due to the fact that in the case $\ensuremath{\Phi}=\ensuremath{\pi}$ the mutual phases of even rotation states are not changed but the phases of odd rotational states are shifted by $\ensuremath{\pi}$, comparing with that of $\ensuremath{\Phi}=0$. The effect of temperature on molecular orientation was also addressed. It was shown that an efficient field-free molecular orientation can be observed even at room temperature.

Mutual phase locking of very nonidentical spin torque nanooscillators via spin wave interaction

In this paper the mutual phase locking theory of very nonidentical spin-torque nanooscillators, which is based on the Slavin-Tiberkevich model, considering the theory of nonlinear oscillations, is developed. Using generalized Adler equation we calculate phase-locking region of the system with spinwave coupling in the parameter plane - distance between nanocontacts and radii difference. We describe trajectories of such a system in the phase space and show the effect of a broadband synchronization. We introduce a generalization of this approach to the ensembles of spin-torque nanooscillators

Achromatic registration of quadrature components of the optical spectrum in spectral domain optical coherence tomography

We have thoroughly investigated the method of simultaneous reception of spectral components with the achromatised quadrature phase shift between two portions of a reference wave, designed for the effective suppression of the ‘mirror’ artefact in the resulting image obtained by means of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). We have developed and experimentally tested a phase-shifting element consisting of a beam divider, which splits the reference optical beam into the two beams, and of delay lines being individual for each beam, which create a mutual phase difference of in the double pass of the reference beam. The phase shift achromatism over a wide spectral range is achieved by using in the delay lines the individual elements with different dispersion characteristics. The ranges of admissible adjustment parameters of the achromatised delay line are estimated for exact and inexact conformity of the geometric characteristics of its components to those calculated. A possibility of simultaneous recording of the close-to-quadrature spectral components with a single linear photodetector element is experimentally confirmed. The suppression of the artefact mirror peak in the OCT-signal by an additional relative to the level of its suppression is experimentally achieved when the air delay line is used. Two-dimensional images of the surface positioned at an angle to the axis of the probe beam are obtained with the correction of the ‘mirror’ artefact while maintaining the dynamic range of the image.

Reconstruction of 3D refractive index profiles of PM PANDA optical fiber using digital holographic method

In this paper, the refractive indices distributions on the two birefringent axes of polarization maintaining (PM) PANDA type optical fiber are reconstructed. The local refraction of the incident rays crossing the PM optical fiber is considered. Off-axis digital holographic interferometric phase shifting arrangement is employed in this investigation. The recorded mutual phase shifted holograms, starts with 0° with steps of π/4, are combined and numerically reconstructed in the image plane to obtain the optical interference phase map. Consequently, the optical phase differences due to the PM optical fiber are extracted after unwrapping and background subtraction of the enhanced optical interference phase map. The birefringence and the beat length in the two directions, fast and slow axes of PM optical fiber, of polarizations in the core region are calculated. This holographic technique and the advanced analysis of the phase shifting permit the calculation of the 3D refractive index distributions for PM PANDA optical fiber.

Phase locking of two limit cycle oscillators with delay coupling.

Mutual phase locking in the system of two limit cycle oscillators with delay coupling is studied. Conditions of phase locking are derived as a result of analysis of a generalized Adler equation. The analytical results are compared with numerical simulation. Depending on the phase shift of the coupling signal propagating between the two oscillators, either in-phase or anti-phase mode of synchronization may arise. The number of possible modes of synchronization increases with the delay time.

High emission power and Q factor in spin torque vortex oscillator consisting of FeB free layer

Microwave oscillation properties of spin torque vortex oscillators (STVOs) consisting of an FeB vortex free layer were investigated. Because of a high MR ratio and large DC current, a high emission power up to 3.6 µW was attained in the STVO with a thin FeB free layer of 3 nm. In STOs with a thicker FeB layer, e.g., 10 nm thick, we obtained a large Q factor greater than 6400 while maintaining a large integrated emission power of 1.4 µW. Such excellent microwave performance is a breakthrough for the mutual phase locking of STVOs by electrical coupling.

Independent telecom-fiber sources of quantum indistinguishable single photons

Quantum-mechanically indistinguishable photons produced by independent (or equivalently, mutually phase incoherent) light sources are essential for distributed quantum information processing applications. We demonstrate heralded generation of such photons in two spatially separate telecom-fiber spools, each driven by pulsed pump waves that are measured to have no mutual phase coherence. Through Hong–Ou–Mandel experiments, we measure the quantum interference visibility of those photons to be . Our experimental results are well predicted by a quantum multimode theory we developed for such systems without the need for any fitting parameter.

