Mutual Isolation Research Articles

The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean

The littorinid genus Echinolittorina is of global distribution on rocky shores in topical latitudes, but in terms of the number of sympatric species and of phylogenetic diversity the genus reaches is greatest richness in the western Atlantic biogeographic region. The systematics of Echinolittorina in the western Atlantic have been controversial, owing to both intraspecific variability and convergence in traditional taxonomic characters of the shell and radula, and also to lack of anatomical descriptions. As a result of recent molecular studies the species can now be defined. Detailed morphological descriptions are provided here for the ten known living species, including details of shell, operculum, pigmentation of headfoot, reproductive anatomy, spermatozoa, egg capsules and radulae. Diagnoses include reference to mitochondrial gene sequences (COI). A key is based on shells, opercula, penial shapes and geographical distributions, and includes all other littorinid species (members of genera Littoraria, Cenchritis and Tectarius) found in the western Atlantic region, to avoid confusion. Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis, the ten species are assigned to four subgenera: Fossarilittorina, Lineolittorina n. subgen., Amerolittorina n. subgen. and Echinolittorina. One new species is described: E. placida n. sp. from the Gulf of Mexico. One name change is proposed: E. jamaicensis (C.B. Adams, 1850) replaces Nodilittorina riisei (Mörch, 1876), N. glaucocincta (Mörch, 1876) and N. mordax Bandel & Kadolsky, 1982. It is confirmed that the forms previously discriminated as Nodilittorina tuberculata (Menke, 1828) and N. dilatata (d’Orbigny, 1842) belong to a single species, E. tuberculata (Menke, 1828). These five ‘species’ of ‘Nodilittorina’ were diagnosed solely by striking differences in their radulae in a previous taxonomic study, but it is here shown that this variation is intraspecific, although the cause is unknown. New COI sequences are included in a phylogenetic analysis to support this conclusion. Full synonymies are given for all taxa, and the taxonomic, evolutionary and ecological literature reviewed. Distribution maps are based on examination of 1091 samples and on reliable literature records. The biogeography of the western Atlantic marine region is discussed, based on the ten distribution maps, emphasizing the mutual isolation of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Brazilian mainland and Brazilian oceanic archipelagos, and the significance of the contrast between oceanic and continental distribution patterns. In E. mespillum there is a conspicuous polymorphism of shell colour with a geographical pattern, and mimicry is suggested. The natural distribution of E. placida n. sp. is on the sparse rocky outcrops of the southern Gulf of Mexico, but following the widespread construction of sea walls along the sedimentary coastline of the Gulf since the late nineteenth century, this species has spread for 4500 km around the Gulf, to Florida and as far as North Carolina in about 100 years. Occasional black shells are found within populations of normally variegated Echinolittorina species, which has not been recorded in congeners from other oceans.

Foreword for inaugural issue of Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Foreword for inaugural issue of Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Electron paramagnetic resonance in human fingernails: the sponge model implication

The most significant problem of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) fingernail dosimetry is the presence of two signals of non-radiation origin that overlap the radiation-induced signal (RIS), making it almost impossible to perform dose measurements below 5 Gy. Historically, these two non-radiation components were named mechanically induced signal (MIS) and background signal (BKS). In order to investigate them in detail, three different methods of MIS and BKS mutual isolation have been developed and implemented. After applying these methods, it is shown here that fingernail tissue, after cut, can be modeled as a deformed sponge, where the MIS and BKS are associated with the stress from elastic and plastic deformations, respectively. A sponge has a unique mechanism of mechanical stress absorption, which is necessary for fingernails in order to perform its everyday function of protecting the fingertips from hits and trauma. Like a sponge, fingernails are also known to be an effective water absorber. When a sponge is saturated with water, it tends to restore to its original shape, and when it loses water, it becomes deformed again. The same happens to fingernail tissue. It is proposed that the MIS and BKS signals of mechanical origin be named MIS1 and MIS2 for MISs 1 and 2, respectively. Our suggested interpretation of the mechanical deformation in fingernails gives also a way to distinguish between the MIS and RIS. The results obtained show that the MIS in irradiated fingernails can be almost completely eliminated without a significant change to the RIS by soaking the sample for 10 min in water. The proposed method to measure porosity (the fraction of void space in spongy material) of the fingernails gave values of 0.46-0.48 for three of the studied samples. Existing results of fingernail dosimetry have been obtained on mechanically stressed samples and are not related to the "real" in vivo dosimetric properties of fingernails. A preliminary study of these properties of pre-soaked (unstressed) fingernails has demonstrated their significant difference from fingernails stressed by cut. They show a higher stability signal, a less intensive non-radiation component, and a nonlinear dose dependence. The findings in this study set the stage for understanding fingernail EPR dosimetry and doing in vivo measurements in the future.

