Mutual Accommodation Research Articles

Confucian Democracy in East Asia: A Discussion of Sungmoon Kim’s Democracy After Virtue: Toward Pragmatic Confucian Democracy

Confucian Democracy in East Asia: A Discussion of Sungmoon Kim’s <i>Democracy After Virtue: Toward Pragmatic Confucian Democracy</i>

Academics’ and Institutional Leaders’ Perception of Transparency: Lesson from Ethiopian Public Universities

This study explored academics’ and institutional leaders’ perception of transparency in decision-making in Ethiopian higher education institutions. Three universities were selected from the 31 public universities using a stratified sampling technique. The study employed a mixed-method exploratory research design. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test) were used to analyse the quantitative data while thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes and meanings within qualitative data. The findings of this study showed that the Ethiopian public universities have hierarchal (top-down) governance lacking in transparency in decision-making. Academics and institutional leaders called for greater transparency in the flow of information and decision-making for the academic community to accomplish their academic core activities effectively. Transparency is a key element of the university governance, and we argue that a lack of transparency at the university upper levels of the university will discourage transparency at lower levels. We recommend shift to more shared governance or consultative governance for mutual accommodation if the Ethiopian universities are to become transparent and optimise their contribution to national development.

Coexistence and Culture: Understanding Human Diversity and Tolerance in Human-Elephant Interactions

There is a growing recognition of the importance of conservation beyond protected areas, in spaces of human-wildlife coexistence. Negative human-wildlife interactions are a key challenge, but a better understanding of the forms of tolerance and mutual accommodation would be useful for coadaptation toward coexistence. To date, however, studies of human-wildlife often have been limited by a largely quantified positivist epistemology, which elides the diverse cultural and ecological contexts which enable tolerance and coexistence between humans and wildlife to develop and adhere. In Gudalur, a plantation landscape in South India, about 150 elephants share space with a quarter of a million people. Using a quantified survey coupled with ethnographic fieldwork, we aim to better understand human diversity and tolerance of elephants that allows for coexistence. We find a marked difference between communities, with ethnicity being a better predictor of tolerance than the more tangible socio-economic or geographic variables such as income, education, land holding or cropping patterns. Using qualitative data, we identify three socio-cultural variables that are relevant to tolerance–a shared history of living with elephants, mode of subsistence and type of agricultural crops, and most importantly, ontology or the fundamental understanding of “what is an elephant?” Hunter-gatherer conceptualisations of elephants as “other-than-human persons” prove to be the ontological stance best suited to coexistence, as it allows for elephant individuality and interpersonal negotiations of shared space, which is limited in other world-views, including the worshiping of elephants as Ganesha, the elephant headed deity in the Hindu Pantheon. Having identified some important differences among ethnic communities in human-elephant interactions, we consider the implications of the research for improving the management and practice of human-wildlife coexistence not only in the Nilgiri region but within the broader context of conservation and development.

Decoupling US and China's Grand Strategy in Asia -Pacific Region

Since the end of the second world war, the Asia-Pacific region has remained the center of global attention due to US presence, hot spot issues, and unresolved territorial disputes. There is no denying the fact that US presence has contributed enormously towards regional security and stability, which also enabled China to rise peacefully, despite tremor sin other regions of the world. This region alone contains 60 percentage of the world's population and half of the world's economic and trade volume. The framework of extensive and robust engagement is the recipe for future progress, and no single country or alliance system can shape the future security and economic architecture of this region, therefore, necessitating the network of partnerships and comprehensive engagements by all the countries. While there are competing and complementary paradigms pursued by the US and China, however, the pragmatic assessment demands strong cooperation and mutual accommodation to overcome the challenges of evolving strategic landscape. This research paper argues that the US policies indicate hegemonic behavior and cold war mentality of containment, while China is pursuing a strategy of common development through win-win cooperation.

