Mutual Ground Research Articles

Twentieth-Century Length: The Origins, Use, and Formalization of Electromagnetic Standards

There was a fundamental change in our standards of length during the twentieth century, as the metal bars that had served for so long gave way to standards based on the wavelength, and then velocity, of light. This article describes those changes with particular emphasis on the standards-in-use of practitioners at the frontier of precision: spectroscopists, industrialists, geodesists, and astronomers. It reveals a multiplicity of de facto standards that supported their various innovations in practical electromagnetic measurement techniques. These de facto standards often came before, and guided the adoption of, the more visible new de jure standards that have been the subject of greater historical attention. I also offer a new explanation of the processes of change in our standards of length, based not simply on the search for better precision but more on concepts of mutual grounding and coherence.

Placing the Modern Chinese Vernacular in Transnational Literature

Placing the Modern Chinese Vernacular in Transnational Literature

Validation of the radiation pattern of the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY)

Abstract. In 2009/2010 the Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) installed a new powerful VHF radar on the island Andøya in Northern Norway (69.30° N, 16.04° E). The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) allows studies with high spatial and temporal resolution in the troposphere/lower stratosphere and in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere of the Arctic atmosphere. The monostatic radar is operated at 53.5 MHz with an active phased array antenna consisting of 433 Yagi antennas. Each individual antenna is connected to its own transceiver with independent phase control and a scalable power output of up to 2 kW, which implies high flexibility of beam forming and beam steering. During the design phase of MAARSY several model studies have been carried out in order to estimate the radiation pattern for various combinations of beam forming and steering. However, parameters like mutual coupling, active impedance and ground parameters have an impact on the radiation pattern, but can hardly be measured. Hence, experiments need to be designed to verify the model results. For this purpose, the radar has occasionally been used in passive mode, monitoring the noise power received from both distinct cosmic noise sources like e.g. Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A, and the diffuse cosmic background noise. The analysis of the collected dataset enables us to verify beam forming and steering attempts. These results document the current status of the radar during its development and provide valuable information for further improvement.

Only a whisper away. A philosophical view of the awake patient's situation during regional anaesthetics and surgery

In this study the awake patient's intraoperative situation and experiences during regional anaesthetics and surgery are reflected upon by using the work of the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological idea of the body as being at the centre of the world highlights the patient's embodied position and bestows significance onto the body as a whole, as a lived body. A case, based on the findings from a previous interview study, is presented as a contextual starting point where a patient goes from having a familiar body recognized as her own to having a partially anaesthetized body experienced as an unknown object. The intraoperative caring space is described in this context as the mutual ground where the awake patient and the nurse anaesthetist (NA) can interact to create meaning. The NA can act as the patient's bodily extension to bridge the gap between the patient's experiences and the situation. This calls for the NA's proximity and genuine presence in order to meet and understand the patient's awake experiences. Learning from the patient's situatedness gives information that is valuable for NAs to share with patients who are less experienced with this contextual situation. The challenge for the NA is not to perform routine-based care, but to acknowledge every patient's lifeworld and uniqueness thus enabling the patient to move easily along the mind-body-world continuum. The core of intraoperative care is to provide support and promote well-being of awake patients in the intraoperative environment. The use of a philosophical perspective is relevant for nurses who work in an intraoperative setting where patients undergo regional anaesthetics. This study shows how nursing research using phenomenological philosophy can help uncover new meanings known only to the patients living the experience.

垂直接地電極間の相互誘導に関する研究

This paper investigates a mutual grounding impedance between vertical grounding electrodes based on field measurements and FDTD simulations. In the case of vertical electrodes, the mutual impedance between the electrodes is almost independent of the electrode length, and thus an induced voltage is nearly constant as the electrode length becomes longer. This characteristic is different from that of an overhead conductor where the electromagnetic induced voltage is proportional to the conductor length. The greater the separation distance between the electrodes, the smaller the induced voltage same as that of the overhead conductor. The propagation velocity increases as the separation increases. It is found that the velocity is not necessarily proportional to the inverse of the relative permittivity of the earth.

Earth return admittances and impedances of underground cables in non-homogeneous earth

The influence of the stratified earth on the admittances and impedances of underground multiconductor arrangements is examined here. The electromagnetic characteristics of the stratified earth are included in a rigorous solution of the electromagnetic field equations, leading to new expressions for the self and mutual ground admittances and impedances of underground conductors. The new expressions are implemented for both a single insulated conductor and a typical three-phase single-core cable arrangement in various two-layer earth configurations. The derived propagation characteristics are compared with the corresponding ones obtained either by an approximate approach or for the homogeneous earth case. Finally, the modal propagation characteristics calculated by the proposed method are used in the simulation of steady-state high-frequency responses in the modal domain.

