Muslim People Research Articles

Digitising diabetes education for a safer Ramadan: Design, delivery, and evaluation of massive open online courses in Ramadan-focused diabetes education

AimsRamadan-focused diabetes education is critical to facilitate safer Ramadan fasting amongst Muslim people living with diabetes. We present the design, delivery, and evaluation of two parallel massive open online courses (MOOCs) in Ramadan-focused diabetes education for people with diabetes and HCPs. MethodsTwo Ramadan-focused diabetes education MOOCs were developed and delivered for Ramadan 2023: one for HCPs in English, and another for people with diabetes in English, Arabic and Malay. A user-centred iterative design process was adopted, informed by user feedback from a 2022 pilot MOOC. Evaluation comprised a mixed-methods evaluation of pre- and post-course user surveys. ResultsThe platform was utilised by people with diabetes and their family, friends and healthcare professionals. Overall, a total of 1531 users registered for the platform from 50 countries, 809 started a course with a 48% subsequent completion rate among course starters. Qualitative analysis showed users found the course a user-friendly and authoritative information source. In the HCP MOOC, users reported improved post-MOOC Ramadan awareness, associated diabetes knowledge and ability to assess and advise patients in relation to their diabetes during Ramadan (p<0.01). ConclusionsWe demonstrate the potential of MOOCs to deliver culturally tailored, high-quality, scalable, multilingual Ramadan-focused diabetes education to HCPs and people with diabetes.

Reconciling Hegel with the Dialectic: On Islam and the Fate of Muslims in Hegel's Philosophy of History

AbstractThe absence of Islam from recent scholarship on Hegel's account of world religions is puzzling. In the first part of the article, we argue that Hegel's neglect of Islam in his systematic account of religious phenomena is not accidental and that he did not think of Islam as a determinate religion. Its size and believers aside, we suggest that it is not possible to assign any determinacy to Islam as a world-historical phenomenon under Hegel's rubric, because such determinacy that applies to other religions would be in conflict with what Hegel takes to be Islam's emphasis on the negative moment of truth, its revolutionary tendencies, and its lack of any novel conceptual content as a response to Christianity. In the second part of the article, we point out how one could respond to Hegel's characterization of Islam when it is mentioned in relation to other religious traditions. First, we argue that Hegel overemphasizes the significance of Islam qua religion in explaining the history of Muslim peoples. More than that, Hegel does not see that the history of Islamic philosophy and science can be characterized by sublation and that it can be integrated into conceptual developments in the West on these terms. However, our critique of Hegel's Eurocentrism does not remain at this level, for in the third part of the article we argue for the significance of considering the response of Muslim philosophers to Hegel. In particular, we look at the responses by Mohammed al-Khosht and Mahmoud Haider, respectively. We conclude that Hegel's exclusion of Islam from any involvement in the history of the Concept indicates an undialectical commitment on his part and that to this extent being Hegelian today requires that we rectify this oversight.

Role of Religion and Partition in Khuswant Singh’s Novel Train to Pakistan

Train to Pakistan is a novel written by famous Indian Writer Khushwant Singh speaks about the partition during the Independence of India in 1947. Dividing sub-continent along the sectarian line. The northern part of India predominantly Muslim people become republic of Pakistan because of the partition. Brotherhood between Indians and Muslims were stated to destroy. Many Muslims people went side of Pakistan only few people of Muslims are stay holed India. Many people were killed during the Partition both a side due to the religious problem. Hindus are became more strongest religion in India during the Independence. India is a county became county of Hindu. Economically, land scope, and population in these Hindus are became more powerful then Muslim. 15 million people were displaced their home, government rules and government sector were changed. Hindus and Muslims were living together since long but they filed in inculcate the feelings emotions and love with in a single night neighbor are changed into neighbor county peoples this makes the black day to both a religions people. In India many writes were speaks about this incident eg. Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie, Tamas by Bhisham Sahani, Shadow Lines by Amitav Ghosh, Ice Candy Man by Bapsi Sidhwaect...

