Mussel Samples Research Articles

Accumulation of microplastics in Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas, 1771) in the sand pit lake Kazichene, Bulgaria

In recent years, microplastic contamination has received worldwide distribution and specific attention. As a result, detecting sensitive bioindicators is crucial to establish the pollution. The aim of the present study is to investigate the accumulation of microplastics in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas, 1771) from the sand pit lake Kazichene. The natural range of the zebra mussel in Bulgaria includes the Danube River delta, the Black Sea rivers and coastal lakes. However, it is considered a wide spread invasive species to inland freshwaters. The use of invasive species as bioindicators over native species is advisable in order to protect the local biodiversity. In total 20 mussels of D. polymorpha were used for the analysis. The biological tissues of the mussels were digested with the aid of 30% H2O2 at 65°C for 24 - 48 hours. Microplastics (772 pcs. in total) were detected in all zebra mussel samples, indicating microplastic contamination in Lake Kazichene. Three main shapes have been identified: fragments, fibres and pellets, with the highest proportion of the fragments. The colours of the microplastic particles found were black, red, yellow and transparent, dominated by those of black colour, followed by red. The length of the fibres found in the zebra mussels ranged from 0.25 to 5 mm. There was no strong correlation between the body length/meat weight of zebra mussels with the degree of microplastic accumulation in the mussels.

Real-time and non-destructive control of the freshness and viability of live mussels through portable near-infrared spectroscopy

This study introduces the application of a novel, rapid, and non-destructive method employing portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to assess the freshness and viability of live mussels throughout their shelf-life. NIR spectra ranging from 908 to 1676 nm were collected from 150 Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, L.) over a 10-day storage period. Simultaneously, measurements of weight loss, intravalvular liquid pH, and nonprotein nitrogen levels were taken. A predictive model was established by correlating the multivariate information derived from NIR spectral data with days of storage under refrigerated conditions using orthogonal partial least squares regression (OPLSR) analysis. While physical and chemical parameters (except for gradual weight loss due to water leakage) showed no distinct trends throughout storage, the fourth derivative-preprocessed NIR spectra enabled the construction of an OPLSR model that, following cross-validation, exhibited a correlation coefficient of 0.86 and, following external validation with new mussel samples, an average accuracy (root mean square error of prediction) of just 1.3 days. The predictive power of the model was primarily attributed to specific NIR wavelengths associated with key chemical features, including unsaturated fatty acids, nitrogen compounds, water content, glycerol, and ATP-related compounds that, collectively, constituted a distinctive fingerprint for forecasting mussel storage duration. The performance of the tool, along with its environmentally friendly, non-invasive, real-time, and cost-effective characteristics, align with industry control procedures and inspection needs, allowing effective freshness and viability assessment of live mussels across the food supply chain.

A leucistic Spanish stone loach from Cadagua River (Basque Country, Spain)

Albinism and leucism are genetic disorders that affect the normal coloration of animals and are truly rare among wild fishes. During a sampling of adult zebra mussels in the Cadagua River (Basque Country, Spain), a leucistic specimen of Spanish stone loach (Barbatula hispanica) was seen and subsequently captured to take some photographs. This is the first published record of leucism for a non- cavefish from the family Nemacheilidae.

Distribution Analysis of Green Mussels (Perna viridis) in Banyuurip Village, Ujung Pangkah District, Gresik Regency

The aim of the research was to determine the Distribution analysis of Perna viridis diversity based on the suitability map for green mussel cultivation, analysis of community perceptions and the condition of water bodies. Perna viridis aquaculture is suitable for the waters of Banyuurip village based on the variables of sea depth, sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, and substrate radiance data. Heavy metal content of Pb is located and distributed in polluted areas. It was found that the potential for green mussel aquaculture is greater in warm water habitats, i.e. closer to the coast. In addition, the northeast was identified as a suitable habitat for green mussels. The mid-ocean area in the north-west is of low suitability due to the lack of substrate and chlorophyll. Analysis of community attitudes and behaviour showed that people remain enthusiastic about green mussel farming, although green mussel shell waste remains an environmental problem. Heavy metal analysis of green mussel samples showed that green mussels are still safe for consumption. Therefore, the main conclusion is that the habitat of Perna viridis in the waters of Banyuurip Village still has potential for cultivation, but the waters must be free from pollution.