MUTUAL ACCOMMODATION OF RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES IN THE WORKPLACE – A JOSTLING OF RIGHTS

In and of itself a constitutional democracy is meaningless. It is the extent to which our rights as individuals in a pluralistic society are given effect and respected that brings to life the constitutionally enshrined values and principles. Religious diversity in a secular society acts as a catalyst of ingredients for conflict in the workplace. Specific legislation has been enacted to give effect to the right against unfair discrimination. Our courts have implemented and interpreted such equality legislation as imposing a duty of accommodation on the employer with regards to the employee’s religion. Our labour-law jurisprudence on transfers of business has recognized a duty offairness that cuts both ways in favour of the employee and employer. In operational requirement exercises the co-operation of both parties is required. In Canada, a duty of mutual accommodation has been utilized in religious discrimination cases. The current duty of accommodation should be extended to include a duty of mutual accommodation given that religious pluralism is a phenomenon affecting both employee and employer, thus enjoining both parties to engage in realistic measures to embrace diversity.

Indigenous Midwives and the Biomedical System among the Karamojong of Uganda: Introducing the Partnership Paradigm.

Certainly there can be no argument against every woman being attended at birth by a skilled birth attendant. Currently, as elsewhere, the Ugandan government favors a biomedical model of care to achieve this aim, even though the logistical realities in certain regions mitigate against its realisation. This article addresses the Indigenous midwives of the Karamojong tribe in Northeastern Uganda and their biosocial model of birth, and describes the need British midwife Sally Graham, who lived and worked with the Karamojong for many years, identified to facilitate “mutual accommodation” between biomedical staff and these midwives, who previously were reluctant to refer women to the hospital that serves their catchment area due to maltreatment by the biomedical practitioners there. This polarisation of service does not meet that society’s needs. We do not argue for the provision of a unilateral, top-down educational service, but rather for one that collaborates between the biosocial model of the Karamojong and the biomedical model supported by government legislation. We show that such a partnership is practical, safer, and harnesses the best and most economical and effective use of resources. In this article, we demonstrate the roles of the Indigenous midwives/traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and show that not only is marriage of the two systems both possible and desirable, but is also essential for meeting the needs of Karamojong women. The TBA is frequently all the skilled assistance available to these women, particularly during the rainy season when roads are impassable in rural South Karamoja. Without this skilled help, the incidence of maternal and infant mortality would undoubtedly increase. Ongoing training and supervision of the TBA/Indigenous midwife in best practices will ensure better care. We offer a way forward via the Partnership Paradigm (PP) that lead author Sally Graham designed in conjunction with the Indigenous midwives and biomedical staff with whom she worked, the development and characteristics of which this article describes.

How Do Health Systems Address Patient Flow When Services Are Misaligned With Population Needs? A Qualitative Study.

Patient flow through health services is increasingly recognized as a system issue, yet the flow literature has focused overwhelmingly on localized interventions, with limited examination of system-level causes or remedies. Research suggests that intractable flow problems may reflect a basic misalignment between service offerings and population needs, requiring fundamental system redesign. However, little is known about health systems' approaches to population-capacity misalignment, and guidance for system redesign remains underdeveloped. This qualitative study, part of a broader investigation of patient flow in urban Western Canada, explored health-system strategies to address or prevent population-capacity misalignment. We conducted in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of managers in 10 jurisdictions across 4 provinces (N = 300), spanning all healthcare sectors and levels of management. We used the constant comparative method to develop an understanding of relevant strategies and derive principles for system design. All regions showed evidence of pervasive population-capacity misalignment. The most superficial level of response - mutual accommodation (case-by-case problem solving) - was most prevalent; capacity (re)allocation occurred less frequently; population redefinition most rarely. Participants' insights yielded a general principle: Define populations on the basis of clusters of co-occurring need. However, defining such clusters demands a difficult balance between narrowness/rigidity and breadth/flexibility. Deeper analysis suggested a further principle: Populations that can be divided into homogeneous subgroups experiencing similar needs (eg, surgical patients) are best served by narrow/ rigid models; heterogeneous populations featuring diverse constellations of need (eg, frail older adults) require broad/ flexible models. To remedy population-capacity misalignment, health system planners should determine whether clusters of population need are separable vs. fused, select an appropriate service model for each population, allocate sufficient capacity, and only then promote mutual accommodation to address exceptions. Overreliance on case-by-case solutions to systemic problems ensures the persistence of population-capacity misalignment.