Women's Performing Salah with Men in the Mosque: An Analytical Discussion

During the era of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam, women used to perform the Salah with Jamaat in the mosque, including Friday and two Eid Jama’ats. This trend had been continued from the era of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam to the Khalif Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq Radiyallahu Tayala Anhu in general. But Due to the fear of temptation between men and women, Hazrat Umar Farooq Radiyallahu Tayala Anhu had disliked women’s performing their Salah in the mosque with Jamaat. Later many scholars disliked it and the Islamic Jurists considered it as ‘makrooh’. Thus, the trend of women attending the mosques for performing their prayers in men's Jama’at was stopped. Later most of the Ulama e-Kiram also supported the opinion above. As a result, women do not attend the Masjid for performing their daily prayers five times with Jama'at until now. The followers of Madhhab still hold to this point of view. In four schools of thoughts in Islam, women are allowed to participate in Jama’at for a few times. But recently madhab scholars do not consider it as valid. As a result, women are permanently prevented from participating in the mosque Jama’at. On the other hand, according to the some researchers in the world, especially the Salafis, women can still participate in the Jama’at of the mosque as before. As a result of their fatwas and campaigns, women from different countries are now participating in their prayer with Jama’at in the mosques. Both the point of views have created confusion in the thinking of the Muslim people. Although, temptation is being created in different areas. In this article an attempt is made to resolve the confusion created by using qualitative methods. We think that women in the society in general are not required to attend regular five times performing their Salah with Jama’at in their society mosques. On the other hand, women who stay outside the home for their personal, social, political, etc. reasons, can participate in the Jama’at of their nearest mosque; However, in this case, there should be necessary provision for women in the mosque performing their five times Salah.

Exploring the experience of natural green space among South Asian Muslim people in the UK

ABSTRACT Visiting Natural Green Spaces (NGS) is an important lifestyle factor that contributes to quality of life. Whilst NGS can be used to combat health issues, many of which are experienced by South Asian Muslim communities in the UK, it is concerning that such communities face the largest disparities in access to NGS compared to other ethnic minority groups. This paper responds to the paucity in research of South Asian people’s experiences of NGS. Data were generated through individual semi-structured interviews with 20 South Asian Muslim men and women. Using Bourdieu’s concepts of field, habitus and capital, data underwent thematic analysis. This paper reports on the key findings of the study: defining the field of NGS; enhancing wellbeing in NGS; and challenges of accessing NGS. The study concludes that we understand NGS as fields in which capital is shaped by race, religion and gender, and provides suggestions for how policy and practice can consider NGS in health enhancing interventions.

Internal Determinants of Capital Structure of Islamic Banks: Evidence from the Middle East

This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the capital structure of Islamic banks for a sample of the Middle East for the period 2011-2021. The study used a panel data method by pooling ordinary least squares, fixed effects, and random effects to determine the relationship between book leverage and internal variables such as profitability, size, non-debt tax shield, growth opportunity, tangibility, liquidity, and earnings volatility. The descriptive statistics indicate that Islamic banks are highly leveraged. The results of regression showed that the impact of profitability, size, and growth opportunity is positive on book leverage. In contrast, the results indicated a negative impact of non-debt tax shield and liquidity on book leverage. The results also showed no impact of tangibility and earnings volatility on book leverage. Based on the results, Islamic banks in the Middle East enjoy a special method of choosing capital structure depending on their competitive advantage derived from the concentration of a large proportion of Muslim people dealing with them. Nevertheless, the management of Islamic banks must take the mentioned variables into consideration.

Письма шейха Сайфуллы-кади Башларова из частного собрания муфтия Габдурахмана Расули: исторические и источниковедческие аспекты в контексте духовных связей суфийских шейхов Северо-Восточного Кавказа и Волго-Уральского региона на рубеже ХIX–XX вв.

This study is a brief source analysis of a previously unknown collection of letters in Arabic addressed by Dagestani Sheikh Sayfullah-Qadi Bashlarov to his spiritual mentor Sheikh Zainullah ash-Sharifi (Rasulev). The letters were discovered in the manuscript collection of Sayfullah-Qadi Bashlarov’s successor (mazun) the Sufi sheikh Hassan-hilmi al-Kakhi. At request of Gabdurakhman Rasulev, the son of Sheikh Zainulla Rasulev, who probably kept their autographs, the letters were copied by Da-gestani Alim Kurbanali al-Muni, who lived in the town of Troitsk for a long time, The letters con-tain unique information from the biographies of Sheikhs Sayfullah-Qadi Bashlarov and Zainullah ash-Sharifi. The study of such sources helps to show true relations between those two outstanding Muslim intellectuals and, in general, enriches the source base for studying the history of cultural contacts between Muslim peoples of the Volga-Ural region and the North Caucasus as parts of the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19th–early 20th centuries.