Penurunan Logam Fe dan Co Pada Kerang Hijau (Perna viridis) dengan Metode Perendaman Larutan Belimbing Wuluh

Green mussels with the Latin name Perna viridis are an animal that lives in the ocean and is a type of shellfish that is widely consumed by the public. Along with time, the emergence of factories that can pollute the oceans can cause contamination of marine life in it, one of the pollutants is the heavy metals of Fe and Co. The accumulation of heavy metals Fe and Co in green mussels can be toxic to people who consume them. This study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metals Fe and Co in green mussels before and after immersion in starfruit solution. Tests for immersion of the starfruit solution were carried out at 15, 30, and 45 minutes, then the destruction results were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) with the calibration curve method. The Fe content in the green mussel sample before treatment was 2.946 mg/kg and the Co content in the green mussel sample before treatment was 2.6081 mg/kg. After soaking in starfruit solution for 15, 30, and 45 minutes, the Fe metal was 1.572 mg/kg, 1.275 mg/kg, and 1.035 mg/kg and the Co metal was 1.572 mg/kg, 1.275 mg/kg, and 0.683mg/kg. Research of immersing starfruit solution with soaking for 15, 30, and 45 minutes is effective in reducing levels of heavy metals Fe and Co in green mussels. The highest reduction was observed during a 45-minute immersion, with a decrease of 64.87% for Fe and 73.81% for Co, respectively.

First Record of Microplastic Contamination in the Non-Native Dark False Mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) in a Coastal Urban Lagoon.

Microplastic contamination is a global concern due to its conspicuous presence in aquatic ecosystems and its toxic nature to environmental and human health. False mussels are among the most notable fresh- and brackish water invaders. The invasive Mytilopsis leucophaeata in Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon-RFL (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is the most abundant macrofaunal invertebrate, widely established and distributed throughout the lagoon. This study aimed to assess microplastic contamination in this invasive filter feeder and evaluate its potential use as a bioindicator. Agglomerates (~100 mussels) were manually collected using a stainless-steel spatula in ten sampling areas distributed throughout the whole lagoon and kept frozen. In the laboratory, 60 individuals were sorted by area for soft-tissue digestion. Each pool of 10 soft-tissue mussels (n = 6 by area) was wet-weighted and then placed in a 150-mL decontaminated glass beaker with 50 mL of 10% KOH. Samples were heated (40 °C) for 48 h, and digested samples were filtered in glass-fiber membranes. Microplastics were found in all samples of mussels (n = 60) from RFL; the particles were mostly lower than 100 µm with a mean concentration (±SD) of 35.96 ± 47.64 MPs g wet-weight-1. Microplastics were distinguished in seven shapes with different occurrences in samples (%): fiber (43.3%); fragment (34.3%); film (16.3%); sponge/foam (4.9%); pellet (0.57%), rope/filaments (0.17%); and undefined (0.4%). Thirteen colors of microplastics were found, but transparent (54.94%), black (10.77%), and white (9.36%) were the most common. Mytilopsis leucophaeata were useful to assess microplastic contamination in RFL and might be preferentially used in other invaded brackish systems instead of native and often threatened bivalves. Our results confirm the effective application of bivalves as an indicator of coastal microplastic pollution.

BIOMETRIC AND REPRODUCTIVE INDICATORS IN Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) MUSSELS FROM COASTAL MARICULTURE IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The aim of this study was to analyze biometric and reproductive mussel indicators (Perna perna) from coastal maricultures in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The collections were carried out with a total of 480 animals in the four seasons of the year (autumn, winter, spring and summer), from March 2019 to February 2020. Two mussel samples were collected each season (n = 60) with average measurements of 23.9 mm for width, 33.8 mm for height, 69.9 mm for length, and 28.3 g for weight (shell + soft parts) in both coastal regions. Samples from Forno beach exhibited higher homogeneity in the winter for all evaluated parameters (width, height, length and weight). Mussel weight was the most variable parameter due to factors such as water flow, nutrients, and gonadal maturation stage. Regarding reproductive parameters, a predominance of females was observed at both beaches throughout all four seasons. Additionally, a predominance of both males and females at substage IIIA was observed during autumn and winter, while substage IIIC showed the highest presence in spring and summer. Keywords: Bivalve Mollusk; Growth indicators; Marine Biology; Reproduction

Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Blastocystis hominis subtype ST3 in Cholga mussel and treated sewage: Preliminary evidence of fecal contamination in harvesting area

Cryptosporidium parvum and Blastocystis hominis are foodborne parasites known for causing diarrhea. They accumulate in mussels grown on contaminated water bodies, due to the discharge of treated sewage from sewage treatment plants (STP). Despite this, some countries like Chile do not include these parasites in the control or monitoring of sewage water. The objective of this research was to evaluate the contamination of C. parvum. and B. hominis from treated sewage (disinfected by chlorination) and Cholga mussels in a touristic rural cove from the bay of Concepción. Cholga mussels from commercial stores and a treated sewage sample were analyzed. Cryptosporidium spp. was identified by Ziehl-Neelsen-Staining (ZNS) and C. parvum by direct-immunofluorescence assay (IFA) from ZNS-positive samples. Blastocystis hominis was identified by PCR using locus SSU rDNA. C. parvum and B. hominis subtype ST3 were found in 40% and 45% of Cholga mussel samples, respectively, and both parasites were identified in the treated sewage. Blastocystis hominis SSU rDNA gene alignment from Cholga mussels and treated sewage showed 89% of similarity, indicating that could be the same parasite in both samples. We describe the first evidence of possible contamination with these parasites from treated sewage to Cholga mussel suggesting an environmental contamination with high human risk. Based on these results, further studies will consider all the rural coves and STP from the bay to prevent possible contamination of these parasites.

Detection of paralytic shellfish toxins by near-infrared spectroscopy based on a near-Bayesian SVM classifier with unequal misclassification costs.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning caused by human consumption of shellfish fed on toxic algae is a public health hazard. It is essential to implement shellfish monitoring programs to minimize the possibility of shellfish contaminated by paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) reaching the marketplace. This paper proposes a rapid detection method for PST in mussels using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology. Spectral data in the wavelength range of 950-1700 nm for PST-contaminated and non-contaminated mussel samples were used to build the detection model. Near-Bayesian support vector machines (NBSVM) with unequal misclassification costs (u-NBSVM) were applied to solve a classification problem arising from the fact that the quantity of non-contaminated mussels was far less than that of PST-contaminated mussels in practice. The u-NBSVM model performed adequately on imbalanced datasets by combining unequal misclassification costs and decision boundary shifts. The detection performance of the u-NBSVM did not decline as the number of PST samples decreased due to adjustments to the misclassification costs. When the number of PST samples was 20, the G-mean and accuracy reached 0.9898 and 0.9944, respectively. Compared with the traditional support vector machines (SVMs) and the NBSVM, the u-NBSVM model achieved better detection performance. The results of this study indicate that NIRS technology combined with the u-NBSVM model can be used for rapid and non-destructive PST detection in mussels. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Microplastic contamination in raw mussels collected in Istanbul

Plastic materials have become a part of nearly every aspect of our everyday life. In this study, microplastic contamination in mussel samples collected from Istanbul shores was analyzed. 10% KOH protocol was used for sample digestion and density separation was applied using NaI solution. After microscopic visual inspection, polymer type was confirmed using ATR FTIR method. Out of the 30 samples analyzed, 22 samples (73.33%) contained microplastics. In the 30 samples analyzed, a total of 60 microplastics were detected. Microplastic pollution levels were calculated as 0.13 particles/gram of mussel tissue and 0.5 particles/individual. The most detected polymer type was polyamide (PA) 38%. Films (43.33%) were the most common shape of microplastic, with 200–1000 µm being the most common size range. The results of this study confirm that microplastic contamination is common in the Bosphorus in Istanbul. Considering the continuously increasing plastic production and contamination levels worldwide, it is believed that the situation can become worse in the upcoming future.

Wide-scope screening of multi-class contaminants in seafood using a novel sample preparation (QuEChUP) procedure coupled with UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS: Application for semi-quantitation of real seafood samples.