Synchronization of EEG: Bivariate and Multivariate Measures

Synchronization behavior of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals is important for decoding information processing in the human brain. Modern multichannel EEG allows a transition from traditional measurements of synchronization in pairs of EEG signals to whole-brain synchronization maps. The latter can be based on bivariate measures (BM) via averaging over pair-wise values or, alternatively, on multivariate measures (MM), which directly ascribe a single value to the synchronization in a group. In order to compare BM versus MM, we applied nine different estimators to simulated multivariate time series with known parameters and to real EEGs.We found widespread correlations between BM and MM, which were almost frequency-independent for all the measures except coherence. The analysis of the behavior of synchronization measures in simulated settings with variable coupling strength, connection probability, and parameter mismatch showed that some of them, including S-estimator, S-Renyi, omega, and coherence, aremore sensitive to linear interdependences,while others, like mutual information and phase locking value, are more responsive to nonlinear effects. Onemust consider these properties together with the fact thatMM are computationally less expensive and, therefore, more efficient for the large-scale data sets than BM while choosing a synchronization measure for EEG analysis.

Effect of pre-lithiation degrees of mesocarbon microbeads anode on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion capacitors

Lithium ion capacitors are assembled with pre-lithiated mesocarbon microbeads (LMCMB) anode and activated carbon (AC) cathode. The effect of pre-lithiation degrees on the crystal structure of MCMB electrode and the electrochemical capacitance behavior of LIC are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the charge-discharge test of three-electrode cell. The structure of graphite still maintained when the pre-lithiation capacity is less than 200 mAh g−1, phase transition takes place with the increase of pre-lithiation capacity from 250 mAh g−1 to 350 mAh g−1. Pre-lithiation degrees of MCMB anode greatly affect the charge-discharge process and behavior, which impact on the electrochemical performance of LIC. The LIC with pre-lithiation capacity of 300 mAh g−1 has the optimal electrochemical performance. The energy density of LIC300 is up to 92.3 Wh kg−1, the power density as high as 5.5kWkg−1 and the capacity retention is 97.0% after 1000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance benefits from the appropriate pre-lithiation capacity of negative electrode. The appropriate pre-lithiation ensures the working voltage of negative electrode in low and relative stable charge-discharge platform corresponding to the mutual phase transition from the second stage graphite intercalation compound (LiC12) to the first stage graphite intercalation compound (LiC6). The stable charge-discharge platform of negative electrode is conductive to the sufficient utilization of AC positive electrode.

Development and entrainment of the colonic circadian clock during ontogenesis

Colonic morphology and function change significantly during ontogenesis. In mammals, many colonic physiological functions are temporally controlled by the circadian clock in the colon, which is entrained by the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The aim of this present study was to ascertain when and how the circadian clock in the colon develops during the perinatal period and whether maternal cues and/or the developing pup SCN may influence the ontogenesis of the colonic clock. Daily profiles of clock genes Per1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2, Rev-erbα, Bmal1, and Clock expression in the colon underwent significant modifications since embryonic day 20 (E20) through postnatal days (P) 2, 10, 20, and 30 via changes in the mutual phasing among the individual clock gene expression rhythms, their relative phasing to the light-dark regime, and their amplitudes. An adult-like state was achieved around P20. The foster study revealed that during the prenatal period, the maternal circadian phase may partially modulate development of the colonic clock. Postnatally, the absence and/or presence of rhythmic maternal care affected the phasing of the clock gene expression profiles in pups at P10 and P20. A reversal in the colonic clock phase between P10 and P20 occurred in the absence of rhythmic signals from the pup SCN. The data demonstrate ontogenetic maturation of the colonic clock and stress the importance of prenatal and postnatal maternal rhythmic signals for its development. These data may contribute to the understanding of colonic function-related diseases in newborn children.

Mutual injection phase locking coherent combination of solid-state lasers based on corner cube

Coherent beam combination is an effective way to develop high-power lasers with high beam quality and high brightness. Coherent combination of six solid-state lasers based on the technique of mutual injection phase locking by using the natural coherent combination property of corner cube is first investigated. The coherent combination with 15.3 J of output energy, 1.7 mrad of divergent angle is obtained, and the combining efficiency is as high as 95.6% at 10 Hz and 85 A. The far-field profile is flattened protuberance.

Pulse propagation dynamics in the presence of a continuous-wave field

We present theoretical results for the propagation dynamics of an electromagnetic field pulse through rubidium vapor, while another field, a continuous-wave electromagnetic field, is present. The frequencies of both electromagnetic fields are resonant with the transition between the ground and excited state hyperfine levels of Rb, Fg → Fe = Fg ± 1. Detuning from resonance is done by the magnetic field oriented along the light propagation direction (Hanle configuration). When both the electromagnetic fields are simultaneously interacting with Rb atoms, either electromagnetically induced transparency or absorption is induced. Propagation dynamics was obtained solving the set of Maxwell–Bloch equations for the interacting atoms with two electromagnetic fields. Motivated by recent results (Brazhnikov et al 2011 Eur. Phys. J. D 63 315–25; Brazhnikov et al 2010 JETP Lett. 91 625–9; Kou et al 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 063807), we have analyzed the influence of experimental parameters, laser polarization, and mutual phases between lasers, which can lead to optical switching, i.e. the transformation from electromagnetically induced absorption to transparency and vice versa.