Democratic Theorists and Party Scholars: Why They Don't Talk to Each Other, and Why They Should

Despite their importance to one another, the current literatures on political parties and normative democratic theory continue to develop largely in mutual isolation. Empirical studies of contemporary political parties and party systems tend to have little to say about the meanings and possibilities of democracy, and therefore also about the varied potential roles of political parties within it. Meanwhile, contemporary democratic theorists quietly sidestep the issue of whether political parties perform a legitimate function in democracies. This lack of mutual engagement is regrettable, in particular given the pervasive erosion of popular support and legitimacy of political parties as representative institutions. In this article we explore the key reasons for democratic theorists and scholars of political parties so rarely taking on each others' core concerns, and we outline the key ways in which this mutual disengagement is mutually impoverishing. We will also suggest ways forward, by pinpointing and illustrating potentially productive areas of engagement which might serve to deepen our understanding of democracy's present and its possible futures.Ingrid van Biezen is Reader in Comparative Politics at the University of Birmingham, UK (i.c.vanbiezen@bham.ac.uk). Michael Saward is Professor of Politics at the Open University, UK (m.j.saward@open.ac.uk). The authors are grateful to Richard S. Katz and Jeremy Jennings and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. In developing our arguments, we also benefited from conversations with Robert Dahl, Russell Dalton, Ian Shapiro, workshop participants at the ECPR Joint Sessions, and graduate students at Yale University. Part of this research was supported by the British Academy (research grant SG 38612).

Theory-Building in Political Marketing

Political Marketing shares significant common ground with Public Sector Marketing, but this is not reflected in the current literature. These subdisciplines are developing in mutual isolation, thereby limiting their relevance and theoretical potential. The political marketing research literature highlights election campaigns and communications processes, even though marketing for most politicians involves being associated with actual public service delivery. The public sector marketing literature is both fragmented and heavily influenced by New Public Management which explicitly seeks to disconnect administration from politics, even though public sector managers are essential to political processes and not constrained only to the implementation of policy. The separation of these developing fields is influenced in part by the distinctive US experience of politics and administration; but that experience is untypical of other contexts and thus inclined to skew understanding and theory development. The welfare effects of marketing activity in the politics and public administration contexts are profound; an approach supportive of subdiscipline integration and development is critical.

MULTIPLE STORIES

This article discusses the dynamics of ‘crossings’ across the Green Line in Cyprus from a social–psychological and reconciliation perspective. I will present individual stories of crossing the divide and meeting the Other after 30 years of mutual isolation in order to illustrate the Cypriot experience. In ethno-national conflicts and in divided societies, maintaining contact across ethnic, religious or geographical barriers is important because it helps soften stereotypes and misperceptions and gradually complicates the ‘enemy image’; however, without institutional support these contacts can reconfirm old stereotypes or misperceptions. The opportunity to cross the Green Line and establish contacts between the two communities has been given to Cypriots since April 2003 and has been welcomed by the European Union and the international community. In this article I argue that, whereas these contacts form part of the public reconciliation process and constitute an element of informal peace education and narrative, they will not suffice to bring about sustainable peace and reconciliation unless supported by the political level—symbolically as well as institutionally. I define reconciliation as the capacity to reach to the Other, feel empathy for the Other's suffering and, by engaging in shared social activities, challenge the bipolarity of ‘us and them’. The challenge remains of how to incorporate these ‘new realities and stories’ in the information that makes up the master narrative. To do this it would entail official engagement in a new dialogue about history making.