A high-resolution mass spectrometry screening method was developed and validated based on EU SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines for the analysis of 850 multi-class contaminants in commercial seafood samples. Samples were extracted using a novel sequential QuEChUP preparation method that combines the QuEChERS and QuPPe procedures. The screening detection limits (SDLs) and limits of identification (LOIs) were equal to or lower than 0.01mg·kg-1 for 92% and 78% of contaminants, respectively. This screening procedure was ultimately applied for a target screening analysis of 24 seafood samples. The concentrations of identified contaminants were assessed using semi-quantitative approach. Two identified contaminants, diuron and diclofenac, showed the highest estimated average concentrations: 0.076 and 0.068mg·kg-1 respectively in mussel samples. Suspect screening was also performed. Target and suspect screening led to the identification of mixtures of contaminants (pesticides, veterinary products, industrial chemicals and personal care products) and the assessment of their frequencies of appearance (FoA).

The distribution of radiotoxic 137Cs concentrations in seaweed and mussel species in the Mediterranean Sea

A study was conducted to determine the 137Cs activity concentrations in various seaweed and mussel samples from the North East Mediterranean Sea, including the brown algae (Dictyota dichotoma) and oarweed (Laminaria digitata), and mussel species (Haliotis asinina, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovinciali). The 137Cs activity concentration in seaweed species exhibited varying levels, ranging from 84.20 ± 1.82 to 236.05 ± 5.72 mBq kg−1 fresh weight (fw) for oarweed, and 106.29 ± 2.26 to 252.38 ± 6.04 mBq kg−1 fw for brown algae. The 137Cs value in mussel species were between 12.94 ± 0.51–101.84 ± 1.35 mBq kg−1 fw for M. galloprovincialis, 15.49 ± 0.58–71.52 ± 1.16 mBq kg−1 fw for M. edulis, and 10.36 ± 0.11–69.13 ± 1.34 mBq kg−1 fw for H. asinine. When comparing the 137Cs concentration in seaweed and mussel species, the average concentration in seaweeds was approximately four times higher than that in mussels. This significant difference in radioisotope concentration highlights the potential for higher bioaccumulation of 137Cs in seaweeds compared to mussels.

Quick preculture method for determining low concentration Vibrio spp. in contaminated seafood and its verification

This study aimed to present a new approach for detecting pathogenic Vibrio spp., including V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. cholerae in contaminated seafood. This method combined polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a concise preculturing step and a simplified DNA extraction procedure. The effectiveness of the method was confirmed using contaminated mussel samples. To validate this proposed method, 15 different shellfish samples were analyzed and the results were compared with the results obtained using a conventional method, most-probable-number-PCR (MPN-PCR). These results confirm the efficiency of this new approach in detecting pathogenic Vibrio spp. This method takes approximately 6 h for results and offers significant time saving with a reduction of 75% compared with MPN-PCR. Additionally, it demonstrated high sensitivity for the efficient Vibrio spp. detection, and the simplification of the DNA extraction process using boiling makes it accessible to non-experts and contributes to overall time savings in the sample preparation stage. The proposed method in this study suggests a time-efficient and simplified alternative approach for detecting Vibrio spp. in seafood products, providing an in-situ application for improving safety measures in the food industry.

Intra-annual variation in microplastics in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) inhabiting an urbanized bay of South Korea

This study investigated the presence of microplastics (MPs) in mussels from an urbanized bay in Korea, focusing on intra-annual variation. The average MP concentration was 0.36 ± 0.14 n/g w.w. (1.24 ± 0.56 n/individual). MPs were detected throughout the year with minor monthly variation and no significant monthly changes. Although there was no correlation between MP concentration in mussel and seawater, a positive relationship was observed when normalizing MPs to mussel's condition index (except for July). Polypropylene, polyethylene and acrylate polymer were dominant MPs, with high-density polymers comprising 59 % of the total. Most MPs were fragments and particles <200 μm. This study indicates that strict time restrictions for mussel sampling may not be necessary to assess MP levels in this bay. Additionally, considering MPs in seawater, biological conditions of mussel may be essential for understanding variations in MP levels in mussels. Including small MPs (<200 μm) and high-density polymers in MP assessment is recommended.

