Mustard Brassica Juncea Research Articles

Differential regulation of glucosinolate-myrosinase mediated defense determines host-aphid interaction in Indian mustard Brassica juncea L.

India's oilseed economy falls short of self-sufficiency and is supplemented by huge imports every year. Increasing national productivity of the major oilseeds is confronted with yield losses due to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. The productivity of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Linnaeus), belonging to the family Brassicaceae, is significantly reduced due to damage caused by mustard aphids (Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach, Hemiptera: Aphididae). Rapid colonization by the nymphs makes it difficult to protect the crop through agrochemicals. Aphids release effector molecules to modulate the host-defence responses. Glucosinolates (GSLs) extensively found in Brassicaceae family, are hydrolysed by myrosinase into toxic compounds that deter herbivore insects. Here, we investigated the differential activation of the glucosinolate-myrosinase pathway in mustard manifesting susceptibility and resistance to different aphid species. Mustard plants were challenged by two different aphid species mustard aphid and cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch, Hemiptera: Aphididae) leading to complete host-susceptibility in one case and resistance in the other, respectively. Differential regulation of the GSL biosynthetic pathway and myrosinase activity was assessed by gene expression study and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC- QToF-ESL-MS). Gene expression study identified selective transcriptional attenuation of the key GSL biosynthetic and myrosinase gene in mustard when challenged with mustard aphid. In contrary, the activation of GSL biosynthetic genes in conjunction with myrosinase at the transcriptional level was profound in mustard, when challenged with cowpea aphid. UPLC-MS analysis showed higher turnover in the hydrolysis of glucosinolates by myrosinase which led to concomitant generation of glucose as byproduct in response to cowpea aphid in mustard plants. GSL-myrosinase pathway is specifically attenuated by the successful aphid species in mustard and thus plays a pivotal role in determining the outcome of the B. juncea-aphid interaction. The results open up a new genetic modification strategy for developing resistance against aphids.

Population dynamics of major insect pest on mustard Brassica juncea in Vidarbha region and its correlation with weather parameters

Population dynamics of major insect pest on mustard Brassica juncea in Vidarbha region and its correlation with weather parameters

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Three Varieties of Mustard Grown under Five Soil Management Practices

Heavy metal pollution represents a global health issue. Different methods and technologies are adopted to mitigate the problem of heavy metal pollution. Phytoremediation has been gaining attention as an environmentally friendly method to remediate this problem. The purpose of this research is to explore the effectiveness of phytoremediation in agricultural settings to assess the effect of five soil management practices (chicken manure, sewage sludge, leaf compost, cow manure, and vermicompost) on Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn accumulation in the mustard (leaves and pods) of three mustard Brassica juncea varieties (black mustard, yellow mustard, and mighty mustard). The accumulation in mustard was quantified using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The results showed that the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of the three mustard varieties exceeded one (BAF > 1) for Cd and Mo. It indicates that mustard is a good accumulator of Cd and Mo, whereas BAF values for Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn were less than one (BAF < 1). The accumulated Cu, Mo, Ni, and Zn levels were below the allowable limit, whereas the Cd and Pb levels were beyond the limit. This result indicates that the investigated mustard varieties can be grown on heavy metal polluted sites for Cd and Mo phytoremediation purposes, but care is needed with regard to Cd and Mo toxicity.

Whole genome resequencing of advanced introgression lines of Brassica juncea L. Czern. for characterizing alien introgression from Diplotaxis erucoides L. DC