Reducing Islamophobia through Conversation: A Randomized Control Trial

Islamophobia is a global problem that has reached epidemic proportions according to recent government reports and international research. In this preregistered, randomized control study, conducted in a field setting in Australia ( N = 227), we investigated whether Islamophobia—negative and hostile attitudes toward Islam and Muslim people—was reduced by a short door-to-door canvassing intervention. Our study involved participants who had expressed negative or ambivalent attitudes toward Muslim residents in a previous survey. These participants were randomly assigned to receive either no treatment or a 15-minute door-knocking conversation that encouraged empathy building through (1) active processing of new information and (2) perspective taking through personal reflections on past experiences of exclusion. Follow-up surveys suggest that, compared with a baseline survey completed before the intervention, prejudice was significantly reduced in the treatment group 6 and 12 weeks later.

Problems of Islamic doctrine in the works of R. Fakhreddin (Ridha’ al-Din ibn Fakhr al-Din)

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the theological views of the prominent scientist, theologian and religious figure Rizaeddin Fakhreddin (1859–1936) on Islamic doctrine, which are set out in his main theological works. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of knowledge of the scientist’s theological heritage and its analysis from the theological side. The research briefly covers the main sources on the Islamic faith, which were distributed at that time among the Muslim peoples of the Volga region. In particular, the work investigates the statements and comments of R. Fakhreddin on the definition of Islamic doctrine and creed. The authors also display his attitude to the problem of declaring a person as an infidel (who left Islam).

Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting.

The prevalence of obesity is rising globally and effective strategies to treat obesity are needed. Intermittent fasting, a dietary intervention for weight management, has received growing interest from the general public, as well as healthcare professionals, as a form of lifestyle intervention. We executed a rapid review using PUBMED database to identify systematic reviews that examined the impact of intermittent fasting on metabolic indices, published between 2011 and 2022. Intermittent fasting leads to weight loss of a similar magnitude to continuous energy restriction. Most of the evidence shows that intermittent fasting leads to greater fat loss as measured by fat mass (kg) or body fat percentage compared to an ad libitum diet, but fat loss attained during intermittent fasting is not significantly different to continuous energy restriction, although recent evidence shows intermittent fasting to be superior. There is mixed evidence for the impact of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, fasting glucose and lipid profile. Some studies focused on populations of Muslim people, which showed that Ramadan fasting may lead to weight loss and improvement of metabolic parameters during fasting, although the effects are reversed when fasting is finished. Intermittent fasting is more effective than an ad libitum dietary intake, and equally or more effective as continuous energy restriction, for weight management. However, there is inconclusive evidence on whether intermittent fasting has a clinically beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism.

Performance of textured dual mobility total hip prosthesis with a concave dimple during Muslim prayer movements

The single mobility bearing as a previous bearing design of total hip prosthesis has severe mobility constraints that can result in dislocation during Muslim (people who follow the Islam as religion) prayer movements, specifically shalat that requires intense movement. There are five intense movements (i.e., bowing, prostration, sitting, transition from standing to prostration, and final sitting) during Muslim prayer that may generate an impingement problem for patients with total hip prosthesis. In this work, textured dual mobility total hip prosthesis with two textured cases (i.e., textured femoral head and textured inner liner) are presented and their performances are numerically evaluated against untextured surface model during Muslim prayer movement. The concave dimple design is chosen for surface texturing, while for simulating femoral head materials, SS 316L and CoCrMo is choosen. To represent the real condition, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with two-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI) methods are employed to analyze elastohydrodynamic lubrication problem with non-Newtonian synovial fluid model. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the tribological performance on dual mobility total hip prosthesis with applied textured surface with concave dimple in femoral head and inner liner surface under Muslim prayer movements. It is found that applying surface texturing has a beneficial effect on the lubrication performance for some intense movements. The textured femoral head model performs better than textured inner liner model and untextured model (both femoral head and inner liner). The numerical results also indicate superior performance of CoCrMo femoral head compared to SS 316L femoral head. These findings can be used as a reference for biomedical engineers and orthopedic surgeons in designing and choosing suitable total hip prosthesis for Muslims makes they can carry out Muslim prayer movements like humans in general who have normal hip joints.