Automated lab-on-chip for the specific detection of invasive species through environmental DNA

The ability to detect nucleic acid sequences is revolutionizing the fast identification of specific organisms, particularly with Lab-on-a-chip systems. However, these often rely on complex processes, skilled personnel, and external control devices which limits automation. To address this, we present an automated, portable, and easy-to-fabricate lab-on-chip that combines enzyme-assisted DNA signal amplification and optical detection for in-situ monitoring of zebra mussel invasive species in the environment. Zebra mussels DNA triggers enzyme-assisted signal amplification through hybridization, leading to a quantitative colorimetric response. The sensing performance exhibited enhanced sensitivity when increasing AuNPs diameter from 23.3 ± 1.6 to 67.4 ± 2.0 nm. Quantitative colorimetric approaches displayed an LoD of 0.5 pM, 19-fold increase in sensitivity when compared to naked eye. The system enabled to discriminate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for concentrations from 130 pM and to successfully analyse Zebra mussel samples from the Guadalquivir River. Experiments were conducted by the user and an automated device. The accuracy was tested with a 60 pM sample which was pre-treated externally and analysed by the automated system resulting in relative error of 16.8% and 13.4%, respectively. The automated system reduced the analysis time by 1 h and 20 min, great advantage for in-situ analysis.

Nocturnal seston: A key to explain the cadmium transfer from seawater to mussels (Mytilus chilensis)

The objective of this work was to discover a biochemical pathway to explain the transfer of cadmium, a toxic element, from seawater to cultured mussels. Understanding the intricacies of this transfer is crucial for global mussel crops, as it has the potential to mitigate risks to human health and prevent economic losses in the industry. We focused our investigation on Yal Bay, a typical area with intense mussel aquaculture activity (16,000 t y−1) in the inland sea of southern Chile. Seasonal samples of blue mussels (Mytilus chilensis) were collected and analyzed from September 2014 to December 2015 at two integrated depths (0–5 m and 5–10 m). Diurnal and nocturnal seston, seawater, benthic sediments and decanted suspensions from the water column were recorded. Our findings indicate that nocturnal seston satisfactorily explains the presence of cadmium in Mytilus chilensis aquaculture throughout its annual temporal distribution (Spearman rs = 0.63, p = 0.002).

Possibilities of using mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to predict rotavirus contamination in Albania.

Rotaviruses are non-enveloped viruses that each consist of 11 double-stranded RNA molecules. These viruses are able to persist in the environment, and therefore play a fundamental role in the epidemiology of gastroenteritis and severe diarrhoea in children worldwide. While mussels have been primarily used as indicators of chemical pollution, they can also be used to monitor viral contamination. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that the Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel can also be used to detect microbial contamination, owing to its tendency to naturally concentrate viruses and other pathogens. A total of 102 Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel samples from Albania were collected over a three-year period: 37 samples off the Cape of Stillo in 2015, 39 samples from Butrinti Lake in 2019 and 26 samples from Butrinti Lake in 2021. The presence of rotavirus in the Cape of Stillo samples in 2015 was noted in 47% of samples from site 1, 33% from site 2, and 52% from site 3. In Butrinti Lake the percentage of infected individuals in 2019 was 33% from site 1, 41% from site 2, and 33% from site 3, whereas in 2021, it was 50% from site 1, 19% from site 2, and 0% from site 3. In total the percentage of infected individuals off the Cape of Stillo in 2015 was 44%, in Butrinti Lake in 2019 it was 36%, and in Butrinti Lake in 2021 it was 23 %. These results indicate the presence of rotavirus in the shellfish specimens tested, and further analysis is needed to assess the potential health risks associated with consuming these shellfish. This study also indicates that mussels can be used in marine virological surveillance programmes.

Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Quality of Green Mussels Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) Along the Supply Chain in Bacoor City, Cavite, Philippines

Bacoor City, Cavite, is one of the Philippines' largest mussels producers. Thus, determining the changes in the microbiological and physico-chemical attributes of the mussels along its supply chain is essential to ensure the safety and quality of this commodity. Mussel samples were subjected to a time-distribution study to identify the presence of foodborne pathogens and to determine the changes in pH and drip loss. A high prevalence of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio spp. was detected in the mussel culture sites. Microbiological counts and detection showed increased aerobic plate count (APC) along the supply chain, higher than the standard limits. The total coliform still conformed to the required range while E. coli levels increased along the supply chain, exceeding acceptable levels for raw consumption. For the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the different points of the supply chain, results revealed that enteric bacteria E. coli and Salmonella were present. Furthermore, pathogenic strains of Vibrio such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. alginolyticus were detected. The study emphasizes the need for improved post-harvest practices, including proper temperature control and packaging, to maintain the quality and safety of green mussels. Additionally, efforts to mitigate bacterial contamination in the culture areas and implement effective depuration processes are necessary to ensure consumer safety.