Interdyad differences in early mother–infant face-to-face communication: Real-time dynamics and developmental pathways.

A microgenetic research design with a multiple case study method and a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses was used to investigate interdyad differences in real-time dynamics and developmental change processes in mother-infant face-to-face communication over the first 3 months of life. Weekly observations of 24 mother-infant dyads with analyses performed dyad by dyad showed that most dyads go through 2 qualitatively different developmental phases of early face-to-face communication: After a phase of mutual attentiveness, mutual engagement begins in Weeks 7-8, with infant smiling and cooing bidirectionally linked with maternal mirroring. This gives rise to sequences of positive feedback that, by the 3rd month, dynamically stabilizes into innovative play routines. However, when there is a lack of bidirectional positive feedback between infant and maternal behaviors, and a lack of permeability of the early communicative patterns to incorporate innovations, the development of the mutual engagement phase is compromised. The findings contribute both to theories of relationship change processes and to clinical work with at-risk mother-infant interactions.

MAGNETIC FIELD SHIELDING OF UNDERGROUND CABLE DUCT BANKS

In this paper an in-depth parametric analysis of shielding efiectiveness obtained when using ferromagnetic or conductive screens to mitigate the fleld generated by duct banks is presented. Due to the need of a case-by-case approach, all the simulations, performed by a flnite element software (GetDp), are applied to a case study composed by 9 (3 £ 3) ducts, with six of them including high voltage single-core cables and the three left empty for eventual future expansion. Two shielding geometries are tested: horizontal and U-reverse, changing in each one the main parameters: width, thickness, clearance to conductors, etc. Moreover, the conductors are grouped in two balanced in-phase three-phase circuits arranged in three conflgurations: vertical, horizontal and triangular. The mutual phase ordering of both circuits is the one that minimizes the fleld, so no further fleld reduction can be obtained by simple methods. The power losses and cost of difierent shielding solutions are also presented, including the efiect of adding a third circuit if required.

Noise-Induced Transition of Mutual Phase Synchronization in Coupled Spin Torque Nano Oscillators

The magnetization dynamics of a pair of the magneto-statically coupled spin torque nano oscillators (STNOs) have been investigated by using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski (LLGS) equation with a macro-spin approximation. First, we simulated the deterministic dynamics of the coupled STNOs. Numerical simulations show that the dipole coupling mediates in-phase or out-of-phase synchronization states in the pair of the STNOs. Moreover, we found that a bistable state consisting of both in-phase and out-of phase synchronization states can exist by adjusting the experimental parameters. Second, we simulated the stochastic dynamics of the coupled STNOs under common noisy current injection. It is found that the noisy current injection into the STNOs induces to chastic state transition from the out-of-phase synchronization state to the in-phase. Such state transition arises from the cooperative effects between the noise-induced synchronization and the magneto static interactions.

Mutual Solid Solubility and Phase Equilibrium in the System BaTiO3–BaCeO3

Mutual Solid Solubility and Phase Equilibrium in the System BaTiO3–BaCeO3

Coherent response of individual weakly confined exciton–biexciton systems

We investigate the coherent optical response of individual localized exciton–biexciton (X–XX) systems formed at interface fluctuations of a growth-interrupted GaAs/AlAs quantum well. We apply heterodyne spectral interferometry to perform two-dimensional four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy. We retrieve the binding energy of bound and unbound XXs, as well as characterize the system in terms of biexciton–exciton dipole moment ratio and mutual FWM phase. Polarization selection rules of the FWM are determined. FWM hyperspectral imaging and autocorrelation analysis reveal the expected spatial colocalization of XXs with respect to their Xs. A value for the biexciton renormalization in a coherently coupled pair of Xs is retrieved. Our study gives insight into the coherent optical properties of an exciton–biexciton system with a confinement energy comparable to the biexciton binding energy.

Mutual Solid Solubility and Phase Equilibrium in the System BaTiO3–BaCeO3

A series of (1-x)BaTiO3–xBaCeO3 (x = 0.1–1.0) ceramics were prepared at 1480 °C by a cold-pressing ceramic technique. The mutual solid solubility and phase equilibrium in the system BaTiO3–BaCeO3 were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that no pure BaCeO3 phase can be separated from the Ba(Ti1-xCex)O3 phase. The mutual solid solution limits of BaCeO3 and BaTiO3 are given. In the range of 0.4 ≤x ≤0.8, the system is well separated into the Ce- and Ti-rich Ba(Ti,Ce)O3 perovskite phases, corresponding to Ce/Ti ratios of 4.3:1 and 1:2, respectively.