Muslims In China Research Articles

Religious pluralism of Muslim practices in China: the cases of ritual participation from Hui and Uyghur societies

Abstract In this article we explore the practical conditions of ritual practices of Hui and Uyghur Muslims in China. Ceaseless conflicts among different religious ideas and elements exist, but they are integrated into religious pluralism, which meets the needs of Muslims' daily practices. Furthermore, we probe the reasons for the resulting religious harmony through investigating the historical process of the formation of religious pluralism, and showing present ritual performances in which there is a hierarchically built ritual structure functioning to make religious integration possible, though different opinions regarding diverse religious elements occur elsewhere among Hui and Uyghur Muslims. Finally, the discussion supports the related assertion that rituals can be reliable and effective ways of understanding the sociological and psychological functions of religions, or religious beliefs, and other related socio-cultural realities.

Islamization of the Term “清真” (Qing Zhen): Its Analysis for Purity and Authenticity for Muslim in China

This paper aims at examining the meaning of the two Chinese characters “清” (Qing) and “真” (Zhen” once used singly as well as combined together in the Chinese classical literatures in order to show why and how the Chinese Muslim scholars have applied and Islamized them for interpreting Islam by the Confucian ways and Taoist methods at the civilization and culture dialogue level. Further, the paper also demonstrates the evolution of “Qing Zhen” which has eventually become a special term for Muslims in China and how its connotations have currently been limited and restricted. Meanwhile, the paper discusses the related critical issues, such as the epistemology of the Ḥalāl Food and its legislation in China. Lastly, the author comes with some humble suggestions which tie with the results of the study by wishing for Muslims, in China or anywhere else, to reexamine their conducts and to reconsider how to inherit Islam as well as how to hand it down to the next generation.

Role of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Religiosity on Muslim Consumer Purchase Intention Toward Religiously Sanctioned Food

Differences in religious beliefs can impact the choices people make, the products they select, and the satisfaction they derive from life. Food plays a crucial role in this as it often catalyzes interaction among diverse social and religious groups. For instance, in Islam, dietary laws are clear regarding what is considered Halal (permissible) and Haram (forbidden). Consequently, the surge in demand for halal products has mirrored the expansion of the halal food industry. However, the level of religiosity among Muslims can vary based on their upbringing and exposure to social norms and values. Previous literature has mostly examined religiosity as a determinant of an individual's religious commitment to Halal-certified food products, with very few studies exploring the role of the dimensions of religiosity in influencing consumer purchase intentions for such products. Therefore, this study aims to provide a clear understanding of how various dimensions of religiosity influence the intention of Muslim consumers, especially those living in non-Muslim countries, to purchase halal-certified food products. To achieve this, the study employed an online survey methodology, collecting 291 usable responses from Muslims in China. The research framework used the Theory of Reasoned Action and utilized Smart PLS 4.1.0.2 version and SPSS Statistics Version 27 for data analysis. The findings revealed several significant relationships. The study demonstrated that the intrinsic religiosity of a Muslim consumer has a substantial effect whereas extrinsic religiosity has an insignificant impact on the attitude of a consumer. Moreover, consumer attitude significantly influences the intention of Muslim consumers to purchase religiously sanctioned food. The Country of origin has moderated the relationship between consumer attitude and intention to buy religiously sanctioned food for Muslim consumers living in non-Muslim states. The insights provided by this study are expected to be valuable for policymakers, including government bodies and certification organizations, as well as foreign investors and global marketers, as they seek to develop or revise their strategies for targeting Muslim consumers in non-Muslim states when it comes to halal-certified food products.

The Hui Muslims in China

The Hui Muslims in China

Ein Beitrag Martin Hartmanns: „Japan und der Islam“

Abstract In this article, the authors give an edition of an article by the famous Orientalist Martin Hartmann (1851–1918), one of the founding fathers of the journal Die Welt des Islams, accompanied by an introduction and commentaries. In Hartmann’s text, which has remained unpublished, he comments on the possible consequences of the Russo-Japanese War (1904/05) and its outcome for Japan’s relationship with the Islamic world in general and the Muslims of China in particular. Hartmann takes a clear stance here against the Russian Empire on the one hand, but also against the policies of the European powers towards Japan on the other, and urges a prudent approach to the victor of the aforementioned war. This should be understood, among other things, against the background of the problematic relations between the German Empire and Japan since the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and the German Empire’s efforts to push Japan out of China. The original manuscript of this unpublished article is kept in the archives of the University of Halle.

