Brassica Juncea Research Articles

Genome-wide identification of SIMILAR to RCD ONE (SRO) gene family in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) reveals their role in drought stress response

ABSTRACT Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oilseed crop widely cultivated worldwide, and drought is the main environmental factor limiting its yield enhancement and the expansion of planted areas. SIMILAR TO RCD ONE (SRO) is a plant-specific small gene family that plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses such as drought. However, the functional role of SROs in rapeseed remains poorly understood. In this study, 19 BnaSROs were identified from the rapeseed genome, with 9, 10, 10, 18, and 20 members identified from the genomes of Brassica rapa, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica juncea, and Brassica carinata, respectively. We then analyzed their sequence characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and conserved domains, and explored the collinearity relationships of the SRO members in Brassica napus and Brassica juncea. Next, we focused on the analysis of tissue expression and stress-responsive expression patterns of rapeseed SRO members and examined their expression profiles under ABA, MeJA and water-deficit drought treatments using qPCR. Transcriptome data analysis and qPCR detection indicated that BnaSROs exhibit multiple stress-responsive expression patterns. BnaSRO1 and BnaSRO11, which are likely to function through interactions with NAC transcription factors, were screened as major drought-regulated members. Our results provide a solid foundation for functional analysis of the role of the SRO gene family in abiotic stress responses, especially drought stress responses, in rapeseed.

Yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) as affected by split and foliar application of potassium

A field experiment was carried out during winter (rabi) season 2021–22 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute located at New Delhi to find out the effect of potassium management on yields, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard. Eight treatments combinations of different doses, methods and time of potassium application i.e. No K = 0 kg K/ha; 100% MOP (muriate of potash) as basal; 2 Foliar sprays of KNO3 at branching and before flowering; 50% MOP as basal + 50% MOP as top dressing at branching; 50% MOP as basal + 2 foliar sprays of KNO3 at branching and before flowering; 75% MOP as basal + 25% MOP as top dressing at branching; 75% MOP as basal + one foliar spray of KNO3 at branching; 75% MOP as basal + one foliar spray of KNO3 before flowering were tested. Grain (1.89 t/ha) and straw yields (6.74 t/ha), harvest index (21.88%) and NPK uptake (93.9, 18.5 and 113.3 kg/ha) were significantly higher under 75% MOP as basal + one foliar spray of 2.5% KNO3 before flowering. However, the treatment i.e. 75% MOP as basal + one foliar spray of KNO3 before flowering remained significantly at par with 75% MOP as basal + one foliar spray of KNO3 at branching and 75% MOP as basal + 25% MOP as top dressing at branching in yield and profitability term. Enhanced net returns amounting to 65,873/ha and a benefit: cost ratio of 1.86 were recorded on the application of 75% MOP as basal fertilizer combined with a single foliar spray of KNO3 before flowering. This remained comparable to most treatments, except the control, 100% MOP applied as basal, the method involving two foliar sprays of KNO3 at branching and before flowering, 50% MOP as basal combined with 50% MOP as top dressing at branching, and the approach combining 50% MOP as basal with 2 foliar sprays of KNO3 at branching and before flowering.

Exploring the role of 28-homobrassinolide in regulation of temperature induced clastogenic aberrations and sugar metabolism of Brassica juncea L.

The present research primarily focuses on Brassica juncea's physiological and cytological responses to low and high temperature stress at 4 °C and 44 °C respectively, along with elucidating the protective role of 28-Homobrassinolide (28-homoBL). Cytological investigations performed in floral buds of Brassica juncea L. under temperature (24, 4, 44 °C) stress conditions depict the presence of some abnormalities associated with cytomixis such as chromosome stickiness or agglutination, pycnotic nature of chromatin, irregularities in spindle formation, disoriented chromatins, and non-synchronous chromatin material condensation in Brassicaceae family that subsisted at diploid level (2n = 36). Spindle abnormalities produce various size pollen grains such as sporads micronuclei at some stages of microsporogenesis, polyads, triads, dyads that irrupted the productiveness of pollen grains. Furthermore, sugars play an imperative role in protecting plants under stress besides being energy sources. Therefore, the present study revealed accumulation of total soluble sugars (TSS), with 28-homoBL treatment which pinpoints protective role of 28-homoBL under temperature stress. Sugar profiling was done by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which helped in analyzing different sugars both quantitatively and qualitatively under 28-homoBL and temperature stress conditions. The results indicate that the 28-homoBL treatment substantially enhances plant tolerance to heat stress, as evident by higher mitotic indices, fewer chromosomal abnormalities, and significantly more sugar accumulation. The findings of the study acknowledge the potential of 28-homoBL in inducing temperature stress tolerance in B. juncea along with improving the metabolic stability thereby implying application of 28-homoBL in crop strengthening under variable temperature conditions.