The productivity of Indian mustard Brassica juncea L., a major oilseed crop in India, is heavily inflicted due to the fungal disease Alternarialeaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicae L. Genetic resistance against this disease is not available in the mustard cultivars. Screeningfor resistance among the cruciferous wild relatives identified Diplotaxis erucoides L. as a resistant species that can be used for sourcingresistance genes against Alternaria disease. The introgression lines developed by wide hybridization between D. erucoides and B. junceahave been advanced to BC2F7 generation through a recurrent selection of resistant plants at three locations. Development of molecularmarkers linked to alien introgression and the trait is highly desirable for tracking the alien introgression and early selection of thedesired plants. A study was conducted to develop STS markers associated with the introgressed alien DNA based on resequencing of aresistant and a susceptible introgression line. A step-wise bioinformatic analysis and identification of the species-specific DNA contigsfollowed by annotation led us to predict several putative STS markers. While the sequence data generated from more resistant plantsand further analysis are in the process, initial wet lab validation endorsed the appropriateness of the strategy. The identified markersthat showed species specificity need to be studied over the generations to establish their linkage with the trait of Alternaria resistance.

Study on the effect of chemical and physical mutagen on seed germination of Indian mustard

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L) Czern & coss.] is considered as one of the most important vegetable oil and protein meal crops in the Indian subcontinent. Seeds of Indian Mustard Brassica juncea (L) cultivars Shivani and Pusa Bold were treated with EMS (0.3%) and gamma rays (900-1100 Gy) to study germination and other quantitative traits. Gamma rays as a kind of ionizing radiation represent a physical mutagen that induces mutations and may be effectively used in plant breeding. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a chemical extensively used to set off mutations at loci that adjust economically vital traits. During these experiments, we observed seed germination percentage in the M1 generation was highest in Pusa Bold then followed by Shivani. An increase in doses of gamma rays and the concentration of EMS reduced the percentage of germination.

Effect of sowing window, planting geometry and nutrient-management on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard in Vertisols of south-eastern Rajasthan

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2017–18, 2018–19 and 2019–20 at Agricultural Research Station, Agricuture University, Kota, India, to find out suitable nutrient-management levels, planting geometry and sowing window for Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L.). The treatments comprised sowing window, viz. 10 October, 20 October and 30 October, in main plots; planting geometry, viz. 30 cm × 10 cm and 45 cm × 10 cm and nutrient-management levels, viz. 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) N80 + P40 + K30 + S40 + Zn5 kg/ha), 125% RDF and 150% RDF, in subplots were laid out in split-plot design with 3 replications. Application of 125% RDF N100 + P50 + K37.5 + S50 + Zn6.25 kg/ha had significance influence on plant height (215.39 cm), dry matter/plant (54.83 g), primary and secondary branches/plant (5.99 and 14.17), siliquae/plant (184.89), seeds/ siliqua (15.59), 1,000-seed weight (5.01 g), seed yield (2.67 t/ha), oil content (38.42%) and oil yield (1011.72 kg/ ha), protein content (21.10%), net returns (`87,570/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.06), total nutrient uptake by crop NPKS (108.44, 27.39, 164.22 and 14.77 kg/ha, respectively) and available nutrients in soil NPKS (299.0,49.8,467.5 and 10.3 kg/ha, respectively) and zinc (1.36 mg/kg) over 100% RDF and at par with 150% RDF. The crop-sowing period extended from 10 to 30 October were found optimum and had non-significant effect on yield attributes, seed yield and economics, However, significant improvement in dry-matter/plant (58.63 g), primary and secondary branches/plant (6.09 and 14.50), siliquae/plant (202.66), seeds/siliqua (15.64), 1,000-seed weight (5.18 g), seed yield (2.62 t/ha and benefit : cost ratio (3.05), protein content (21.06 %), available nutrients in soil and total nutrient uptake by crop were observed at planting geometry of 45 cm × 10 cm over 30 cm × 10 cm. Thus, extent of sowing window from 10 to 30 October, planted at 45 cm × 10 cm crop geometry and fertilized with 125% RDF (N100 + P50 +K37.5 + S50 + Zn6.25 kg/ha) proved beneficial for obtaining high seed yield and net returns of Indian mustard in Vertisols of south-eastern Rajasthan.