Wilkes, the Chevalier D'Eon and ‘the Dregs of Liberty’: An Anglo-French Perspective on Ministerial Despotism, 1762–1771*

In the immediate aftermath of the Seven Years' War, both the British and French regimes underwent a crisis of confidence. Unable or unwilling to criticise Louis XV and George III directly, critics targeted ‘favourites’ and ‘ministerial despots’, accusing them of adopting unconstitutional measures in an attempt to regain lost financial and political credability. Efforts to locate this travestied constitution, however, found notions of parliamentary sovereignty and ‘fundamental law’ to be equally elusive, and could be distracted by the charms of a patriot alternative to traditional models of rule. The aim of this piece is to explore this debate by focusing on two individuals: the journalist John Wilkes and the Chevalier D'Eon, a diplomat and spy. Thanks to their criticism of ministers and ministerial diplomatic and financial policy, both faced government persecution, which they sought to evade by fleeing to each other's country. Rather than serving to diminish their fame, exile saw them win new allies and audiences. The skill with which Wilkes and D'Eon could translate what was a popular cause in London into a cause celebre in Paris and Versailles (and vice versa) suggests that the two regimes had more in common than their mutual historiographical isolation would indicate.

Globalization, Democracy, and Effective Welfare Spending in the Developing World

The literature on the effects of globalization on social policy and welfare, and the parallel literature on the effects of democracy, operate in mutual isolation to a surprising degree. This article extends the debate on the welfare state in the developing world by examining the social policy reactions of democratic and authoritarian governments to globalization. Using unbalanced panel data on 57 developing nations, and considering social security and health and education spending, the authors examine whether democratic and authoritarian regimes exhibit similar or different social spending priorities in the context of increasing economic openness. The results show that social spending in “hard” authoritarian regimes is more sensitive to the pressures of globalization than in democratic or intermediate regimes.

The Material Culture of Astronomy in Daily Life: Sundials, Science, and Social Change

Sundials are among the most ancient of astronomical instruments. The earliest surviving examples date from 1500 B.C. By tracing the length and angles of shadows and by employing mathematical projections of the celestial sphere, early dials marked the passage of time, the recurring seasons, and the apparent motion of the sun in the sky. They refl ected time consciousness. Sundials have also been time discipliners. Since Hellenistic times, they have been used to coordinate activities such as meals, prayers, and business. With the rise of commercial society in the late Middle Ages, a new sense of time pressure led to increased production and further development of sundials. Personal timepieces kept busy people on schedule. One goal of this paper is to show how the material culture refl ected changes in people’s experience of time consciousness, time discipline, and time pressure. A second goal is to explore the place of sundials in consumer culture. People acquired sundials, like other consumer goods, for many reasons: because they needed or desired them; or because the goods had symbolic value or projected a particular image of their owners (cf. Figure 1). As material goods, sundials offer instances of social hegemony, class structure, and regional taste. Their diverse mathematical forms and designs reveal how people spent their time and the degree to which religion and politics were valued. Historiographically, this is a new way of looking at old sundials. Often curators and sundial enthusiasts focus their attention on the mathematics of the different types of dials, the panoply of shapes and designs, or the craftsmanship of particular instrument makers. These are worthwhile projects and require considerable connoisseurship. I aim to go beyond these studies in order to explore not only the supply side, but also the demand side of the sundial trade. Mathematicians designed and instrument makers produced sundials to serve and please their customers. The three groups — mathematicians, makers, and consumers — were not in mutual isolation. Material culture was the link between theory, production, and consumption, and it sheds light on all. I take as my foundation a careful study of over two thousand historic sundials preserved in museums worldwide. Although literary evidence is useful, it is only by the close inspection and comparison of many dials from different places and periods that one can build a picture of astronomy and mathematics in daily life. Two great sundial collections are at the Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum in Chicago and the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientifi c Instruments. This paper will be illustrated by instruments in both museums. JHA, xxxii (2001)