Manifestation of heterosis and inbreeding depression in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Manifestation of heterosis and inbreeding depression in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Responses of crops for diverse soil phosphorus conditions and potential crops for phytoextraction of enriched soil phosphorus

Phytoextraction is an attractive method to extract excess soil phosphorus (P) builds up from the soils. The crops potential to extract an enriched P in soil is still lacking. Therefore, four crops were grown in three different soils with variable P levels (0 to 200 mg P/kg soil) and screened for P acquisition potentials. Total P accumulation in roots and shoot was high with enriched P levels in all soils, for example in soil A at 200 mg P/kg soil, the values were 0.44% for cucumber (Cucumis sativus), 0.40% for sunflower (Helianthus annus), and ∼0.30% for cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and 0.20% for Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). The cucumber and sunflower showed a greater biomass production (>6.0 g/pot) with enriched P levels and exhibited more prominent root characteristics, suggests more favorable for P acquisition from the P enriched soils. More prominent enhanced phosphomonoesterase and phytase activities in these crops possibly contributing to their P accumulation ability under high soil P conditions. This study shows that, cucumber and sunflower can generate high dry matter content and can accumulate greater quantity of P from the soils through different mechanisms and they can be potential candidates for phytoextraction of P from the soil P enriched areas.

Comprehensive genome-wide identification of Snf2 gene family and their expression profile under salt stress in six Brassica species of U's triangle model.

We comprehensively identified and analyzed the Snf2 gene family. Some Snf2 genes were involved in responding to salt stress based on the RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis. Sucrose nonfermenting 2 (Snf2) proteins are core components of chromatin remodeling complexes that not only alter DNA accessibility using the energy of ATP hydrolysis, but also play a critical regulatory role in growth, development, and stress response in eukaryotes. However, the comparative study of Snf2 gene family in the six Brassica species in U's triangle model remains unclear. Here, a total of 405 Snf2 genes were identified, comprising 53, 50, and 46 in the diploid progenitors: Brassica rapa (AA, 2n = 20), Brassica nigra (BB, 2n = 16), and Brassica oleracea (CC, 2n = 18), and 93, 91, and 72 in the allotetraploid: Brassica juncea (AABB, 2n = 36), Brassica napus (AACC, 2n = 38), and Brassica carinata (BBCC, 2n = 34), respectively. These genes were classified into six clades and further divided into 18 subfamilies based on their conserved motifs and domains. Intriguingly, these genes showed highly conserved chromosomal distributions and gene structures, indicating that few dynamic changes occurred during the polyploidization. The duplication modes of the six Brassica species were diverse, and the expansion of most Snf2 in Brassica occurred primarily through dispersed duplication (DSD) events. Additionally, the majority of Snf2 genes were under purifying selection during polyploidization, and some Snf2 genes were associated with various abiotic stresses. Both RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of BnaSnf2 genes was significantly induced under salt stress, implying their involvement in salt tolerance response in Brassica species. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the Snf2 genes in U's triangle model species, which will facilitate further functional analysis of the Snf2 genes in Brassica plants.

Documentation On Medicinal Plants of Deva Deva Vana Botanical Garden of Bidar District, Karnataka

The present study was undertaken to document medicinal plants of Deva Deva vana Botanical garden of Bidar district, karnataka. Deva Deva vana literally means ‘Forest of divine/celestial beings’ A Botanical garden maintained by the Forest department around 6 km from Bidar – Hyderabad Highway. It is home to around 200 medicinal plants and trees, and considered sacred. It is divided into around 10 gardens and a nursery which is classified according to a particular theme like Nandana vana, Ashoka vana, Navagraha vana, Rock Garden, shiva panchayath vana, Phala pushpa vana,..etc the documentation of medicinal plants helps to recognize the overall ecological conditions, conservation and gives profound understanding of the economic medicinal and traditional importance of medicinal plants diversity. The present research documentation work was started in February 2023 and completed in June 2024. The present study reported that 147 Medicinal plant species belongs to 64 families distributed and conserved in Deva Deva vana Botanical garden Bidar included angiosperms Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Abrus precatorius, Ephedra, Withania sominifera, Catharanthus roseus, Tinospora cardifolia, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus amarus, allium sativum, Cocos nucifera, Coleus aromaticus, Curcuma longa, Martynia annua, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia chebula,Tithonia diversifolia, Acalypha indica, Brassica juncea, Clitoria ternatea, Datura metal, Delonix elata, Euphorbia antiquorum, Luffa acutangula, Madhuca longifolia, Myristica fragrans, Santalum album and Vitex negundo are some of the important medicinal plants of Deva Deva vana Botanical garden Bidar district of karnataka.

