Muslim Question Research Articles

Secularism, State Policies, and Muslims in Europe<BR> Analyzing French Exceptionalism

Islam has increasingly become an internal affair in several western European countries, where the population has grown to ten to fifteen million. In recent years, the European public has intensely discussed Muslims and Islam on several occasions, from terrorist attacks in London and Madrid to the debates on Danish cartoons. In short, there is today a Muslim question in the minds of many European politicians when it comes to the issues of immigration, integration, and security. European states have pursued diverse policies to regulate their populations. The most controversial of these policies is France's recent ban on wearing headscarves in public schools, which has been discussed in France and abroad since 1989. Other European countries, however, have taken students' headscarves as a part of their individual freedom and have not prohibited them. A survey of twelve major French and British newspapers between 1989 and 1999 shows how controversial the issue was in France, in comparison to Britain. According to the survey, the number of articles on the headscarf issue in French newspapers reached 1,174, whereas the British newspapers carried only eighteen.) As a result of this debate, a bill was passed in the French assembly and the senate and signed into the law by President Jacques Chirac in March 2004. The first article of the new law

Russian empire: space, people, power, 1700-1930

Coming into the Territory: Uncertainty and Empire Jane Burbank & Mark von Hagen Part I: Space 1. Imperial Space: Territorial Thought and Practice in the Eighteenth Century Willard Sunderland 2. The Great Circle of Interior Russia: Representations of the Imperial Center in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Leonid Gorizontov 3. How Bashkiria Became Part of European Russia, 1762-1881 Charles Steinwedel 4. Mapping the Empire's Economic Regions from the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century Nailya Tagirova 5. State and Evolution: Ethnographic Knowledge, Economic Expediency, and the Making of the USSR, 1917-1924 Francine Hirsch Part II: People 6. Changing Conceptions of Difference, Assimilation, and Faith in the Volga-Kama Region, 1740-1870 Paul Werth 7. Thinking Like an Empire: Estate, Law and Rights in the Early Twentieth Century Jane Burbank 8. From Region to Nation: The Don Cossacks 1870-1920 Shane O'Rourke 9. Bandits and the State: Designing a Traditional Culture of Violence in the Russian Caucasus Vladimir Bobrovnikov 10. Representing Primitive Communists: Ethnographic and Political Authority in Early Soviet Siberia Nikolai Ssorin-Chaikov Part III: Institutions 11. From the Zloty to the Ruble: The Kingdom of Poland in the Monetary Politics of the Russian Empire Ekaterina Pravilova 12. The Muslim Question in Late Imperial Russia Elena Campbell 13. The Zemstvo Reform, the Cossacks, and Administrative Policy on the Don, 1864-1882 Aleksei Volvenko 14. Peoples, Regions, and Electoral Politics: The State Dumas and the Constitution of New National Elites Rustem Tsiunchuk 15. The Provisional Government and Finland: Russian Democracy and Finnish Nationalism in Search of Peaceful Coexistence Irina Novikova Part IV. Designs 16. Siberia and the Russian Far East in the Imperial Geography of Power Anatolyi Remnev 17. Imperial Political Culture and Modernization in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century Sviatoslav Kaspe 18. Federalisms and Pan-movements: Re-imagining Empire Mark von Hagen

Ислам в архивных материалах высших государственных учреждений Российской империи (1721–1917 гг.)

SUMMARY: In the first part of his article Dmitry Arapov provides an overview of the historical presence of Islam in the Russian Empire and state policies toward the Muslim population, which by the end of the nineteenth century composed the second largest confessional group after Russian Orthodoxy. Arapov distinguishes two sets of goals of government policies: one was connected with the technical task of governing, while the other aimed to integrate Russian Muslims into a “single state body.” In the second part of the article Arapov gives an overview of the collections pertaining to the imperial policies toward Muslims in the state archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg. He classifies documents by types ( vidy ) and provides their characteristics. Arapov concludes that the available documents allow for a comprehensive historical reconstruction of tsarist policy with regard to the “Muslim question.” Tsarist policy, he contends, was not ideal yet satisfied basic religious needs of the Empire’s Muslim population. The article is followed by an Appendix, which features two government documents discussing the “threat” of pan-Islamism.

Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: a European approach

1. European Challenges to Multicultural Citizenship: Muslims, Secularism and Beyond Anna Triandafyllidou, Tariq Modood, Ricard Zapata-Barrero 2. Multiculturalism, citizenship and Islam in problematic encounters in Belgium Hassan Bousetta and Dirk Jacobs 3. British Muslims and the Politics of Multiculturalism Tariq Modood 4. French Secularism and Islam France's Headscarf Affair Riva Kastoryano 5. The Particular Universalism of a Nordic Civic Nation: Common Values, State Religion, and Islam in Danish Political Culture Per Mouritsen 6. Enemies Within the Gates - The Debate about the Citizenship of Muslims in Germany Werner Schiffauer 7. Religious Diversity and Multiculturalism in Southern Europe: The Italian Mosque Debate Anna Triandafyllidou 8. The Muslim Community and Spanish Tradition: Maurophobia as a Fact, and Impartiality as a Desideratum Ricard Zapata-Barrero 9. Secularism and the Accommodation of Muslims in Europe Tariq Modood and Riva Kastoryano 10. Europe, Liberalism and the 'Muslim Question' Bhikhu Parekh

The Muslim question in India

The Muslim question in India

A Modern Urdu Tafsīr

Only 14 years old, Azad contributed his first articles to Makhzan, an Indian literary magazine. Journalism became his favourite ambition and mainly in this way he worked for the national cause. He was elected president of the Congress in I923. Unlike Jinnah, he stood by the Congress-party, and though a Muslim, he opposed the idea and creation of a separate Muslim State. Since I937, he was Gandhi's adviser on the Muslim question. In independent India a seat in the cabinet was alloted to him, and up to now he is Minister of Education.