ASIST Award of Merit Acceptance Speech: On the Fragmentation of Knowledge, the Connection Explosion, and Assembling Other People's Ideas

L'auteur montre que les professionnels de l'information peuvent deceler de nouvelles hypotheses scientifiques, en etudiant en paralele des litteratures de domaines non interactifs- non interractifs dans le sens que les auteurs de l'une des disciplines ne cite pas les auteurs de l'autre discipline- mais cependant complementaires. La tâche des professionnels de l'information est de produire de nouvelles hypotheses, d'emettre des suggestions mais non de realiser des decouvertes reelles, qui sont l'apanage des laboratoires. Une autre activite des professionnels de l'information est de detecter des nouveautes dans les grandes bases de donnees

Voiced and Unvoiced

David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum (eds.), Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology . Walnut Creek and London: Altamira, 1997, £39.00, paperback £18.95, 432 pp. (ISBN 0-7619-9188-3). Rosanna Hertz (ed.), Reflexivity and Voice . Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 1997, £38.00, paperback £17.95, xviii+1318 pp. (ISBN 0-7619-0383-6). Lewis P. Hinchman and Sandra K. Hinchman (eds.), Memory, Identity, Com-munity: The Idea of Narrative in the Human Sciences . Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997, $19.95 paperback, xxxii+1393 pp. (ISBN 0-7914-3323-4). Deborah E. Reed-Danahay (ed.), Auto/Ethnography: Rewriting the Self and the Social. Oxford: Berg, 1997, £34.99, paperback £14.99, xi+1277 pp. (ISBN 1-85973-970-9). Kim Marie Vaz (ed.), Oral Narrative Research with Black Women. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 1997, £38.00, paperback £17.95, x+1262 pp. (ISBN 0-8039-7428-0). Whether or not you subscribe to the view that the grand narratives of history, modernity and enlightenment are passe, you cannot fail to notice the proliferation of smaller, local narratives. The literature of the social sciences is increasingly populated by a variety of lives, life-histories, auto/biographies, auto-ethnographies and other narratives. Sociologists, anthropologists and others, in increasing numbers, have been turning their attention to the collection and documentation of ‘lives’, including their own. The biographical has taken on a renewed currency, invested with methodological and ethical significance. There is a polyphony of ‘voices’ clamouring for attention. There is, of course, nothing absolutely novel in this. At one time, life-histories and similar documents of life were celebrated as a prime source of sociological data and insight, articulating the intersection between the personal and the social. The career or the life could thus be seen to capture some of the complex relationships between socialisation and social organisation, between process and social order, or between institutions and the person. Having for some time been eclipsed and all but excluded from the methodological canon, the biographical perspective has enjoyed a significant revival in recent years. There has been an upsurge of empirical, methodological and reflective writing on biographical approaches to social research. They have received fresh legitimation from a variety of contemporary standpoints — feminist, post-structuralist and postcolonialist among them. Indeed, the celebration of multiple ‘voices’ to be found in much of the literature parallels the multiplicity of epistemological ‘positions’ to be found in contemporary social research. The books under review — and many other in the same genre — reflect those different perspectives, illustrating at once the various opportunities and limitations of contemporary work in this area. In their diversity they also display the extent to which various sub-genres develop in mutual isolation, mirroring specific disciplinary, national and empirical preoccupations. Collectively they embody a number of unresolved tensions in the systematic exploration of social actors' lives, voices and identities.