Genotype by environment interaction in mustard (Brassica juncea) under Terai Agro-Climatic zone using the AMMI model and GGE biplot

In the present experiment, 71 Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) genotypes were evaluated in six environments for two successive years (three environments in each year) to identify the influence of environment over the genotypes and to identify the stable, better-performing genotypes in respect to yield in Terai region of West Bengal. Statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate genotype × environment interaction using two different approaches, namely, additive main effect, and their multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot for seed yield of mustard genotypes. AMMI ANOVA showed that genotype and environment accounted for 11.46% and 47.50% of the variation respectively, where GEI captured 36.57% of the variation for seed yield. The AMMI model and GGE biplots showed that genotype RGIN-73 was the highest yielding genotype to a specific environment but DRWR-15-9 was found to be well stable with good yielding in all environments.

A chemometric approach to assess the oil composition and content of microwave-treated mustard (Brassica juncea) seeds using Vis–NIR–SWIR hyperspectral imaging

The wide gap between the demand and supply of edible mustard oil can be overcome to a certain extent by enhancing the oil-recovery during mechanical oil expression. It has been reported that microwave (MW) pre-treatment of mustard seeds can have a positive effect on the availability of mechanically expressible oil. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used to understand the change in spatial spread of oil in the microwave (MW) treated seeds with bed thickness and time of exposure as variables, using visible near-infrared (Vis–NIR, 400–1000 nm) and short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1000–1700 nm) systems. The spectral data was analysed using chemometric techniques such as partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and regression (PLSR) to develop prediction models. The PLS-DA model demonstrated a strong capability to classify the mustard seeds subjected to different MW pre-treatments from control samples with a high accuracy level of 96.6 and 99.5% for Vis–NIR and SWIR-HSI, respectively. PLSR model developed with SWIR-HSI spectral data predicted (R2 > 0.90) the oil content and fatty acid components such as oleic acid, erucic acid, saturated fatty acids, and PUFAs closest to the results obtained by analytical techniques. However, these predictions (R2 > 0.70) were less accurate while using the Vis–NIR spectral data.

Turning glucosinolate into allelopathic fate: investigating allyl isothiocyanate variability and nitrile formation in eco-friendly Brassica juncea from South Korea

Leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is explored for its biofumigant properties, derived from its secondary metabolites, particularly allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), produced during the enzymatic breakdown of glucosinolates like sinigrin. The research examines eight leaf mustard cultivars developed in Yeosu city, South Korea, focusing on their genetic characteristics, AITC concentration and nitriles formation rates from glucosinolates. Results indicate that the allelopathic effects, largely dependent on AITC concentration and enzymatic activity, vary across cultivar. Sinigrin and AITC constitute 79% and 36%, respectively, of glucosinolate and its hydrolysis products. The cultivar 'Nuttongii' demonstrates significant potential for inhibiting weeds, exhibiting the highest AITC concentration at 27.47 ± 6.46 µmole g−1 These outcomes highlight the importance of selecting mustard cultivars for biofumigation based on their glucosinolate profiles and hydrolysis product yields. The study also identifies a significant genetic influence on AITC and nitrile formation, suggesting that epithiospecifier protein modulation could enhance both allelopathic and other beneficial effects. Collectively, the research underscores the promise of mustard as a sustainable, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional herbicides.

Assessment of black rot (Xanthomonas campestris) of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) holds significant economic importance in Meghalaya, thriving in its high altitude and cool climate. East Khasi Hills (EKH) district, where cabbage cultivation remains viable throughout the year, contributes 70% of the state's total cabbage production. A severe outbreak of cabbage black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris p.v. campestris, has raised concerns in this region. To comprehensively understand the outbreak and assess its economic impact, an extensive disease survey was conducted across 6 districts of Meghalaya, with a particular focus in the EKH during 2021–22 and 2022–23. The survey was on different cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), and knol khol (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes). It was found that on an average, Meghalaya experiences a disease incidence (DI) of a 52.7% and per cent disease index (PDI) of 30.9% for black rot in cabbage. However, in the EKH, highest disease incidence (69.98%) and PDI (43.38%) of black rot was recorded in cabbage, that surpassed knol khol and cauliflower. Highest DI and severity were observed during monsoon season. Further analysis revealed significant correlations (r) between black rot incidence and severity in cabbage with temperature (0.91), humidity (0.87) and rainfall (0.88). Additionally, multiple regression predictive model performed using weather parameters and DI led to the prediction of PDI with accuracy of 95% in EKH.