THE EMERGENCE AND IMPORTANCE OF PILGRIMAGE ROUTES IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: FROM THE STEPPE REGION TO MECCA

The article examines the process of the formation of the pilgrimage of Muslims from different re-gions of the Russian Empire to the holy places of Mecca and Medina, emphasizing the imperial policy toward Muslims and their pilgrimage routes. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, pilgrimage was important to Muslims, but it also aroused suspicion and apprehension on the part of the authorities. The main purpose of the work is to analyze the conditions of the pilgrimage movement, its problems and the characteristics of the routes. The Russian Empire tried to strengthen its control over the Muslim peoples by creating a consular network and approving official routes. Nevertheless, the growth of rail and sea transportation led to an increase in the number of pilgrims, thanks to a temporary reduction in travel and security. In addition, the article examines in detail the importance of obtaining special Hajj passports for traveling on special state roads, which indicates the moments of bureaucracy of the pilgrimage process at that time. The article clearly shows how Muslims, including Kazakh pilgrims, were able to take advan-tage of new opportunities to fulfill their religious duty.

ОСМАН ИМПЕРИЯСЫ МЕН ОРТА АЗИЯ ХАЛЫҚТАРЫ АРАСЫНДА МӘДЕНИ ЖӘНЕ РУХАНИ БАЙЛАНЫСТАРДАҒЫ ҚАЖЫЛЫҚТЫҢ РӨЛІ (ХІХ-ХХ ғғ.)

At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, a new stage of political, social and cultural relations began between the Ottoman Empire and the peoples of Central Asia. The Ottoman Sultan, as the caliph of the Islamic world and a supporter of Islam, always supported the Turkic-Muslim peoples of Central Asia. One of the closest ties between peoples was cultural and spiritual relations, and an important role in this area was played by the Muslim pilgrimage - the Hajj. The Central Asian Muslims who made the pilgrimage stayed in the territories of the Ottoman Empire for a long time in order to deeply study the Muslim culture and Islamic teachings. Back in the country, they used their materials to develop Muslim culture and spiritual knowledge and provide religious education. The article discusses the role of the Muslim pilgrimage in the development of cultural and spiritual ties between the Ottoman Empire and the Turkic-Muslim peoples of Central Asia. The topic of the scientific article reflects a certain aspect of the problem - this means the role and contribution of the Muslim pilgrimage in cultural and spiritual ties among Muslim peoples. The purpose of the research work is to study the activities of pilgrims in the development of cultural and spiritual ties between the Ottoman Empire and Central Asia. It also studies the place and contribution of pilgrimage in the development of the idea of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamic ideology among the Turkic peoples of the Ottoman Empires and Turkestan. A new scientific analysis is being carried out on the history of cultural and humanitarian relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Turkic-Muslim peoples of Central Asia.

The fortune telling in the Siberian Tatars culture

The purpose of this article is to describe, study and analyze traditional methods of divination in the culture of the Tatars of Western Siberia. Such practices occupy an important place in the spiritual heritage of the people. They are valuable material for studying the traditional culture of the people, their worldview. They allow us to highlight the transformation of the worldview of the people under the influence of different cultures. These methods of divination were widely used by the people in the past, and some of them have been preserved and used to this day. The research was based on ethnographic sources and field materials collected by the author in 2002-2023. The works of domestic researchers in the field of history and traditional culture of Turkic and Muslim peoples served as a methodological basis for the article. The paper gives a historical and comparative analysis of traditional rites of divination widespread among the Tatars of Western Siberia. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the article is the first to record and describe the method of divination among Siberian Tatars called "tastar tartu", which, according to the available information at the moment, was widespread only among the Tatars of Western Siberia. In addition, the article provides a historical and comparative analysis of such methods of divination as "nogyt bulu", "kitap atsu", with other Turkic and Mongolian peoples. The study has shown that some of the described methods of divination among Siberian Tatars, having arisen on the basis of the common Altai, Turkic tradition in the early period, were transformed under the influence of the Muslim worldview in the later period. Also through the Islamic culture the methods of divination of other Muslim peoples began to spread among Siberian Tatars.

Analysis of Akad Salam (Pre-Order) in Online Buying and Selling Hanbali Mazhab Perspective (Case Study on Tokopedia Marketplace)

The Hanbali Mazhab or Al-Hanabilah is a school of fiqh in Islam proposed and developed by Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, a mujtahid and scholar of fiqh and hadith who came from Bahdad. The development and potential of online buying and selling in Indonesia is very large, with a Muslim population of 207 million people or 87.2%. The most users of the marketplace are Muslim people who must comply with the rules of buying and selling in Islam, not only the halalness of the product but also transaction activities that must not conflict with Islamic sharia. In online buying and selling transactions in the marketplace, there are several types of contracts used, one of which is the salam contract in pre-order buying and selling. The purpose of this study is to analyze the use of salam (pre-order) contracts in online buying and selling transactions in the marketplace based on the Hanbali school of thought. This research uses a qualitative method, namely library research (literature study) with secondary data and primary data based on direct observation in the tokopedia marketplace. The results of this study indicate that the application of the salam (pre-order) contract in online buying and selling in the Tokopedia marketplace has fulfilled the pillars of the salam contract so that the transaction remains valid but in the application of the conditions there are still discrepancies.