China–India Rivalry: The Saga of Game Changers

China and India have surprised the world by their military brinkmanship since mid-2020 amid the global coronavirus pandemic. Also surprising was their sudden disengagement at a key site, Pangong Tso Lake area in the western sector of their disputed boundary, in February 2021. But the continuing crisis has eroded their summit-level consensus reached in 2018 and 2019 that they were neighbourly partners, not rivals. The genesis of this crisis is the clash of their new perspectives on the Kashmir issue which, originally an India–Pakistan affair, has now become a major Chinese concern as well. Two new game changers in the troubled Sino–Indian engagement have caused this crisis. The author suggests a nuanced agreement on mutual military accommodation. Such an accord could create the ambience for serious negotiations to settle the intractable Sino–Indian boundary disputes.

Role of Social Media in Promoting Feministic Consciousness

This study measures the role of social media in promoting feministic consciousness among females of Multan. Feminism and the awareness for the rights of women in Pakistan have been shaping themselves for a long. The link between the campaigns of women and the state of Pakistan has undertaken many shifts from mutual accommodation and necessary philosophical arguments out openly and dispute, which is followed by contribution and co-optation. It is a quantitative study in which the researcher will utilize survey methodology in order to gather information from the participants regarding the role of social media in promoting feministic consciousness. The study comprises 300 female participants who were inquired about usage pattern and consumption of social media and awareness of feminism. SPSS software was used for the analysis. The result of this study shows that the feminist understanding has the least relationship with social media, and the females who are aware regarding feministic consciousness have better uplift in their social status.

Constrained autonomy: academics and institutional leaders empowerment in Ethiopia in the context of the Bologna Process

ABSTRACT This study explored academics’ and institutional leaders’ perception of the empowerment of various actors in Ethiopian higher education institutions. Little is known about university autonomy in Ethiopian higher education in the context of the Bologna Process. Three public universities were selected from the 31 public universities using a stratified sampling technique. A mixed method exploratory research design was employed. The study used descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA and Tukey’s posthoc test) for the quantitative data analysis while thematic analysis was used to identify the emerging themes and meanings within qualitative data. The findings of this study showed that the Ethiopian public universities are hierarchal (top-down) in terms of autonomy as power is highly centralized, and the autonomy of the academic units is constrained. Both academics and institutional leaders expressed dissatisfaction with the current situation. They noted the need for more autonomy for the University, which they expected would subsequently lead to them having greater academic freedom. From the findings of the study, there is a critical need for a flexible and responsive system of governance, where academics and institutional leaders are empowered to execute their core activities. University autonomy should be supported by more collegial and less hierarchical systems of governance. The study suggests shared governance or consultative governance for mutual accommodation if Ethiopian universities are to maintain their academic freedom and institutional autonomy and optimize their contribution to national development.

Plastic accommodation during tensile deformation of gradient structure

Gradient structure (GS) possesses a typical trans-scale grain hierarchy with varying internal plastic stability, and the mutual plastic accommodation plays a crucial role in its superior strength-ductility combination. Using the in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) during tensile loading, we measured lattice strains sequentially from the nanostructured (NS) surface layer to the central coarsegrained (CG) layer to elucidate when and how plastic accommodation occurs and evolves within the GS, along with their roles in plastic deformation and strain hardening. Throughout the tensile deformation, two types of plastic incompatibility occur in the GS. One is an extended elastoplastic transition due to layer-by-layer yielding. The other is strain localization and softening in the NS layer, in contrast with the stable plastic deformation in the CG layer. Plastic accommodation thus occurs concurrently and manifests as both an inter-layer and intra-layer change of stress state throughout tensile deformation. This produces different micromechanical responses between layers. Specifically, the NS layer initially experiences strain hardening followed by an elastoplastic deformation. The hetero-deformation induced hardening, along with forest hardening, facilitates a sustainable tensile strain in the NS layer, comparable to that in the CG layer.

Educating for compassion and mutual accommodation

Macdonald (2020) argues that there are four pillars of civilization- freedom, science and technology, mutual accommodation and compassion. The emphasis in the West since the Renaissance has been on freedom and science. The latter two pillars are needed if civilization is to thrive. In contrast to many countries where nativism, authoritarianism, and populism is manifest, Canada has been able to engage in mutual accommodation so that Quebec did not separate and is “unique among Western nations in the absence of seriously poisoned immigration politics”. The paper outlines ways to educate for mutual accommodation and compassion and describes two schools in Toronto that demonstrate these practices.