Perfect believer concepts and well-being among Buddhists, Christians, and Muslims in China

ABSTRACT This study investigated how Chinese Buddhists, Christians, and Muslims perceive an ideal believer and its correlation with mental well-being. Participants (N=868) included 304 Buddhists, 332 Christians, and 232 Muslims. The research had two components. Firstly, a thematic analysis of responses to the question “What does an ideal believer look like from the lens of your religion?” yielded ten themes across four domains—commitment to self, commitment to others, commitment to God/faith, and commitment to the world. Examples of themes were: one's adherence to teachings, moral practices/virtues, and a believer's influence/leadership. Themes emerged within each religious group and a comparison of themes across religious groups were discussed. Secondly, we conducted bivariate correlation analyses examining the relationship between themes and mental well-being (e.g., happiness, life satisfaction, anxiety, somatization). Findings suggested connections between perceptions of religious perfection and well-being, providing insights into the interplay between religious ideals and mental well-being.

Holistic Wisdom from Abrahamic Faiths’ Earliest Encounters with Ancient China: Towards a Constructive Chinese Natural Theology

Philosophies in the East and West have favored wisdom in their search for truths. The Chinese civilization has sought holistic wisdom in its long history of absorbing the Abrahamic faiths since the seventh century. This paper aims to investigate how the Abrahamic faiths have interacted with ancient Chinese culture. In particular, this paper will examine the earliest written records in Chinese of the Luminous Religion (or Jingjiao), the earliest Jews in Kaifeng, and the earliest Muslims in China. By analyzing their theology of creation with reference to the Holy Spirit and qi (wind/breath/pneuma), this paper attempts a constructive Chinese natural theology based on a sympathetic and critical assessment of Alister McGrath’s natural theology but makes up for his spirit deficit. This paper argues that the holistic wisdom achieved in the early integration process of the Abrahamic faiths with the Chinese culture is closely intertwined with the Spirit and qi, which provides a fruitful ground to construct a Chinese natural theology. The contribution of this paper lies in its original research into the earliest written records of the three Abrahamic faiths in China from the perspective of the doctrine of creation and its relationship with the Spirit and qi.

From Uyghur Muslims in China to the Uyghur Diaspora in Southeast Asia: A Political Reflection

From Uyghur Muslims in China to the Uyghur Diaspora in Southeast Asia: A Political Reflection

Kehidupan Kaum Minoritas Muslim Hui dan Uyghur di Negeri Tirai Bambu

Being a minority is not an easy thing, it is also experienced by the people of the season. Muslims in China often experience discrimination, especially for Uyghur Muslim communities, Although Muslims in China are not only Uyghurs but the government often discriminates against Uyghurs, they are often referred to as Theorists because of their Turkish ancestors. This study of researchers wants to examine how the lives of minorities for Hui Muslims and Uyghurs live in the bamboo curtain country, as well as how the history of the entry of Islam in China and how they gained their identity. This type of research is qualitative research. The method used is a literature study taken from several journals as well as articles and videos on youtube. The purpose of this research is that the wider community can understand the related muslim life in China.

Review: Religious Confession and Evidential Privilege in the 21st Century, edited by Mark Hill QC and A. Keith Thompson