Christianity and contemporary politics: the conditions and possibilities of faithful witness

Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. The Terms and Conditions of Political Life. Religion and Postsecular Politics. Theological Politics and the Ecclesial-Turn. Summary of Aims and Methodology. 1. Faith-Based Organizations and the Emerging Shape of Church-State Relations. Introduction. Working Together: The Shaping of Relations between the State and Religious Groups in a Multi-Faith Society. Social Cohesion, Social Capital, and the Salvation of Civil Society. Liberalism and the Continuing Requirements of Public Reason. Theological Politics and the Question of What Constitutes Faithful Witness. Ecclesiology and the Political Mission of the Church. Summary. 2. Local: Augustine, Alinsky, and the Politics of the Common Good. Introduction. The Alinsky Approach: The Work of Broad-Based Community Organizing. Eschatology, Politics, and the Mutual Ground of the Saeculum. Christian Realism Redivivus ? A Thomistic Democratic Politics? Reweaving Civil Society. Politics without Piety Is Pitiless Piety without Politics Is Pitiful. Summary. 3. National: Christian Cosmopolitanism, Refugees, and the Politics of Proximity. Introduction. Theological Politics and the Liberal Democratic Response to Refugees. Refugees as Bare Life. Bare Life and the Limits of Humanitarianism. Hallowing Bare Life: A Doxological Response. Hallowed Be Thy Name. Sanctuary: The Practice of Hallowing Bare Life. Summary. 4. Global: Consumerism, Fair Trade, and the Politics of Ordinary Time. Introduction. Defining Political Consumerism. Consumerism and the Formation of Desire. Political Consumerism as Apprenticeship in the Virtues. Political Consumerism as Neighbor Love. Fair Trade as Contradiction. Fair Trade, Globalization and the Emergence of Political Consumerism. Ordinary Politics and the Peace of Babylon. Summary. Conclusion: Toward a Politics of Hospitality and a Theology of Politics. Epilogue. Bibliography. Index.

Participatory evaluation of a Dutch warning campaign for substance-users

This article shows an approach in evaluating and simultaneously furthering the implementation of a national warning campaign using participatory research. The campaign was a response to contaminated cocaine that appeared on the European drug market in 2004, causing extraordinary health risk for drug-users. To counter this, an elaborated warning campaign was conducted by the Drug Information and Monitoring System, a toxico-epidemiologic monitor of drug markets in the Netherlands. The process of this intervention was evaluated by a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to acquire valid and useful results. A concluding Delphi-technique resulted in shared proposals for improvement of future warning campaigns and the monitoring process. Amendments in the protocol for warning campaigns were made to facilitate the communication between different actors and to clarify responsibilities. Problems of information provision were tackled by the development of a reporting system of drug incidents. Further, the national coverage of the monitor was ensured by inviting new participants and the structure of the monitor was improved by setting up a monitor of drug incidents. The Delphi-technique also contributed to mutual understanding and common ground, and thus to optimising the conditions for further implementation.

Calculating Mutual Ground Impedances Between Overhead and Buried Cables

Aerial and buried electric conductors often share the same right of way. When a phase-to-ground fault occurs, high transient-induced overvoltages appear from short-circuit currents to the ground. The mutual ground-loop impedances between both systems are given by the Pollaczek coupling integral that does not possess an analytic closed-form solution, and its integrand is highly oscillatory to perform a direct numerical integration. An efficient and accurate algorithmic evaluation of the Pollaczek coupling integral is presented in this paper. The obtained result is used in the numerical assessment of approximated formulas previously issued by Lucca, Wedepohl, and Comite Consultatif International Telephonique et Telegraphique.

SCRIPTURAL REASONING AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

AbstractThis essay explores of the relationship between religion and science using Max Weber's insights into the philosophy of social science, C. S. Peirce's philosophy of religion and the Qur’anic treatment of material reality. The Weber‐Peirce‐Qur’an conversation opens up the possibility of a (social) scientific affirmation of religion and a religious affirmation of science. Scriptural Reasoning (SR) has already demonstrated that it is capable of creating “mutual ground” between the different religious traditions. This exploration of the exchange between SR and the social sciences suggests that SR has the potential of contributing to the creation of mutual ground between the religious traditions and the “secular” academy.

