Mutual Interconnections Research Articles

Time-resolved x-ray diffraction study of the piezoelectric crystal response to a fast change of an applied electric field

Time-resolved measurements of the macroscopic and microscopic strains in piezoelectric crystals were performed with a novel data acquisition technique implemented on the basis of a field programmed gate array system. Both types of strains were induced in a crystal by an applied periodic high voltage with fast (within 100 ns) switches between opposite polarities and measured simultaneously by respective angular shifts and integrated intensities of synchrotron x-ray diffraction rocking curves. The time resolution achieved with the developed data acquisition system was 100 ns. The paper demonstrates the particular application of this technique for the investigations of time dynamics of lattice constants and atomic positions in a unit cell for piezoelectric BiB3O6 and Li2SO4⋅H2O crystals. It has been found that 100 ns fast rising time of an applied external electric field induces oscillations of the crystal lattice constants, visible as oscillations of Bragg peak angular positions. At the same time, these oscillations are not observed for the Bragg intensities, i.e., for fractional positions of atoms in the unit cell and correspondingly for bond lengths. The results allow suggesting a model for the mutual interconnection between the deformation of bond lengths and lattice constants in piezoelectric crystals.

The Feeling Brain — The Thinking Soul

The Feeling Brain — The Thinking Soul Recent advances in neuroscience have dramatically improved our understanding of human emotional states. With the help of new technologies and models, scholars are beginning to unravel the "mystery" of emotional life. Confusions in contemporary emotion studies are due to the traditional model of a person as a rational conscious agent. The paper highlights two problematic aspects of this prevailing model: the relation between emotion and reason and the relation between emotion and consciousness. Firstly, it is claimed that the difference between emotions and thoughts does not transcend their mutual interconnectivity. Secondly, conscious content and emotional responses are both products of specialized emotion systems that operate unconsciously. Both claims are supported by experimental findings and clinical practice.

Types and Systems of Actors in Regional Development: Their Function and Regulatory Potential

The evaluation of the actors in regional development is only one component/level within the regional research. However, it is a level which increases its significance and has or could have the key role in the sphere of regional development and at the same time reflects the problems on other levels. It is in fact the proportionality and balance of the whole system that determines the resulting effects of activities and regulatory competence of actors. If there is an imbalance - even an asymmetry - in this system, advocacy of only certain interests becomes understandably imminent, as well as a reduction of interactions (not only) in the organisation of regional society. Differentiation of actors derives primarily from the distribution of power and wealth in a society, and thus it has always played an exceptionally significant role. However, as a consequence of the hierarchical organisation of the society this differentiation was noticeably asymmetrical. The non-equivalence of partial subjects/actors of regional development has led to the understandable domination of ‘deterministic’ relations and the plurality of interests and then to the dominance of ‘competitive’ relations. Only gradually do interactions of a cooperative kind successively break through the growth of mutual interconnections, linkages and necessity of social elements and partial systems, and thus the increasing of organic nature of (geo)societal systems. This will be finally illustrated through the difference between ‘symmetric’ systems of actors in developed countries and the ‘asymmetric’ global system.

From 1D zigzag chain to 1D tubular structure, weak field ligand-dependent assembly of cucurbit[6]uril-based tubular coordination polymer

The reaction of cucurbit[6]uril with Cu(NO3)2 and CuCl2, respectively, generates a 1D zigzag chain of {[Cu(H2O)4(cucurbit[6]uril)].(NO3)2.(H2O)8}n and a 1D tubular structure of {[Cu(H2O)2(Cl)2(cucurbit[6]uril)](1/3).(H2O)3}n, showing clearly how to control the reversible and mutual interconnections between ligand and metal ion under the guide of coordination chemistry.