Screening of Microplastics in Aquaculture Systems (Fish, Mussel, and Water Samples) by FTIR, Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Micro-Raman Spectroscopies

In the last decade, plastic waste has become one of the main threats to marine ecosystems and their biodiversity due to its abundance and increased persistence. Microplastics can be classified as either primary, i.e., fabricated for commercial use, or secondary, i.e., resulting from the fragmentation/weathering processes of larger plastic pieces in the environment. In general, microplastics are detected in a number of aquatic organisms (e.g., fish, bivalves, mollusks, etc.) with alarming effects on their health. Therefore, the present work focuses on the detection and identification of microplastics in fish species (Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from aquaculture systems since these aquatic organisms are largely commercially available for consumption. In addition, seawater was also screened for the types of polymers present as well as their aging. The experimental protocol for biota samples contains a digestion step using Fenton’s reagent (0.05 M FeSO4⋅7H2O with 30% H2O2 at a volume ratio of 1:1) to remove organic material followed by filtration and a density separation step where the sample material was mixed with a saturated ZnCl2 solution to separate microplastic particles from heavier material. For seawater samples (sampled by a microplastic net sampler), only sieving on stainless steel sieves followed by filtration on silica filters was applied. Detection of microplastics and identification of their polymeric composition was achieved through the combined use of micro-Raman analysis, Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy in tandem with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Microplastic abundance was 16 ± 1.7 items/individual in mussels and 22 ± 2.1 items/individual in sea bass, and 40 ± 3.9 items/individual in sea bream, with polyethylene (74.4%) being the most detected polymer type, while polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate (65%), polyvinyl-butyral (36.8%), polyvinyl alcohol (20%), and polybutyl methacrylate (15.8%) were also detected to a lesser extent. The microplastics isolated from seawater samples were films (30%), fragments (30%), and fibers (20%), while some of them were derived from foams (20%). Also, in most of these seawater-recovered microplastics, a relatively high degree of oxidation (carbonyl index &gt; 0.31) was observed, which was further confirmed by the results of Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Finally, the Scanning Electron Microscopy images showed various morphological characteristics (cracks, cavities, and burrs) on the surfaces of the microplastics, which were attributed to environmental exposure.

Efficient capture and highly sensitive analysis of okadaic acid by three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with hydroxyl surface engineering

A novel three-dimensional covalent organic framework (3D-COF) with content-tunable and active hydroxyl groups (OH) on the pore walls was developed and adopted for the high-performance capture of okadaic acid (OA) marine toxins. Using pore-surface engineering, the integration of linear building blocks (4,4′-diamino-3,3′-biphenyldiol, BD(OH)2 and benzidine, BD) with the 3D structural building block backbone (4,4′,4′',4′''-methane-tetrayltetrabenzaldehyde, TFPM) was achieved. By adjusting the ratio of BD(OH)2, functional multicomponent-COFs [OH]x-BD-TFPM COFs (X = 25%) were synthesized, which offered ideal access to convert a conventional COF into a functional platform with multiple-mode interactions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups for OA capture. [OH]x-BD-TFPM was characterized using SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and BET. The adsorption features and analytical performance of OA were screened and evaluated. Optimization of dispersive solid-phase extraction using [OH]25-BD-TFPM was accomplished, and the method was verified for sensitive quantitative detection of OA in clam and mussel samples. Coupled with LC-MS/MS, the resultant [OH]25-BD-TFPM COF demonstrated the ability to analyze OA, and the limit of detection for OA in shellfish was determined to be 0.005 μg/kg. A significant improvement in trace OA detection was observed compared to previously reported SPE materials without adjustable hydrophilic interactions. The recoveries of OA in the fortified clam and mussel samples were in the ranges of 93.9‒105.1% and 96.7‒110.2%, respectively. This study highlights that OH-group surface engineering in channel walls is a facile and powerful strategy for developing functional 3D-COFs with multiple interactions for high-performance target capture.