Tingkat Pengetahuan, Persepsi dan Sikap Pasien terhadap Kehalalan Obat Batuk Sirup yang Mengandung Alkohol di Apotek Farmarindo Banyumas

Medicines are pharmaceutical products that play an important role in health. Medicine can reduce morbidity and improve a person's quality of life1. Alcohol is one of the substances that is forbidden by Allah SWT. One medicine that contains alcohol is cough syrup. Many patients do not know whether cough syrup is halal. Therefore, this study aims to determine and measure the level of knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of patients regarding the halalness of cough syrup containing alcohol at the Farmarindo Banyumas Pharmacy. This research is descriptive research using a questionnaire with a sample of 80 respondents. The results of the study showed that the level of knowledge of respondents regarding the halalness of cough syrup containing alcohol was 45% in the good category. The level of perception of respondents, namely 79%, is in the good category and 21% is in the very good category. The level of respondents' attitude towards halal cough syrup containing alcohol was 74% in the good category and 26% in the very good category. It can be concluded that the level of knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of respondents towards halal cough syrup medicine is in a good category. Muslim people are advised to ask the pharmacist first about the contents of the cough syrup they buy to find out whether it is halal.

15. ve 16. YÜZYILLARDA AKDENİZ’DE OSMANLI DENİZ(CİLİK) GÜCÜNÜN OLUŞUMUNDAKİ ETKENLER

The needs that changed and diversified with the political, technological and scientific developments in the 21st century have brought about new risks and threats. New dimensions of security have started to be discussed against newly emerging risks and threats in international relations. Among the new security issues, the sea comes to the fore both as an area of expansion of states and as an area that gains importance in terms of military, energy, economic and ecological (environmental) security aspects. At this point, maritime policies, which have become a geostrategic need for states in regions that have become areas of power struggle due to their geopolitical positions, tend to change and develop too. Today, the Mediterranean is one of the regions where these power struggles take place just like in history. The necessities and basic factors that paved the way for the 15th and 16th century Turkish (Ottoman) domination in the Mediterranean basin, which is the cradle of Turkish seafaring, were evaluated within the framework of sea power theories and the decision-making model put forward within the scope of the study in terms of shedding light on the present day.&#x0D; Objective: In this study, an evaluation from a historical perspective was made based on the analysis model of the maritimization policy, which was formed within the framework of philosophical, cultural and theoretical foundations in the Mediterranean. With this evaluation, the building blocks in the formation of the Turkish maritime policy were tried to be shown.&#x0D; Methodology: In this study, a qualitative research method was used and a literature review was conducted on the subject. In the light of the historical and theoretical information that was obtained, an analysis of the period, which is the subject of the study, was tried to be made.&#x0D; Findings: The necessities and opportunities arising from the external conjuncture in the formation of the Turkish (Ottoman) maritime policy in the 15th and 16th centuries were determined with this study, and accordingly, the abilities of the decision-makers to benefit from these opportunities were shown. In addition, the events that formed the basis of the Turkish (Ottoman) maritime domination and sea power in the period in question were handled from a different perspective; and in this context, the emergence of the Turkish pirates, who constituted the source of the Turkish sea power of the period, and the Christianization policies that Spain applied to the Muslim and Jewish peoples in the Iberian Peninsula were associated.&#x0D; Originality: Within the scope of the study, a new decision-making model has been developed for the formulation of maritimization policies. In addition, the effect of the deportation policy implemented by Spain in the relevant period on the formation of the Turkish sea power was revealed for the first time.