FUNCTIONS OF PERSONAL NAMES IN LATEST LATVIAN POETRY

FUNCTIONS OF PERSONAL NAMES IN LATEST LATVIAN POETRY

Structural Stability: On the Prerequisites of Nonviolent Conflict Management

The concept of “structural stability” has been gaining prominence in development policy circles. In the EU’s and the OECD Development Assistance Committee’s (OECD DAC) understanding, it describes the ability of societies to handle intra-societal conflict without resorting to violence. This study investigates the preconditions of structural stability and tests their mutual interconnections. Seven dimensions are analyzed: (1) long-term economic growth, (2) environmental security, (3) social equality, (4) governmental effectiveness, (5) democracy, (6) rule of law, and (7) inclusion of identity groups. The postulated mutual enhancement of the seven dimensions is plausible but cannot be proven. The most significant positive relationship appears between “democracy” and “rule of law,” respectively, on the one hand and the dependent variable “violence/ human security” on the other hand. This points to the usefulness of the political concept of structural stability to promote development policy agendas in this area at least. Applications that reach beyond these initial findings will, however, require further research. Entwicklungspolitiker nehmen haufig Bezug auf das Konzept der “strukturellen Stabilitat”. Die EU und das OECD-DAC verstehen darunter die Fahigkeit von Gesellschaften, innergesellschaftliche Konflikte ohne Gewalt auszutragen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Voraussetzungen fur strukturelle Stabilitat und deren Interdependenzen. Die analysierten Dimensionen umfassen langfristiges Wirtschaftswachstum, okologische Sicherheit, soziale Sicherheit, administrative Leistungsfahigkeit, Demokratie, Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Inklusion von Identitatsgruppen. Die angenommene gegenseitige Verstarkung der sieben Dimensionen ist plausibel, kann aber durch die statistische Analyse nicht nachgewiesen werden. Der groste positive Zusammenhang zeigt sich zwischen „Demokratie“ und „Rechtsstaatlichkeit“ auf der einen und der abhangigen Variable „Gewalt“/„menschliche Sicherheit“ auf der anderen Seite. Dies lasst die Nutzlichkeit des politischen Konzeptes der strukturellen Stabilitat vermuten, in diesem Bereich entwicklungspolitische Ansatze zu fordern. Allerdings bedurfen daruber hinausgehende Anwendungen weiterer ausfuhrlicher Forschung.

Hybrid Input−Output Approach to Metal Production and Its Application to the Introduction of Lead-Free Solders

The production process of metals such as copper, lead, and zinc is characterized by mutual interconnections and interdependence, as well as by the occurrence of a large number of byproducts, which include precious or rare metals, such as gold, silver, bismuth, and indium. On the basis of the framework of waste input-output (WIO), we present a hybrid 10 model that takes full account of the mutual interdependence among the metal production processes and the interdependence between them and all the other production sectors of the economy as well. The combination of a comprehensive representation of the whole national economy and the introduction of process knowledge of metal production allows for a detailed analysis of different materials-use scenarios under the consideration of full supply chain effects. For illustration, a hypothetical case study of the introduction of lead-free solder involving the production of silver as a byproduct of copper and lead smelting processes was developed and implemented using Japanese data. To meet the increased demand for the recovery and recycling of silver resources from end-of-life products, the final destination of metal silver in terms of products and user categories was estimated, and the target components with the highest silver concentration were identified.

A Vehicle - Bridge Interaction

The problem of a vehicle - bridge interaction can be followed in the literature since the year 1849. At the early state the analytical methods were applied. The development of computers brings the change in the approach to the used methods of solution. The Finite Element Method and Component Element Method represent the revolution and qualitative jump in the development. They enable to solve very truthful space computing models numerically. The results of numerical computation must by verified by the in situ experimental measurements. Mutual interconnection of numerical and experimental techniques represents the most effective way in the process of uncovering of objective reality concerning of real action of bridge structure under the passing of vehicles.

Hodnocení moderních přístupů ve strategickém řízení nákladů

Cílem strategického řízení nákladů je rozpoznat vzájemnou propojenost celého procesu řízení, navrhnout model řízení podniku v nestabilním tržním prostředí, konkretizovat jeho principy a pravidla řízení, nástroje fungování. Komplexním završením systému řízení podnikatelské činnosti a celého plánovacího systému je systém rozpočtů. Zvýšení účinnosti rozpočtu bezprostředně souvisí se změnou strategie řízení podniku v návaznosti na změny konkurenčního prostředí; se změnou požadavků řídicích pracovníků na informační zajištění řízení ve změněném podnikatelském prostředí.Významným přínosem pro zkvalitnění rozpočtů je použití metody rozpočtování s nulovým základem. Tato metoda začíná stanovením cílů, identifikací jednotlivých činností uvnitř podniku, nalezením vazeb mezi nimi, popřípadě jejich seskupením do dílčích procesů. Klíčovým krokem je posouzení přínosů těchto činností, stanovení jejich nákladové náročnosti, s cílem omezit činnosti neproduktivní a zbytečné.