VOICED AND UNVOICED

David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum (eds.), Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. Walnut Creek and London: Altamira, 1997, £39.00, paperback £18.95, 432 pp. (ISBN 0-7619-9188-3).Rosanna Hertz (ed.), Reflexivity and Voice. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 1997, £38.00, paperback £17.95, xviii+1318 pp. (ISBN 0-7619-0383-6).Lewis P. Hinchman and Sandra K. Hinchman (eds.), Memory, Identity, Com-munity: The Idea of Narrative in the Human Sciences. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997, $19.95 paperback, xxxii+1393 pp. (ISBN 0-7914-3323-4).Deborah E. Reed-Danahay (ed.), Auto/Ethnography: Rewriting the Self and the Social. Oxford: Berg, 1997, £34.99, paperback £14.99, xi+1277 pp. (ISBN 1-85973-970-9).Kim Marie Vaz (ed.), Oral Narrative Research with Black Women. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 1997, £38.00, paperback £17.95, x+1262 pp. (ISBN 0-8039-7428-0).Whether or not you subscribe to the view that the grand narratives of history, modernity and enlightenment are passé, you cannot fail to notice the proliferation of smaller, local narratives. The literature of the social sciences is increasingly populated by a variety of lives, life-histories, auto/biographies, auto-ethnographies and other narratives. Sociologists, anthropologists and others, in increasing numbers, have been turning their attention to the collection and documentation of ‘lives’, including their own. The biographical has taken on a renewed currency, invested with methodological and ethical significance. There is a polyphony of ‘voices’ clamouring for attention. There is, of course, nothing absolutely novel in this. At one time, life-histories and similar documents of life were celebrated as a prime source of sociological data and insight, articulating the intersection between the personal and the social. The career or the life could thus be seen to capture some of the complex relationships between socialisation and social organisation, between process and social order, or between institutions and the person. Having for some time been eclipsed and all but excluded from the methodological canon, the biographical perspective has enjoyed a significant revival in recent years. There has been an upsurge of empirical, methodological and reflective writing on biographical approaches to social research. They have received fresh legitimation from a variety of contemporary standpoints — feminist, post-structuralist and postcolonialist among them. Indeed, the celebration of multiple ‘voices’ to be found in much of the literature parallels the multiplicity of epistemological ‘positions’ to be found in contemporary social research. The books under review — and many other in the same genre — reflect those different perspectives, illustrating at once the various opportunities and limitations of contemporary work in this area. In their diversity they also display the extent to which various sub-genres develop in mutual isolation, mirroring specific disciplinary, national and empirical preoccupations. Collectively they embody a number of unresolved tensions in the systematic exploration of social actors' lives, voices and identities.

Para uma nova análise comparativa do federalismo e da democracia: federações que restringem ou ampliam o poder do Demos

This paper will develop three themes. First, I show that the democratization, federalism, and nationalism literatures have been developed in relatively mutual isolation and that we can only make more meaningful and powerful statements about comparative federalism if we relate the three literatures to each other. Second, I demonstrate that all federal systems constrain the lawmaking capacity of the democratically elected legislators at the center. However, I argue that it is analytically and politically fruitful to study democratic federal systems as existing along a demos-constraining to demos-enabling continuum. I also make a strong case that at all points in the continuum, federal institutions can have a great impact on policy. I can not develop these arguments without directly addressing and confronting the most influential political scientist who has written on federalism, the late William H. Riker. Riker’s classic and still influential arguments about federalism stand in fundamental opposition to those I advance in this paper. Once these conceptual and methodological debates about federalism have been addressed, in the third part of the paper, I construct and operationalize the analytic framework of the demos-constraining continuum, by evaluating four propositions about federalism, using data from India, Germany, Spain, the United States, and Brazil.