First Report of Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola on Brassica juncea in China

In southern China, the staple food rice (Oryza sativa) field is commonly rotated with brown mustard Brassica juncea. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are a major threat to rice production. From 2019 to 2021, B. juncea in 56 fields from 26 counties in Guangxi Province were observed with symptoms of leaf yellowing, stunting, and several hook-shaped galls on the roots. Females and egg masses of Meloidogyne sp. were found within the galls. The females, males, and second-stage juveniles (J2s) were collected, and identified with morphological and molecular characteristics and female perineal patterns. Brassica juncea was transplanted in pots and a pathogenicity test was conducted to confirm the species as Meloidogyne graminicola. In China, this is the first record of a natural infection of mustard with M. graminicola, and this finding has great importance for Chinese mustard production, since this nematode may damage mustard plants and become an additional problem for this crop.

Jasmonate mediated inducible accumulation of indole glucosinolates confers resistance against Alternaria blight disease in cruciferous wild species Diplotaxis erucoides

The productivity of Indian mustard Brassica juncea is heavily constrained due to damage inflicted by Alternaria blight disease. Genetic resistance against this disease is obscure among the cultivated germplasms. Crop wild relatives (CWR) offer potential source of resistance genes against pathogen and insect-pests. A cruciferous wild relative Diplotaxis erucoides demonstrated high level of resistance against A. brassicae, the causative agent of Alternaria blight. In plants of the Brassicaceae family, sulfur containing secondary metabolites glucosinolates (GSLs) play a significant role in plant immunity and inducible defense against pathogens. Here, we have studied the transcriptional activation of the GSL biosynthetic genes by qRT-PCR and analysed the metabolite profile based on LC-MS in Alternaria resistant D. erucoides and susceptible species B. juncea. A comparative assessment of the gene-expression data demonstrated more efficient transcriptional activation of the key GSL biosynthetic genes by jasmonate mediated defense signaling in D. erucoides compared to B. juncea. The LC-MS analysis empirically established concomitant and inducible higher accumulation of the defense related GSL compounds in D. erucoides compared to B. juncea when challenged with the A. brassicae pathogen. The study also highlighted the two probable candidate genes for engineering resistance to Alternaria blight disease in susceptible genotypes of B. juncea.

Effect of Irrigation Scheduling at Different Phonological Phases on Growth and Yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea l.) in Northern Telangana

Optimum crop yield is not possible without the timely application and right amount of irrigation water. Since rainfall during rabi is inadequate and uncertain, scheduling of irrigation during critical stages could boost the growth, yield and water productivity of mustard. So, in order to identify critical stages of irrigation for mustard in Northern Telangana Zone, a field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2021-22 at Agricultural college, Jagtial to investigate the effect of irrigation scheduling at different phenological phases on growth and yield of mustard. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and replicated thrice. Treatments includes two irrigations each at vegetative and flowering stage (T1), two irrigations each at vegetative and siliqua development (T2), two irrigations each at flowering and siliqua development (T3), three irrigations each at vegetative, flowering and siliqua development (T4), three irrigations each at vegetative, pre-flowering and siliqua development (T5), three irrigations each at pre-flowering, siliqua initiation and siliqua development (T6), four irrigations each at vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering and siliqua development (T7), four irrigations each at vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering and siliqua initiation (T8), four irrigations each at vegetative, pre-flowering, siliqua initiation and siliqua development (T9), four irrigations each at pre-flowering, flowering, siliqua initiation and siliqua development (T10), five irrigations each at vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering, siliqua initiation and siliqua development (T11) and scheduling of irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 (T12). The results of the experiment revealed that maximum plant height (146 cm), LAI (0.89), dry matter accumulation (416 g m-2), number of siliquae plant -1 (124), number of filled seeds siliquae-1 (13.65), seed yield (1113 kg ha-1) and stover yield (2224 kg ha-1) were recorded with five irrigations each at vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering, siliqua initiation and siliqua development (T11). However, it was on par with irrigation scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 (T12). While, the lowest plant height (102 cm), LAI (0.42), dry matter accumulation (198 g m-2), number of siliquae plant -1 (63), number of filled seeds siliquae-1 (10.43), seed yield (431 kg ha-1) and stover yield (923 kg ha-1) was recorded with scheduling two irrigations at vegetative and siliqua development (T2).