Martensite’s Logistic Paradigm

This work introduces a deterministic approach to the martensite transformation curve. Martensite is a nucleation-controlled transformation that has two characteristics: autocatalysis and auto-accommodation. Only a small number of martensite units initially form owing to primary nucleation. These new units may cause the transformation of other units by autocatalysis. We call this kind of transformation chained autocatalysis. Moreover, as the transformation progresses, the auto-accommodation influences the arrangement of new units. This work assumes that the transformation-saturation relates to the exhaustion of the chained autocatalysis, which underlines the microstructure. To compare, we considered the KJMA’s extended-transformation concept that implies assuming exhaustion by impingement. Data from isothermal martensite transformations and anisothermal martensite transformations are used to validate the model. Those data comprised different grain sizes and carbon contents. The model is based upon Verhulst’s logistic concept. We propose that the model's high fitting-capability stems from its deterministic aspect combined with martensite’s self-similarity. Additionally, we suggest that chained autocatalysis controls the rate of martensite transformation. Therefore, the relaxation of transformation strains by plasticity assisted by mutual accommodation determines the transformation's martensite volume in the absence of post-propagation coarsening/coalescence.

Growth Models and Core–Periphery Interactions in European Integration: The German–Greek Special Relationship in Historical Perspective

AbstractThis article investigates the history of the German–Greek relationship in the context of European integration and demonstrates that West Germany and German–Greek business networks played a crucial role in the shaping of Greece's post‐war growth model. The article challenges the assumption that the relationship between the two countries is overshadowed by the past. In contrast, it shows that post‐war German–Greek relations were forged around European integration with an eye to the future and that it was the two countries' early rapprochement and the mutual accommodation of their respective aims that laid the foundations of their asymmetrical interdependence. In doing so, the article argues that it was the success of Greece's European strategy, rather than its failure, that lies at the heart of its recurring balance‐of‐payments problems: a lingering trade deficit with Germany, the country's major trading partner, proved to be, as I will show, the price for growth and modernization.

The 1999 Kosovo War and the Crisis in U.S.-Russia Relations

Based on recently declassified U.S. sources from the Clinton Presidential Library and the State Department’s Freedom of Information Act Virtual Reading Room, this article looks into Bill Clinton’s and Boris Yeltsin’s statecraft to save the post-Cold War U.S.-Russia partnership during the Kosovo War in 1999. The war deepened the rift between Russia and the West jeopardizing the policy of mutual integration and accommodation. Clinton’s and Yeltsin’s personal diplomacy helped Russia to play a constructive role in the search for a peace settlement and the complete withdrawal of Serbian troops from Kosovo. Despite domestic protest in Moscow, Yeltsin did not join Milosevic but chose to work with the United States and salvage Russia’s relationship with the West.

The United States, the International Criminal Court, and Afghanistan: The Rupturing of Mutual Accommodation

Abstract In September 2018, then U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton delivered a speech that ushered in a new, more aggressive era of U.S. foreign policy vis-à-vis the International Criminal Court (icc). Washington’s disapprobation over the icc’s interest in the alleged crimes of U.S. personnel in Afghanistan has been seen as the cause for this change. While this is certainly partly true, little attention has been paid to Fatou Bensouda’s prosecutorial behaviour as an explanatory factor. Using the framework from David Bosco’s Rough Justice, this article demonstrates that a distinct shift in prosecutorial behaviour occurred when Fatou Bensouda took over as Chief Prosecutor. In contrast to Luis Moreno Ocampo’s strategic approach, avoidant of U.S. interests, Bensouda’s apolitical approach directly challenged the U.S. This shift in prosecutorial behaviour ruptured the ‘mutual accommodation’ that previously characterised the icc-U.S. relationship and, in turn, produced the shift in U.S. policy that now marginalises the Court.

Modes of coordination for health technology adoption: Health Technology Assessment agencies and Group Procurement Organizations in a polycentric regulatory regime.