Effect of Different Levels of Integrated Nutrient Management in Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi session of 2020-21 in Jaunpur district which lies Indo-Gangetic plains of Central Uttar Pradesh to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The trial was laid down in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and twelve treatments viz, T1 100% RDF, T2 100% RDF + Azotobacter, T3 100% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, T4 75% RDF + 25% N from FYM, T5 75% RDF + 25% N from FYM + Azotobacter, T6 75% RDF + 25% N from FYM + Azotobacter + PSB, T7 50% RDF + 50% N from FYM, T8 50% RDF + 50% N from FYM + Azotobacter, T9 50% RDF + 50% N from FYM + Azotobacter + PSB, T10 25% RDF + 75% N from FYM, T11 25% RDF + 75% N from FYM + Azotobacter, T12 25% RDF + 75% N from FYM + Azotobacter + PSB. Result of this study revealed that there was significant effect on growth and yield parameters. Plant height, number of branches, number of siliques, length of silique, number of seed per siliqua, test weight, seed and stover yield in T6 which was statistically at par with T9, T8, T7, T3. Maximum yield (1807 kg/ha) was recorded in T6. It may be concluded that RDF with organic Manure (FYM) and Biofertilizer (Azotobacter + PSB) is possible to produce more yield in mustard crops cultivated without much soil productivity under Indo-Gangetic plains of central Uttar Pradesh.

Improving the enrichment of Cd and Zn in leaf mustard (Brassica juncea) by using metal-activating probiotics

Microbial-assisted phytoremediation is of great significance for the remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals (HMs). Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that can improve soil structure and fertility and promote plant growth. This study aimed to investigate the effect of two kinds of probiotics, including Lactobacillus casei (L) and Bacillus licheniformis (B), on activating the remediation potentiality of leaf mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak.] for mining soil contaminated by Cd and Zn. The results showed that addition of two probiotics significantly reduced soil pH (with 0.05–0.32 units) and improved the available contents of soil HMs (16.0%–59.9% for Cd and 7.1%–23.9% for Zn) in the indoor-incubation experiment. After probiotic treatments, available Cd and Zn in potting soil treated with 1×109 cfu mL-1 of B were 1.65-fold and 1.66-fold of the control, respectively. Meanwhile, soil alkaline phosphatase, urease and sucrose activities were increased, indicating that soil microbial metabolic activities were also motivated. Addition of L and B significantly improved the biomass and chlorophyll contents of leaf mustard. The contents of Cd, Zn in shoot and root were significantly increased with 1×105 cfu mL-1 of L treatment (shoot: 75.2%, 71.9%; root: 36.8%, 61.2%). Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased or inhibited, indicating that the resistance of plants to HMs was enhanced. These results indicated that two kinds of probiotics could improve the activities of Cd and Zn directly in mining soil and promote the growth of leaf mustard, thus increasing the efficiency of phytoremediation for HMs. The study provides a reference value for probiotic-assisted phytoremediation of soil contaminated with HMs.

Effect of different level of NPK and sulphur on soil physico-chemical properties and yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Shikar

Effect of different level of NPK and sulphur on soil physico-chemical properties and yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Shikar

Effect of cultivars and dates of transplanting on growth and productivity of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Northern Telangana Zone (NTZ)

Effect of cultivars and dates of transplanting on growth and productivity of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Northern Telangana Zone (NTZ)

Productivity and economics of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties as influenced by different date of sowing under semi-rainfed condition of Rajasthan

Productivity and economics of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties as influenced by different date of sowing under semi-rainfed condition of Rajasthan

Exploring selection signatures in the divergence and evolution of lipid droplet (LD) associated genes in major oilseed crops