Horizontale Fusionen auf zweiseitigen Märkten am Beispiel von Printmedien

AbstractThe recent discussion about the revision of German merger control underlines the relevance of media economic questions. This discussion frequently neglects the particularities of media markets, for example the mutual interconnection of advertising and media markets, i.e. of “two-sided markets”. In this paper the impact of “two-sided markets” on mergers is analyzed. The results indicate that an intensive analysis of each case because of the heterogeneity of each market and a stronger economization of merger control would be useful. The basis for an economization could be quantitative analyses that are conducted using existing market data. The print media market is an example of the peculiarities of “two-sided markets” at which network externalities lead to pricing behavior that deviates from that on normal markets.

Geometric interpretation of finite‐dimensional eddy‐current formulations

AbstractThis paper gives an explicit geometric interpretation of finite element formulations of the eddy‐current problem. The paper shows, step‐by‐step how the eddy‐current problem can be implemented in a finite element kind of software system exploiting familiar geometric ideas such as lengths of edges, areas of faces, volumes of tetrahedra, and the mutual interconnections between the simplices of a mesh. The approach is a specific case of the so‐called geometric techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sport and the welfare state in Europe1

The article analyses the mutual interconnection between welfare states and sports systems in six European countries (Denmark, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain). It seeks to address, on the one hand, questions such as the following: what were the underlying rationales and ideologies evident in the justification of sports policy in welfare frameworks? What cultural values, historical contexts, and political configurations were evident in the specific arrangements of a given welfare state and its governmental welfare poicy infrastructure? On the other hand it portrays the legal, institutional and organisational similarities and dissimilarities which exist in a given country between the institutional structure of the sport system and the organisation of the welfare state, and seeks to identify to what extent comparable structural elements have developed, and where dissimilarities can be found. This paper illustrates how, where sports and welfare systems in different European countries are derived from different historical roots and are based on different ideologies and organisational structures, the welfare state maintains a different position and influence on sport. To the extent that the traditional welfare states of western industrialised countries are heading towards crises in terms of increasing funding requirements and legitimation deficits, the sport system will also be affected by the immediate consequences of such developments and will be required to adjust and adapt.

"I am rather satisfied with this interpretation of my dreams." -- real-life and work-related encounters between psychiatrist Johann Christian August Heinroth and poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Apart from being a major pioneer of modern psychiatry, Johann Christian August Heinroth (1773 - 1843) is foremost famous as the first academic teacher, professor of this subject at Leipzig University. Despite his theoretical concepts being thoroughly investigated by medical historians, the fact that his scientific work also brought him in contact with Weimar poet and scientist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832) has up to now not been acknowledged. This paper analyses for the first time the manifold points of contact between the two geniuses. Starting off with a retrospective on Goethe's relationship towards psychiatry in his day, this paper investigates the mutual interconnections and influences between the two. This is achieved by an analysis of yet unknown primary sources as well as Goethe's literary and scientific works. A main emphasis is also placed on Heinroth's Textbook of Anthropology of 1822 in which the psychiatrist laid out his understanding of 'relational thinking' (gegenständliches Denken), a key concept for both. This theory developed from Heinroth's dealing with Goethe's concept of "anschauung" and was to gain major importance not only for his way of gaining knowledge in general but also for his psychiatric concept. Goethe's influence on Heinroth is particularly revealed in the latter's holistic views on mental illnesses. Heinroth's visit to Goethe on 15 September 1827 can be earmarked as a sign of their mutual esteem.

What If? The Educational Possibilities of the Earth Charter

Evoking a concern for intergenerational equity and claiming that the bounty and beauty of Earth have become diminishing prospects, I introduce the Earth Charter as an expression of the hopes of diverse communities around the globe. I argue that the Charter deserves educators' attention as an integrated vision of social justice, peace, and ecological sustainability. I believe the Earth Charter can help transform our conception of what is foundational to include solutions to the deepening anthropogenic ecological crisis. Attention is given to the rationale and methodology for teaching with the Earth Charter. I argue that those in educational studies must deeply engage the problems of our time and that the Earth Charter offers hopeful possibilities for examining and addressing our mutual interconnections.

OL-protocadherin expression in the visual system of the chicken embryo.