The challenge of novel and high cost health technologies has encouraged the growth of regulatory agencies such as Health Technology Assessment (HTA) organizations and Group Procurement Organizations (GPO). Yet the existence of several agencies in the same polycentric regulatory regime raises questions about whether and how their work can be coordinated. Drawing on a case study of GPOs and HTA agencies across four provinces in Canada, involving document review and key informant interviews (n=44) conducted between 2013 and 2016, we explore the separate evolution of these agencies, emerging connections between them for non-drug technologies, and the organizational processes and evaluative judgments that underpin coordination efforts. HTA agencies and GPOs developed separately; connections emerged recently in three provinces and suggest four modes of coordination. One mode aligns most closely with that recommended by health economists and HTA practitioners, whereby HTA precedes procurement, with coverage decisions informing technology acquisition. The second mode is a version of the first, where procurement refers cases to HTA for coverage or technology management support; unlike the first, it recognizes procurement's evaluative strengths. Yet both the first and second modes focus on exceptional cases and will be infrequent. The third mode is more systemic, reflecting a generalized complementary of purpose as public agencies. HTA could support GPOs in contested technology acquisition efforts through timely and responsive input, while procurement could expand HTA's impact and inform HTA's growing interest in responsible innovation and environmental sustainability. The final mode is non-coordination, reflecting the potential for agencies to occupy quite distinct regulatory niches within the same regime. We conclude that consistency and convergence around a single model of resource allocation is not inevitable; nor is it necessary for coordinated effort. Thus, where differences in regulatory practice and epistemology persist, mutual accommodation and shared learning may prove most productive.

The Trucial Gulf States and Their Role in International Politics

The study focuses on International Relation behavior of Gulf Trucial states seeking security in the wake of perceived regional and international threats. The Gulf States including and other despotic regimes in the region have been found abandoning wider regional Interest and joining Western Power and recently even Israel which is political most contested regime in the region. Gulf States are cluster of small but rich and militarily weaker states. This makes them dependent on big or influential regional and International powers. The personal and despotic family rules in Gulf state have mostly been depended for their sustenance on internationally powerful states for their defense and protection against internal and external threats. The native political movements like Muslim Brotherhood Palestinians who are supported mutually make a case of internal threats for the authoritative and despotic Gulf States Emirates. The movements in Middle East seek wider change on their agenda and the end of concentration of power The study find that personal and despotic rules ignore major political issue and their settlement to sustain their grip on power. This facilitates a short term sustenance at the cost of a bigger regional threat. This political trending of the Gulf States also entails domestic discontent which can sow seeds for future political uncertainties and discontent leading to regional security dilemma and escalated conflicts and confrontations. Paper recommends good relations conditioned with mutual reciprocity and accommodation for sustaining peace in the region to have positive impact on International peace.

An Imagined Brotherhood: The Rhetorical Framework and Prospects for China–Taiwan Relations

Current China–Taiwan relations are marked by a worrisome dynamic, as there is no convergence of rhetoric between the two sides. How can China and Taiwan build healthy relations given they disagree on many essential issues? More importantly, in what ways could the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) of Taiwan come up with a new framework, despite its recent setback in Taiwan's 2018 mid‐term elections, to engage a rising China? There is an urgent need for a framework of interaction, especially as the DPP, the ruling party, emphasizes the centrality of Taiwan's sovereignty and democratic systems in contrast to an increasingly assertive China under Xi. Drawing on sources from China and Taiwan and current literature on international relations, this study lays out a roadmap that enables both sides to step back from rivalry and move toward mutual accommodation in Asia. This article sets forth a framework of brotherhood for China–Taiwan relations in which both sides maintain their political identities while preserving cultural affinity. It traces the development of official discourse between China and Taiwan, and provides a guideline for how to construct a rhetorical common ground: a family framework that can transform China–Taiwan relations into an imagined brotherhood. In turn, this article provides policy implications for the DPP, so it can proactively engage in political conversations with Beijing while maintaining space for rhetorical maneuvers.

De-territorialized digital capitalism and the predicament of the nation-state: Netflix in Arabia

In 2018, Saudi Arabia and Netflix were forced to confront the limits of freedom of speech online. The kingdom requested that the streaming giant remove a critical episode of the satirical show Patriot Act with Hassan Minhaj from its local service, and the latter complied at the risk of reputational damage. Focusing on the controversy surrounding this case, this article explores how both state and business adopt and adapt to changes in technology and how each reasserts its sphere of influence in the digital era. We argue that state and business are developing a symbiotic relationship in the context of de-territorialized digital capitalism. Such a relationship allows both entities to engage in mutual interdependence that accommodates the interests of the other while avoiding harmful consequences and deleterious effects. In practice, the state exercises targeted censorship while businesses abide by controlled compliance. The account and analysis presented regarding the logic of symbiotic relationship draws attention to the various ways in which global media players in the digital era have navigated territoriality and the extent of state–business mutual accommodation.