Rawls’ ‘Justice as Fairness’: Not only Political but also Metaphysical

In his book A Theory of Justice, John Rawls develops an account of justice, ‘justice as fairness’ (JAF, henceforth). In his later works, he claims that JAF is supposed to depend on neither philosophical nor religious claims but on political claims. So, the conception of justice he wishes to defend is political but not metaphysical. This political (as well as moral in a specific sense) conception of justice is supposed to apply to political, social, and economic institutions. By presenting JAF, Rawls aims to show how free and rational persons would hold the same conception of justice he defends if they have been invited to construct a just social contract. This would be the case, Rawls reasons, only if those persons determine the principles of justice as if they are in a purely hypothetical situation. Rawls calls this situation ‘the original position’ and thinks that in the original position, parties and decision makers can be fair and impartial to construct a social contract if they can stand behind ‘The Veil of Ignorance’ which is the main feature of the original position. The parties (free and rational persons) who stand behind the veil of ignorance know nothing about their place, class position, social status, intelligence, abilities, and the like in society. They do not know their conceptions of the good either. Since the parties are rational and capable of having a sense of justice, the fundamental agreement they could make behind the veil of ignorance with respect to the principles of justice will be fair. Rawls also develops an account of law (the Law of Peoples) to show that the principles of justice will be universal in its reach. He claims that both reasonably just liberal and decent hierarchical peoples (like the Muslim peoples of the utopian state, Kazanistan) would accept the principles of justice. Rawls argues, however, that since a decent hierarchical society does not consider its members as free and equal citizens as a liberal society does, it cannot be as reasonable and just as a liberal society. So, liberal peoples must encourage decent peoples to recognize the advantages of having liberal institutions and try to convince them to become more liberal in order to have a reasonably just society. In this paper, I will argue that Rawls’s accounts of the original position and the Law of Peoples show that unlike what Rawls contends, JAF is not only political but also metaphysical. I will suggest that since Rawls’s accounts of JAF and person require some metaphysical assumptions, theists who necessarily hold comprehensive metaphysical claims on justice and person have a good reason to reject that they should step behind the veil of ignorance in order to construct a just social contract.

ANALISIS AZAS MANFAAT DAN AKAD PINJAMAN ONLINE DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI SYARIAH: STUDI LITERATUR

Technological sophistication is overgrowing to make it easier for humans in all their activities. One sector that takes advantage of technological sophistication is financial services. P2P lending refers to the provision of financial services that bring together lenders and loan receivers in the context of engaging into loa and borrowing agreements cia an electronic system that uses the internet network. The ease of the P2P Lending service offered by this online loan is very tempting for users. However, many Muslim people are still unwilling to do so. This study purposes to establish the principle of benefits and online loan agreements from an Islamic economic perspective. This research type is descriptive qualitative research using a systematic literature review. The research data is from 6 journals related to online lending from the perspective of Islamic economics published in 2020-2022. The study results show that online lending, or P2P lending, is a form of financial service utilizing technological sophistication. Online loans are permissible according to Sharia, but with various conditions that do not violate Sharia rules by MUI Fatwa No.117/DSN-MUI/II/2018. The principle of the benefits of giving loans in Islam is permissible to people who need debt to fulfill their needs based on mutual help in good matters. According to the Islamic economy, online loan transactions are classified as accounts payable (Qarḍh). In Islam, qardh is valid if the parties fulfill the conditions and pillars. If one of the conditions and pillars is not fulfilled, the qardh contract becomes invalid. Thus, the debts are considered to have occurred if the pillars and conditions of the debts themselves have been fulfilled.

Participation of the Tatar Intelligentsia in Scientific, Cultural and Educational Work in Kazakhstan (19th – mid-20th centuries)

This article is devoted to the study of the results of participation of Tatar intellectuals in scientific, cultural and educational work in Kazakhstan. State officials, clerics, and jadidites has formed the basis of the Tatar intelligentsia in the steppe zone. Civil servants played an important role in the study of the history, language, family customs of the Kazakh people. Tatar mullahs practiced zoology, history, poetry and literature. Tatars in the steppe zone published newspapers, magazines, books not only in the national language, but also in Kazakh. The ideas of Jadidism and Pan-Islamism were actively disseminated in the region through printed media. The Jadits were ideological inspirers of the development in the steppe zone of theater arts, new-method schools and libraries. One of the most important results of the activity of the Tatar intelligentsia in pre-revolutionary time was the growth of political self-consciousness of Muslim peoples. During the revolution, Muslims attempted to form an autonomy based on religious, ethnic self-determination.&#x0D; For citation: Makhmutov Z.A. Participation of the Tatar Intelligentsia in Scientific, Cultural and Educational Work in Kazakhstan (19th – mid-20th centuries). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.4, pp.69–79. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-4.69-79