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The habitat type and food availability always influence the population size of many organisms. Bird’s feeding pattern should be abstracted to complete avian community structure data. The agronomy main research farm of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology is a well-managed multi-crop agro-ecosystem which provides a suitable ground for ecological research. In a multi-crop farmland, the association of Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758, with the Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czernajew, 1859 crops have been recorded for the first time while hovering only on this field. A flock of Barn swallows was recorded in 32 field visits while flying continuously over the Indian mustard field after flowering to ripening of fruit in the morning and sometimes in afternoon also. The range of the birds was recorded from 6 to 61 with a mean individual of 36.03 ± 15.37 hovering for 1.83 hr daily. This may be the behaviour for the feeding pattern of these flying insectivorous birds which was not seen in other crop-fields with same insect diversity describing it as not the only reason for this behaviour. To reveal this poorly understood behaviour of flying insectivore birds, a detailed long term behavioural study with gut content analysis is needed to explain the particular reason behind this behaviour of Barn swallows which will support the conservation of these birds and control their population decline.

Integrative Analysis of Transcriptomic and Proteomic Changes Related to Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Spring Stem Mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee).

The development of flower and pollen is a complex biological process that involves multiple metabolic pathways in plants. In revealing novel insights into flower and pollen development underlying male sterility (MS), we conducted an integrated profiling of gene and protein activities in developing buds in cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) mutants of mustard (Brassica juncea). Using RNA-Seq and label-free quantitative proteomics, 11,832 transcripts and 1780 protein species were identified with significant differential abundance between the male sterile line 09-05A and its maintainer line 09-05B at the tetrad stage and bi-nucleate stage of B. juncea. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, including starch and sucrose metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, and oxidoreductase activity pathways, were significantly downregulated in 09-05A buds. The low expression of these DEGs or functional loss of DAPs, which can lead to an insufficient supply of critical substrates and ATP, could be associated with flower development, pollen development, and changes in fertility in B. juncea. Therefore, this study provided transcriptomic and proteomic information of pollen abortion for B. juncea and a basis for further research on the molecular regulatory mechanism of MS in plants.

Effect Of NPK Fertilizer and Chitosan on Growth and Production of Green Mustard (Brassica juncea L)

The decline of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) production can indicate a plant nutrition problem. The purpose of this pot experiment was to determine the response of green mustard to the application of NPK and Chitosan fertilizers which were applied at the same time. The experimental design completely randomized design with three replications and two factors, namely NPK fertilizer with five levels of dosage, namely 0.0 g/plant, 0.4 g/plant, 0.8 g/plant, 1.2 g/plant, and 1.6 g/plant, and Chitosan with four levels of concentration, namely: 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Observed variables were plant height, number of leaves, average leaf area, total leaf area, root length, root fresh weight, stem diameter, and plant fresh weight. The results of the study found that the use of NPK and Chitosan fertilizers increased plant growth indicated by plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and root length, as well as plant yield indicated by plant fresh weight. There was no interaction effect between the two treatments but independently both treatments have a positive effect on growth and yield of green mustard. The higher the dose of NPK fertilizer and the concentration of chitosan will increase the effect. The best treatment composition recommended for green mustard cultivation was NPK fertilizer with a dose of 1.6 g/plant and chitosan with a concentration of 20%.