This book of essays investigates legislative and judicial trends toward abrogating the confidentiality of religious confession in Australia, Europe, and the United States. The larger issues, of course, are freedom of conscience and the limits the state may try to impose upon religious groups, most particularly in cases of child abuse. The three essays in Part I criticize the recommendations of the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, which advised states to remove legal protections for confessions made within a religious setting. Part II considers examples from Europe, where, given the establishment of religion, canon law was part of state codes. Confessional privilege there was largely sacrosanct until the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Part III examines the situation in the United States. Clergy sexual misconduct has driven state legislatures to remove confessional protections, and led to a general decline of religious freedom in that nation.Of particular interest to readers of Nova Religio may be the final essay in the book, which argues that the Church of Scientology has a legitimate claim of confidentiality to shield communications between parishioners and ministers. Since Scientology auditors perform the traditional role of ministers, learning private and personal information in the process of aiding self-realization or problem-solving, auditing meets all the requirements for constitutional protection.The contributors to this volume all view the erosion of confessional privilege as an attack on the free exercise of religion. The editors decry the West’s “growing disinterest in freedom of conscience and religion” and point to its neglect of “Uighur Muslims in China, Rohinga Muslims in Myanmar, Bahais in Iran, Jehovah’s Witnesses in Russia and Christians in general in Iraq” (15). Readers interested in issues of religion and law and the protection of religious rights will want to read this book.

التبادل الصيني العربي والثقافة العربية في الصين في عهد أسرتي مينغ وتشينغ / The Friendly Exchanges Between China and Arab Countries During Ming and Qing Dynasties

Abstract The friendly exchanges between China and Arab countries have a long history. During Ming and Qing Dynasties, the cultural exchange between China and Arab countries was gradually shifted from the material level in Tang and Song Dynasties to the spiritual level. During that period, with the increase in the number of Muslims in China, and the deepening of Chinese people’s interest to the Arab world, research on the history and geography of Arab countries was strengthened, and traditional Chinese Confucian ideology was combined with the ideology of Arab Islamic culture, which promoted the integration and dialogue between Chinese Muslims and people who believed in Confucianism, and made Arab Islamic culture and Chinese culture have a deeper integration.

Muhammad Makeen and His Method of Interpretations

The Noble Qur’an is the constitution of the Islamic nation. It contains the pillars of faith, the rules of worship, moral values, principles of transactions, and the news of the forerunners. And God Almighty has ordained for this Qur’an from every generation of Muslims those who clarify these pillars and rulings and those who reveal those values and principles from among the commentators, they have made in order to explain it. Their utmost efforts, until Islamic libraries were filled with their mighty efforts of useful books and brilliant works, so that they occupied the leading position in the abundant Islamic libraries. Muslim scholars in China have spared no effort to clarify the meanings and interpretation of the Qur’an, so their efforts came between translations of the meanings of the Qur’an and interpretations in the Chinese language. This research is on this valuable interpretation in terms of the definition of its author and his approach to interpretation Muhammed Makin grew up on Islamic education, instilling in his heart a zeal for Islam and a responsibility towards Muslims in China, and he learned Arabic language and forensic sciences in Arab Islamic universities, and studied with the most famous scholars of that era, which enabled him to read and understand the Noble Qur’an and other books. The Islamic studies, where his scientific works, whether books or translations, were very accurate and honest, and they were well received in the scientific studies sector and among the general Muslim readers. Muhammad Makin exerted all his efforts throughout his life in the service of Islam and Muslims in China, represented in teaching the Arabic language and Islamic sciences, translating Islamic books, writing articles, and cultural exchange between China and the Arabs. Including, most notably the translation of the meanings of the Holy Quran. One of the most important efforts of Muhammad Makin is the interpretation of the first nine parts, which came first in the footnotes of the translation pages, in which he explained the meanings of some verses and related problems, legal rulings, reasons for revelation, Qur’anic gifts and others, but he did not address the explanation of the meanings of words and the analysis of grammatical and rhetorical issues, then These footnotes have been collected in a separate book called Tafsir al-Jazi` al-Nahya al-Nahya. Muhammad Makin’s approach to interpreting the Noble Qur’an is a sound approach due to his scientific ability, which is to pay attention to the interpretation of the Qur’an by text, clarifying the meanings of verses in the texts of the Bible, explaining the wisdom of legislation, clarifying Qur’anic gifts, and transforming the meanings of some verses to something other than their intended under the pretext that they are figurative express.