Optimal sensor location for robust fault detection filter

A fault detection filter is a full-order observer that can detect and isolate faults by constraining the residual vector due to a particular fault in a certain detection space. It is known that different faults can be perfectly isolated by designing a fault detection filter when a mutual isolability condition is satisfied. This paper discusses such a property in detail, considering the transmission zero in conjunction with the location and combination of sensors. Guidelines to choose the sensor location which enables the stable mutual isolation of different faults are proposed. Numerical results show that the fault detection filter with this sensor location is robust in the sense that it has minimal sensitivity to measurement noise.

Regional Tensions in the Russo-Chinese Rapprochement

Research Article| June 01 1995 Regional Tensions in the Russo-Chinese Rapprochement James Clay Moltz James Clay Moltz Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1995) 35 (6): 511–527. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645706 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation James Clay Moltz; Regional Tensions in the Russo-Chinese Rapprochement. Asian Survey 1 June 1995; 35 (6): 511–527. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2645706 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAsian Survey Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1995 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Diffraction analyses with and without flow: A unifying spectral approach

This paper discusses sample diffraction problems from the fields of structural acoustics in a still medium and of aeroacoustics at high subsonic Mach numbers. Respectively and specifically: Diffraction by a tandem arrangement of thin circular plates of finite radius and inertia, and scattering of high‐frequency rotor/stator noise by the nacelle of a modern aeroengine. The presence of a freestream endows the elemental diffraction loads in the second class of problems with the capacity to inject vorticity into the medium. The need to account for it has classically prompted the development of a new mathematical interpretation of scattering, called ‘‘unsteady aerodynamics,’’ so that flow and flowless diffraction communities have tended to work in mutual isolation. A side objective of this paper is to speak to both groups by presenting a completely formal complex‐contour representation of the fundamental lift kernel for the flow case. That spectral formulation displays the role of vorticity explicitly through an additional singularity that shifts away to complex infinity as the flow is turned off. The remaining spectrum is the Fourier transform of the hypersingular diffraction kernel of ordinary acoustics.

Across the Great Divide? Culture, Economic Life and the Rethinking of Education Policy

ABSTRACT The article alms to initiate a dialogue between educational positions which have previously existed in mutual isolation. It defines these positions – which it terms ‘culturalism’ and ‘economism’ — and seeks to identify their influence on policy and practice in England in the period since 1944; it further examines the ways in which these positions have been modified and developed under Conservative rule in the years since 1979. It argues that, whereas ‘culturalist’ thinking has moved further away from issues arising in economic life, ‘economism’ has been able to approach those issues of meaning and value previously imagined to be the domain of the cultural. It examines, critically, the contribution of aspects of post‐Fordist theory to this elaboration. The article concludes by suggesting ways in which each orientation can benefit from an engagement with the other's position, and by pointing to ways in which such a dialogue might be educationally productive.

Classification of heavy metal fluorides. Fluorides with a body-centered cubic cationic sublattice (Rhombododecahedral complex)

The structures of some binary and ternary fluorides with Rb, Cs, K, Na, In, Tr, Te, U, Th, etc., are analyzed, which belong to cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and monoclinic crystal systems and have a cationic sublattice with a more or less deformed cubic I-cell. Six families of planes, most densely populated by cations, are oriented in the sublattice as {110} rhombododecahedral faces. Their intersection points determine cation positions. When the sublattice sites are populated by cations of different types, there is a tendency toward mutual isolation of high-charged cations. The interplanar distances between rhombododecahedral planes relate to those between {200} cubic planes as 1∶0.71, serving to diagnose the presence of an I-subcell. The form of the polyhedron cut out by close-packed cation planes is found to be comparable to the first Brillouin zone.