Experimental Study of Current-Dependent Grounding Resistance of Rod Electrode

This paper has experimentally investigated transient behavior of grounding electrode systems especially for a high impulse current up to 40 kA in particular reference with a mutual grounding resistance between the electrodes. The experimental results show that the mutual grounding resistance depends on the applied current similarly to the current dependence of the self-grounding resistance. The phenomenon can be explained by the increase of an effective rod radius and an effective length. The self-grounding resistance greatly depends on the rod dimension and on the soil resistivity for low currents as analytically well known. However, the parameters cause a less effect on the nonlinear characteristic for high currents exceeding 10 kA.

Evolution of collectivity in a ground–γ-band mixing scheme for even–even transitional nuclei

We propose an extended band-mixing formalism capable of describing the structure of the ground- and γ-bands in a wide range of collective spectra beyond the regions of well-deformed nuclei. We apply it to explain the odd–even staggering effect observed in the γ-bands of Mo, Ru and Pd nuclei and to obtain on this basis a consistent interpretation of new experimental data in the neutron rich region. As a result the systematic behaviour of the staggering effect, together with the mutual ground–γ-band disposition, interband mixing and intraband level spacing are explained as the manifestation of respective changes in nuclear collectivity.

Mediation and communication of information in the cultural interface

In man-machine communication, there is a relationship between what may be described as tacit (human) and explicit (machine) knowledge. The tacit lies in practice and the explicit in the formulation of the processes and content of this practice. However, when a human communicates with another human face to face, we may describe them as communicating aspects of the tacit and explicit dimension of their knowledge, i.e. the expression and its background of meaning for the particular situation. When this is unsuccessful in being communicated, some mediator (not necessarily a third person) is needed to provide the bridge for the particular discrepant aspects of the tacit and explicit dimensions to meet. This is achieved by making the tacit nature of the discrepancy in the communication explicit to both participants such that they both understand the background to their discrepancy. Once they become aware, it is possible for them to begin to resolve it. In considering what has been termed here the ‘cultural interface’, i.e. communication across cultures, the paper will explore the nature of discrepancies in communication and the means by which we can accommodate to each other's differences, either via third party help or between ourselves. The interaction of each person's tacit (background of practices) and their interpretation, set against this background, of the explicit (the utterance, silence, gesture) needs to find some mutual ground, involving their cultural self. The operation of mediation and negotiation will be considered in this context.

Referent introductions in Spanish narratives as a function of contextual constraints: a crosslinguistic perspective

This study investigates referent introductions in narratives produced by Spanish children of 6, 9 and 11 years and adults in two situations, where they either could assume mutual back ground knowledge of the narrated content (Situation MK) or could not make this assumption (Situation NMK), while holding this content constant by means of a picture book. Overall, situation NMK elicits more indefinite first mentions than situation MK and this effect is more marked for the main characters than for the secondary ones. The developmental pattern indicates that 9 years is the critical age at which Spanish children begin to use more indefinite first mentions in both situations. For all animate referents, Spanish children's and adults' introductions occur significantly more often in VN clause structures than in NV ones. Situation NMK elicits more VN first mentions than situation MK, but this contrasted effect concerns only the main characters. For these referents, the dominant pattern is Indefinite/Non Subject/VN clause structure; this pattern increases regularly with age. For main characters, Spanish children and adults tend to choose some predicates as a function of the situation: estar + auxiliaries in MK and estar + locations in NMK. These results compared with previous ones obtained with French children in identical conditions (Kail & Hickmann 1992) are discussed in the light of various constraints: linguistic, especially clause structure as a

Time-domain low frequency approximation for the off-diagonal terms of the ground impedance matrix

The ground impedance is one of the parameters needed for field-to-transmission line coupling calculations. In the case of multiconductor lines this ground impedance is a full matrix with diagonal (self-impedance) and off-diagonal (mutual impedance) terms, The expression for the mutual ground impedance between two conductors i and j has been derived by Sunde (1968) and a low frequency approximation by Carson (1926). The general expression for the ground impedance matrix terms in the frequency-domain does nor have an analytical inverse Fourier transform. Therefore, the elements of the "transient ground resistance" matrix in time-domain should be, in general, determined using an inverse Fourier transform algorithm. In low-frequency approximation, however, Timotin (1967) and Mok and Costache (1992) has found an analytical inverse Fourier transform for the ground self-impedance. We extend the Timotin formula to the off-diagonal terms of the ground resistance matrix.