Alasan Pemerintah Arab Saudi Mendukung China dalam Kasus Diskriminasi Muslim Uighur

<p>This journal article focuses on the issue of discrimination against Uighur Muslims in China. The purpose of this study is to describe the response of Saudi Arabia to the discrimination cases against Uighur Muslims in China. This study also tries to find out the reason behind the response and Saudi Arabia's policies on this issue. This is a qualitative research, using Rational Choice approach to analyze the attitude of Saudi Arabia’s government behind their decision, and the source of analysis come from the articles and journals. Based on the analysis, this research found that there is one strong reason why Saudi Arabia chose to remain silent about the discrimination cases of Uighur Muslims and sided with China when western countries condemned the Chinese government's actions against discrimination Uighur Muslims. Furthermore, this research is limited in scope by only discussing and focusing in economic, so this research can be refined by further research by discussing and focusing on several things that have not been explained in more detail in this study<em>.</em></p>

Good Minzu and bad Muslims: Islamophobia in China's state media

AbstractSince 2014, observers of Chinese society have noted an upsurge in Islamophobic sentiment among China's ethnic majority Han. China's Muslims, in particular those who identify as Hui and Uyghur, report an increase in harassment, both online and in person. This Islamophobic backlash occurs in conjunction with retrenchments by the Chinese state on the right to practice religion. What gives rise to this increase in bigotry? This pilot study examines official discourse about Islam through an inductive analysis of the presentation of Muslims in China's state media. Using a process of constant comparative analysis, I examine the state media's portrayal of Muslims in the flagship newspaper, The People's Daily. Drawing from a sample of 70 articles published between 2014 and 2018, I argue that the party's depiction of Muslim minorities in China emphasizes ethnic rather than religious identities, while coverage of global Islam emphasizes Islam as dangerous and associated with extremism. I contend that such depictions carry the unintended consequence of arousing suspicions about China's Muslims among Han.

Missionaries and Orientalists Studies of Chinese Islam- Before the 20th Century

In the 19th century, the development of natural science and the emergence of enlightenment gradually gave birth to social science in modern Europe. As Europe opened the door to China in the middle of the 19th century, Western academia began to pay attention to China, and Western theories and methods progressively entered China and were accepted by Chinese scholars. Most saliently, some Christian missionaries and Orientalists have completed more serious studies of Islam in China, and published several corresponding works and research results on this basis. During this period, those who studied Islam and Muslims in China could be divided into two categories. the Religious people, including Christian missionaries. and Scholars, including Orientalists. Subsequently, when Western missionaries entered China, they found the presence of a large Muslim group, so they began to study them and organize missionary work. Although this missionary activity proved unsuccessful in terms of the number of converts to Christianity, it maintains a certain positive significance regarding religious and cultural exchange, and cross-civilizational interaction. Documents recording the encounters between Christianity and Islam in China since modern times are scattered in journals such as Chinese Repository, The Chinese Recorder, Friends of Moslems, The Moslem World and China’s Millions.

Muslim Printing in Late Imperial China: Woodblocks, Networks, and Creation of Chinese Islamic Knowledge

When books existed mainly as manuscripts in the Islamic world, Muslims in late imperial China were making use of woodblock printing to publish their Islamic translations and treatises written in the Chinese language. In that way, they developed their own Chinese Islamic canon of texts—Han Kitab. Contemporary scholars have been exploring how Han Kitab reconciled Confucian and Buddhist ideas with Islamic teachings. Nonetheless, the social aspect—whether and how those works made real impact among Muslims in Chinese society—is yet to be examined. This paper argues that it was owing to Muslims’ active participation in the bourgeoning Chinese print culture that Han Kitab was able to be widely published and circulated across the Chinese territory. Through networks of Muslim authors, publishers, merchants, and officials, etc., many Han Kitab were printed, reprinted, and carried around. Some were gradually received as authoritative, serving as the cornerstone on which particular “Chinese Islamic” knowledge was established. Printing thus allowed dispersed Muslims in China proper to have shared knowledge, discourse, and memory, and contributed to a rising sense of collectivity among them.