The expression of OL-protocadherin, a homotypically binding cell adhesion molecule, was mapped in the visual system of the chicken embryo at intermediate to late stages of development (11-19 days of incubation). The expression was compared with that of four classic cadherins, described previously. OL-protocadherin is expressed by the isthmooptic nucleus, its retinopetal projection, and possibly its retinal target neurons, the amacrine cells. Ganglion cells begin to express OL-protocadherin at relatively late stages of development. The layers of the optic tectum, the projection neurons in the stratum griseum centrale, and the tectofugal pathways show differential OL-protocadherin immunoreactivity. Several of the diencephalic target nuclei of the tectothalamic projection, such as the principal pretectal nucleus, subpretectal nucleus, and nucleus rotundus, contain distinct subregions or populations of neurons expressing OL-protocadherin. In these centers, the expression pattern of OL-protocadherin differs from that of the four classic cadherins, though it shows partial overlap with them. Other retinorecipient and/or tectorecipient nuclei (ventral geniculate nucleus, lateral dorsolateral nucleus, superficial synencephalic nucleus, pretectal area, and griseum tectale) also show a differential immunoreactivity for OL-protocadherin and other cadherins. Some of these nuclei and the optic tectum display a similar sequence of cadherin expression from superficial to deep layers, in a pattern that may reflect mutual interconnections. This result indicates a partial conservation of cadherin expression across interconnected embryonic divisions, from the mesencephalon to the ventral thalamus. In conclusion, OL-protocadherin is a marker for specific functional gray matter structures and neural circuits in the chicken visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:240-255, 2004.

Feedback Loops Detection for RT Circuit Test Application Purposes Based on an Algebraic Method

In the paper, the problem of feedback loops identification in a digital circuit is discussed. The alternative of a circuit representation as a mathematical structure labelled directed graph – is presented. It is shown how mutual interconnections between circuit elements can be analysed – relation and adjacency matrices will be used for this purpose. It will be presented how to detect feedback loops in the circuit by means of mathematical operations on relation and adjacency matrices. The set of sequences of elements, each sequence represented by the list of elements in feedback loops is the output of the methodology. The principles of the methodology will be illustrated on an example

Modifications of Macro-Cells that Facilitate Utilization of Logic Resources Included into Programmable Structures

The paper reviews basic digital programmable structures and discusses feasibility of practical utilization of macro-cells that are basic components thereof. A number ofdisadvantages and flaws ofthe mentioned macro-cells are pointed out and such modifications are proposed that improve effectiveness of their implementation. The proposed alterations consist in improvement in mutual interconnection between a macro-cell and the associated pin of the integrated circuit and implementation of D-T type flip-flops with in-fly (during normal operation of the circuit) switching the operation mode

Universal System for Buildings Automation

This contribution is dealing with the problems of distributed systems for the building control. The universal system for building automation being developed in Department of Measurement and Control, VSB-TU Ostrava is described here. The system makes use of the communication network Lonworks and serves for control and mutual interconnection of the building technical equipment. In the frrst part of the contribution the technologies used in the building control sphere are decribed. In the second part the system being developed and laboratory model, on which the system is applied, are described.

A common space? The Falklands/Malvinas and the new geopolitics of the South Atlantic1

This article explores the possibility of developing a more progressive sense of place which recognises the mutual interdependence and interconnection of South America, the Falklands (Malvinas) and the South Atlantic rather than perpetuating exclusive identities and sovereignty. Since the 1982 South Atlantic conflict, there have been considerable improvements in Anglo‐Argentine relations resulting in a decade‐long period of South Atlantic co‐operation and the 14 July 1999 Joint Statement. The difficulties of generating a progressive sense of place in regions where conflict, distrust and bitterness endure remain powerful forces. These endeavours will require all parties to develop a more plural sense of culture, geographical identity and place. The recent public recognition of shared loss by former President Carlos Menem and HRH the Prince of Wales is interpreted as a promising development in the long‐term process of co‐operation and forgiveness. Finally, this investigation considers how political geographers can contribute to these acts of reconciliation and recognition.

Synchronous Membrane Potential Fluctuations in Neurons of the Cat Visual Cortex

We have recorded intracellularly from pairs of neurons less than 500 μm distant from one another in V1 of anesthetized cats. Cross-correlation of spontaneous fluctuations in membrane potential revealed significant correlations between the cells in each pair. This synchronization was not dependent on the occurrence of action potentials, indicating that it was not caused by mutual interconnections. The cells were synchronized continuously rather than for brief epochs. Much weaker correlations were found between the EEG and intracellular potentials, suggesting local, rather than global, synchrony. The highest correlation occurred among cells with similar connectivity from the LGN and similar receptive fields. During visual stimulation, correlations increased when both cells responded to the stimulus and decreased when neither cell responded.