Feasibility study of brown mustard (Brassica juncea (l.) Czern) plant as a raw material for manufacturing of particle board

Particle board is mostly used as alternative to wood at present age to reduce the pressure on solid wood. Different raw materials, mostly woody and non woody materials are used as wood particle and various resins are used as binder. Now-a-days, vegetable wastages are also utilized. This study was conducted to compare the feasibility of using Brown Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern) plant wastage for manufacturing of particleboard. The physical and mechanical properties of brown mustard board were tested to access its quality. The particle board made from brown mustard waste presents good physical and mechanical properties. It was found that the density of brown mustard particleboard was 0.836 gm/cm3, moisture content was 6.95%, water absorption was 37.69 %, thickness swelling was 14.58 %, linear expansion was 0.96%, Modulus of Rupture was 26.39 N/mm2 and Modulus of Elasticity was 2795.64 N/mm2. The physical and the mechanical properties of particle board of brown mustard waste were compared with the properties of market particle boards. Therefore, it can be concluded that brown mustard wastage can be used as alternative raw material for particleboard manufacturing.

TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AZZOLA MICROPHYLLA LIQUID FERTILIZER AND TAKAKURA ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH OF PALM PLANTS (Brassica juncea)

This research was aims to examine the effectiveness of application of liquid organic fertilizer Azzolla Microphylla and organic fertilizer takakura on the growth and yield of mustard greens (Brassica juncea. Azzola as a green manure can improve the chemical properties of the soil because it can meet the nitrogen needs of plants . Giving nitrogen to plants can accelerate plant growth , especially stems and leaves . The N content of Azolla liquid fertilizer can stimulate plant growth . Giving Azolla microphylls as a liquid organic fertilizer is more easily absorbed by plants so that plant growth can be optimal . In this study , observing the effect of applying liquid organic fertilizer Azolla microphylls on sweet mustard greens using Takakura organic compost media at the age of 21 , 28 , and 39 DAP with the observed variables being the number of leaves , leaf length and width and the variables observed after harvest . including weight of consumption and volume of roots . The results of this study showed that there was no significant effect of / on the application of liquid zols fertilizer and Takakura fertilizer on the number of leaves , length and width of the mustard greens (Brassica juncea ) at 21 , 28 , and 39 days after planting (HST ) between zols liquid fertilizer and Takakura fertilizer . The application of Azolla fertilizer and Takakura growing media had a significant effect on the consumption weight of mustard (Brassica juncea ) plants . It can be seen that the consumption weights of T3 , T3 , T1 and T4 have a high value compared to T0 or without fertilizer application .

Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Pupuk Kandang terhadap Tiga Varietas Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Sawi (Brassica juncea L.)

Research on the effect of applying various manures on three varieties of growth and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) was carried out in Arongan Village, Kuala Pesisir District, Nagan Raya Regency, starting from October to November 2021. The design used was a randomized block design (RAK) factorial. The first factor was manure which consisted of 3 treatment levels P0 (control/without manure), P1 (soil + cow manure 2:2), and P2 (soil + goat manure 2:1). The second factor was the variety which consisted of 3 treatment levels V1 (kumala variety), V2 (dora variety), and V3 (pakcoy variety). The results of the study did not show any interaction between the treatment of manure and varieties with all observed variables. The addition of manure had a significant effect on the number of leaves at 29 DAP and root length. Varieties treatment did not have a significant effect on all observed variables.

Comparative efficacy of neem oil and certain insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (kalt.) on mustard Brassica juncea (L.)

Comparative efficacy of neem oil and certain insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (kalt.) on mustard Brassica juncea (L.)