Muslim Minority in China: Integration or Separation? الأقلية المسلمة في الصين: اندماج أم انفصال؟

This paper focuses on the Muslim minority in China, their presence, integration, the challenges from which they suffer and the way to deal with such teething troubles. In this paper, we argue that Muslims in Chinese Inner Mongolia has been integrated successfully into China. Besides providing insights into their presence and well-being in China, their integration into mainstream Communist China is the focal point of interest. Muslims in China has been living as minority communities for centuries. We must emphasize here that, there will be occasions when we mention Muslims from other areas in China away from Inner Mongolia for cross-purpose contextualization. The commonly held view, especially by Western scholars, is that the Muslim populace in China has resisted their integration into Chinese society in toto. This is a fallacy that needs to be addressed. There are millions of Muslims of different sects who live across the Chinese mainland, the majority of whom have been living for ages in harmony with their fellow citizens. However, there are many grievances in the Muslim community that have existed for decades and seemingly no plausible solutions looming on the horizon. The methodology we will be using throughout this paper is the analytical-qualitative approach. Using available archival, research data as well as relevant studies and media reports, we will start by giving a general background on the geographical demographics and characteristics of the area and its people. We will move on to discussing the daily life practices of the Muslim community, such as crafts, social life, literacy and religion. Then, we will conclude by giving an overall view of the position of the Muslim community in their motherland China, how to enhance the mechanisms that can facilitate active integration into Chinese society and the extent of suffering from repression and injustice in their homeland.

Twitter Media Activities: Virtual Activism Related To China Uighur Muslim Problems

Cases of human rights violations against Uighur Muslims in China have generated various condemnations from the international community. Various forms of protest, ranging from taking to the streets, complaints in mass media, and on social media. Several countries officially submitted objections to the Chinese government, including the superpower country of the United States. This research wants to see how the forms of protest in social media Twitter analyze the network patterns and relationships between the formed actors and the possibility of a new social movement. Through the hashtag feature on Twitter, researchers can analyze networks, messages, and protest delivery distribution using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) method. This study uses qualitative research methods, data collection by analyzing Twitter media activity, which is used as a protest to the Chinese government. The data was processed using NVivo 12 Plus software. The results showed that the relationship between actors in the use of social media Twitter has pressure on public opinion in parts of the world, the network pattern that connects countries in response to the issue of intimidation by the Uighur Muslim community, social protests that are always given by Twitter users as a place to pressure the Chinese government, and created a new social movement carried out by countries that support the resistance to intimidation by the Uighur people in Xinjiang.

COVID-19 vaccines: the dilemma when thinking as a patient

What is the truth about the conspiracy theory of the COVID-19 microchip vaccine? The outbreak of the COVID-19 witnessed a vicious race of pharmaceutical firms to develop a vaccine that ends this disaster. Claims were forwarded that some firms funded by well-known foundations are in the process of developing such a vaccine so people wide world can be tracked. Such claims may have been based on Mr. Bill Gate’s announcement in an interview that through vaccination "we will have some digital certificates" which would be used to show who had recovered, been tested and ultimately who received a vaccine but he made no mention of microchips. The conspiracy theory is spreading around the world and its supporters are on the increase among the public as well as many healthcare professionals. The spread of the virus has been attributed to the introduction of 5G technology and many religious leaders attributed the crisis to punishment from God to the spread of local wars and mass killing, torturing and killing of Muslims in China and Myanmar gay and lesbian movement and marriages.

Big Data and "New Surveillance": Is International Regulation Feasible?

The collection and analysis of individuals data by governments and organizations is an area that lacks overarching protection at the international level, there is potential for an international system monitoring the use of Big Data and providing protections against violations of the right to privacy among other human rights laws. This paper outlines the policy background, then analyzes the use of Big Data through case studies of collection of data on LBTQ+ in Russia, and Uyghur Muslims in China’s Xinjiang province. After establishing the potential for abuses and violations of human rights and the right to privacy through unfettered access to personal data, this paper then considers proposed models to assess and protect human rights in this area, and looks at the potential for the development of an international monitoring system. To take steps towards developing an international legal framework of data protection I argue that the use of international norms to create monitoring bodies, and treaty law between nation-states and also international organizations can be utilized to develop such a framework.