BackgroundOil bodies or lipid droplets (LDs) in the cytosol are the subcellular storage compartments of seeds and the sites of lipid metabolism providing energy to the germinating seeds. Major LD-associated proteins are lipoxygenases, phospholipaseD, oleosins, TAG-lipases, steroleosins, caleosins and SEIPINs; involved in facilitating germination and enhancing peroxidation resulting in off-flavours. However, how natural selection is balancing contradictory processes in lipid-rich seeds remains evasive. The present study was aimed at the prediction of selection signatures among orthologous clades in major oilseeds and the correlation of selection effect with gene expression.ResultsThe LD-associated genes from the major oil-bearing crops were analyzed to predict natural selection signatures in phylogenetically close-knit ortholog clusters to understand adaptive evolution. Positive selection was the major force driving the evolution and diversification of orthologs in a lineage-specific manner. Significant positive selection effects were found in 94 genes particularly in oleosin and TAG-lipases, purifying with excess of non-synonymous substitution in 44 genes while 35 genes were neutral to selection effects. No significant selection impact was noticed in Brassicaceae as against LOX genes of oil palm. A heavy load of deleterious mutations affecting selection signatures was detected in T-lineage oleosins and LOX genes of Arachis hypogaea. The T-lineage oleosin genes were involved in mainly anther, tapetum and anther wall morphogenesis. In Ricinus communis and Sesamum indicum > 85% of PLD genes were under selection whereas selection pressures were low in Brassica juncea and Helianthus annuus. Steroleosin, caleosin and SEIPINs with large roles in lipid droplet organization expressed mostly in seeds and were under considerable positive selection pressures. Expression divergence was evident among paralogs and homeologs with one gene attaining functional superiority compared to the other. The LOX gene Glyma.13g347500 associated with off-flavor was not expressed during germination, rather its paralog Glyma.13g347600 showed expression in Glycine max. PLD-α genes were expressed on all the tissues except the seed,δ genes in seed and meristem while β and γ genes expressed in the leaf.ConclusionsThe genes involved in seed germination and lipid metabolism were under strong positive selection, although species differences were discernable. The present study identifies suitable candidate genes enhancing seed oil content and germination wherein directional selection can become more fruitful.

Effectiveness of Brassica juncea (Mustard) Plaster on Reduction of Knee Pain and Inability among Geriatrics with Osteoarthritis.

Pre-experimental one-group pretest posttest research design was adopted to investigate the effectiveness of Brassica juncea (mustard) plaster on reduction of knee pain and inability among 60 geriatrics with osteoarthritis. The inability was assessed using the Western Ontario McMaster University (WOMAC) Index, which includes 24 parameters under three major headings: joint pain, joint stiffness, and difficulty in performing daily activities, and the severity of pain level was assessed using a numerical pain rating scale. Mustard plaster is applied against the knee for 15 minutes once a day for seven days. On day 8, study participants were re-assessed using the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index in the interventional group. The pretest mean score of pain was 77.80 ± 5.65, and the posttest mean score was 38.88 ± 11.76. The mean difference score was 38.92. The calculated paired 't' test value of t = 24.428 was statistically significant at P < 0.001 level.

Efektivitas Pupuk Organik Cair Jerami Padi dan Kotoran Sapi terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Sawi (Brasicca juncea L.)

The mustard plant (Brassica juncea L.) is loved by everyone because it has lots of nutrients and is also good for health. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of liquid organic fertilizer from rice straw and cow dung on the growth of mustard greens. The method used in this research was an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely the dose of liquid organic fertilizer (P₁ = 10 ml and P₂ = 13 ml) and the time of application of liquid organic fertilizer (W₁ = once every 5 days and W₂ = once every 7 days). The results of research on liquid organic fertilizer from rice straw and cow dung can effectively accelerate growth in height, number of leaves and wet weight in mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.). The growth of mustard greens was very good in the P₂W₁ treatment (13 ml dose every 5 days) which produced mustard plants with an average height of 35.1 cm, an average number of leaves of 17.3, and an average fresh weight of mustard greens. average 165.3 grams.

Сроки внесения аммиачной селитры при возделывании горчицы сарептской в качестве сидерата

In the southern regions of the Russian Federation, there has been a sharp decline in livestock production due to its low profitability. As a result, many farmers lack organic fertilizers, which are difficult to replace fully with mineral fertilizers. In addition, mineral salts cause negative processes (peptization, coagulation) in the soil profile, which worsen the physical and physical and chemical properties of the soil and its fertility in general. However, a good source of soil organic matter is not only livestock waste, but also plant residues or so-called green fertilizers. In this regard, in 2021–2022, we studied the effect of ammonium nitrate on the yield of green mass of brown mustard (Brassica juncea L.) variety Yunona on leached black soil of the Western Ciscaucasia on the fields of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (Krasnodar, vil. Oktyabrsky). The purpose of the research was to assess fertilizing value of ammonium nitrate (ability to return the elements of mineral nutrition at full green manuring of plants). It was found that the highest efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer application is achieved with a single application of N30 at the seedling stage of mustard. With this specific method of N30 application, more green mass and dry biomass are incorporated into the soil, by 10.6 t/ha and 3.34 t/ha, respectively, compared to the control. At the same time, the yield of macroelements is also higher: nitrogen – by 64.3 kg/ha, phosphorus – by 14.3 kg/ha, potassium – by 155.3 kg/ha, and the estimated amount of newly formed humus increases by 0.7 t/ha comparing to control.