Study of antibacterial and antioxidant properties of medical plant extracts

The study analyzed the biological (antimicrobial and antioxidant) activity of such medicinal plants grown in the Kemerovo region as Leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.), Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), Maral root (Rhaponticum carthamoides), Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpúrea), Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.), Milk thistle (Sílybum mariánum L.), Common marigold (Caléndula officinális), Tansy (Tanacétumá vulgáre), and Common dandelion (Tarináxum officinum). It was found that all investigated plant extracts have antimicrobial properties against the tested strains of microorganisms (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923, P. vulgaris ATCC 63, C. albicans EMTC 34, L. mesenteroides EMTC 1865). It was proved that all tested extracts of medicinal plants are characterized by a high antioxidant status; according to the tests performed this parameter of the samples varies within the limits from 145.09 to 235.00 mg of ascorbic acids per 1 gram. Both the high concentration level of biologically substances and the presence of antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics of the studied herb extracts from the selected medicinal plants make it possible to recommend their use as components of feed additives for agricultural animals.

Performance of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties under Azadirachta indica L. shade and open condition in hot-arid region of Rajasthan


 The mustard production and productivity of the hot arid region of Rajasthan is dominated by both genetic makeup and environmental conditions. An experiment was conducted with four mustard varieties (RGN-73, RGN-229, RH-30 and Pusa bold) in two growing environments (open environment and neem shade). Pusa bold gave significantly higher plant height than other varieties. Among varieties, RGN-73 had significantly higher number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant, siliquae per plant, seed yield, stover yield, biological yield, harvest index and heat use efficiency than other varieties. However, significantly higher test weight was in Pusa bold variety. Under open environment condition, significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yield, harvest index and heat use efficiency were found as compared to neem shade environment. The results revealed that variety RGN-229 took more days for completion of life cycle as compared to other varieties, hence RGN-229 variety required significantly more degree days than other varieties. The pheno-thermal index was significantly higher in open condition.

Physiological evaluation of growth and yield variation of mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties under organic products in North-Western Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment was conducted for two years to analyze the physiological basis of variation in the growth and yield of popular mustard varieties under organic production. Twelve mustard varieties of varied duration and agroclimatic suitability were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Results revealed that varieties NRCHB-506, RH-406, and RGN-229, being at par, registered significantly maximum leaf area index, photosynthesis rate, and chlorophyll content at all the crop growth stages, i.e., 30, 60 and 90 DAS. During both the intervals, i.e., 30-40 and 80-90 DAS, variety RH-406 followed by RGN-229 registered maximum crop growth rate, whereas,in NRCHB-101, the lowest crop growth rate was observed. At each crop growth stage, photosynthesis rate has a significant positive correlation with leaf area index, chlorophyll content, crop growth rate during 30-40 and 80-90 DAS. Varieties Pusa Mustard-25 (5.8) and Pusa Mustard-26 (5.7) recorded significantly higher primary branches plant-1. However, varieties Pusa Tarak, RH-406, and RGN-229 recorded the significantly highest number of secondary branches plant-1. Being at par, varieties NRCHB-506, RH-406, RGN-229, and Pusa Bold recorded a significantly higher number of silique plant-1, seed yield,and stover yield than other varieties. The seed yield was found significantly and positively correlated with the crop growth rate at 80-90 DAS (r=0.600**), chlorophyll content at 90 DAS (r=0.558**), and silique plant-1(r=0.518**).Therefore, it is inferred that varieties like RH-406, RGN-229, and NRCHB-506 are suitable to grow under organic nutrient management in the prevailing agro-climatic conditions.

Population Dynamics of Mustard Aphid <i>Lipaphis erysimi</i> (Kaltenbach) and its Natural Enemies

A field experiment on the population dynamics of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and its natural enemies in Indian mustard Brassica juncea was conducted during 2016-17 and 2017-18. The peak infestation was observed in the 5th week of January (213.68 aphids/ 10 cm terminal shoot) and 4th week of January (168.80 aphids/10 cm terminal shoot) in the 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The maximum temperature had significant negative effect (r = -0.64), while relative humidity exhibited a significant positive effect (r = 0.64); and minimum temperature and rainfall led to non-significant effect. The coccinellid predator Coccinella septempunctata L., revealed a significant positive correlation with aphid (r = 0.76 and 0.72), and a non-significant correlation was observed with weather parameters.