Chinese Diction in Korean Shijo Verse

Premodern Korean literature comprises vernacular works such as the shijo and kasa verse forms, as well as prose tales, memoirs, diaries, and other materials. It also includes a vast amount of writing in classical Chinese, both poetry and prose, formal and informal. Although these two strands, vernacular Korean and classical Chinese, are generally considered in mutual isolation in studies of Korean literature, they commingle in various ways. The Korean language makes use of a large store of words of Chinese origin. Korean literary works, whether written in the vernacular or in classical Chinese, frequently cite Chinese literary or cultural/historical examples. Given the apparent influence of Chinese upon Korean, how has the Korean identity articulated and sustained itself? This study of Korean shijo verse explores the very permeable boundaries between the two realms to see if—and, if so, how—the areas of transition may mark the outlines of what is Korean in Korean literature.

Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels (review)

Joyce A. Rowe. Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1988. 161 pp. $29.95. Joyce A. Rowe has given us a new view of famUiar works for which we aU might weU be grateful. Rowe re-examines the problematical endings of several novels at the core of the American canon: The Scarlet Letter, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Ambassadors, and The Great Gatsby. Describing the relation between ending and narrative as "troubling," Rowe suggests that the endings of these four classics "are equivocal in a special thematic sense, as they simultaneously promote and deny a visionary ambition already defeated in the body of the work . . . they are . . . deliberately evasive, eluding those truths of experience, of both self and world, which the preceding narrative has been at pains to estabüsh" (1). Each of the four protagonists is a visionary, and each is "defeated, as much by his or her own limitations as by the society at hand" (2), yet in the end each refuses to face those limitations, choosing instead the classic American "pattern of Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown at the Devil's altar—at the moment of crisis they tum away" (7), asserting vision over reality. Rowe Ulustrates the pattern of equivocal endings with a reading of Hawthorne 's "My Kinsman, Major Molineux," in which Hawthorne examines the "fundamental analogy between the forces that shape individual being and those that move history onward" (14). Like die young nation, which hopes to recreate society after sundering its ties to its own past, and which must deny the nature of revolution itself in order to enjoy the myth of "America," Robin must stiU, after seeing revolution as mob cruelty and after glimpsing his own disturbing wiUingness to join in the ridiculing of Major Molineux, heed tiie "friendly" voice in his ear, which Rowe identifies as the voice of Franklin insisting on beneficent self-reUance as an American model. The mob's violence and Robin's laughter establish reaUty, which Robin denies by gratefuUy accepting the Franklinian myth (soon to be transmuted into Emersonian myth). According to Rowe, this pattern repeats itself in The Scarlet Letter, in which each of the major characters, "engrossed in a self-preoccupation so acute that for seven years they are barely aware of one another's presence," exacerbates his or her suffering through a "mutual isolation which in Hawthorne's day could already be recognized as the dark twin of self-reliant individualism" (28). Hawdiorne's distrust of such isolation resulted in characters who, as their natures dictate, stray either inward or outward, Dimmesdale trying to force his own flesh and spirit into conformity with Puritan social ideology, and Hester dreaming of a day when that ideology might be changed. Rowe's view of Hester's hopes that relations between men and women might be redefined has some oddly sexist implications: "The dream that Hester clings to is tantamount to the transformation of humanity itself. It seeks to transcend the limitations, not only of Puritan Boston or of the society of Hawthorne's own day, but those which any social order must impose if it is to provide stability for human nature as it is, rather than as we may wish it to be" (28). The complete stifling of sexuality hardly seems essential to social stabüity. Yet Rowe makes the paradigm fit, pointing out that "what we have seen of human nature in this book would suggest that however conceptualized, the The Henry James Review 11 (1990): 149-51 © 1990 by The Johns Hopkins University Press 150 The Henry James Review American dream of social perfection is defeated precisely by the 'faUen' nature of the dreamers" (44). After returning to Boston, Hester must discount the evidence of her own experience in order to cling to her vision. Huckleberry Finn must, as Rowe explains, do the same. Rowe's view of an ending which has traditionaUy been seen as problematic is indeed unequivocal: "It is as if Mark Twain were saying: Only in a society of wilting victims and fools could such a bogus ending be believed" (50). Huck's idyU on the river with Jim, interrupted by numerous landings...