non-Muslim Communities Research Articles

Analysis of factors influencing non-Muslims to become customers of Islamic banks

The growth of Islamic banking has begun to infiltrate many sectors of society, attracting the desire of non-Muslim communities to become customers of Islamic banks. The purpose of this study to determine what factors can influence the decisions and interests of non-Muslim communities to become customers in Islamic banks. The sample used in this study amounted to 75 non-Muslim respondents in the Ungaran area with a random sampling technique. The method used is Moderated Regression Analysis. The results show that products and promotions harm decisions, word of mouth and interest have a significant positive effect on non-Muslim community decisions, products and promotions have a positive effect on interest for non-Muslim communities, word of mouth negatively affects interest, interest can mediate products with decisions, interest cannot mediate promotion and word of mouth on decisions.

Culinary Placemaking: Cookbooks as Artifacts of Displaced Muslim Women's Lives

Abstract: This article considers cookbooks written by two displaced Shia Ismaili Muslim women—Yasmin Alibhai-Brown's The Settler's Cookbook and four editions of Noorbanu Nimji's A Spicy Touch —to discover how food becomes a means of placemaking in the diaspora. The authors fled East Africa in the 1970s when Idi Amin expelled Asians from Uganda and anti-Asian sentiment reverberated in other East African countries as well. They made their way to Europe and North America. Cookbooks were often the earliest texts penned by Ismaili women in the diaspora, yet they remain an understudied archive. This article considers such cookbooks as they give a rare account of this minority Muslim community's settlement in the West. Through the cookbooks we uncover women's contribution to the biological and cultural reproduction of this religious community and discover that placemaking has a culinary dimension. Indeed, studies of refugee placemaking often focus on the built environment; this article extends the definition of place-making to include sensory experiences through which displaced people remember and craft new attachments. Cooking and eating are some such experiences. An examination of Muslim women's culinary placemaking thus enhances our understanding of refugee life and its intersection with religion.

Between ‘Cultural richness’ and ‘useful enemy’: the securitization and instrumentalization of Christians in Turkey

ABSTRACT This article employs interviews and primary and secondary sources to examine the discrimination, securitization, and instrumentalization faced by four main Christian denominations throughout Turkish history: the Armenian, Greek, Assyrian, and Protestant communities. We shed light on how some religious minority groups have been utilized and represented within the framework of Turkish diplomacy and the pursuit of neo-Ottomanism. We contend that the blanket term ‘Christian’ is less applicable in Turkey's context, where religion becomes intricately intertwined with ethnicity. Thus, it becomes imperative to investigate each non-Muslim community independently, considering their unique trajectories, historical traumas, internal divisions, and relationships with the state.

From empire to nation: Management of religious pluralism in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey

The transition from empire to nation-state poses challenges in managing religious and ethnic pluralism. Empires, characterized by hierarchical structures and diversity, contrast with nation-states, which aim for uniformity and unity. As empires modernize administratively, they grapple with different approaches to pluralism. While Habsburgs were more in favor of a federal plurality, the Romanovs pushed for centralization and assimilation. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Ottomans vacillated between these two alternative paths. This vacillation is most evident in their approach to millet system which simultaneously followed the contradictory policies of undermining millet boundaries in order to promote a sense of unity across the multi-faith society and policies of promoting and safeguarding the privileges and group-specific rights of non-Muslim communities. Ottoman nationalism eventually shifted towards a homogenizing model, akin to the Romanov approach, leading to the exclusion of religious minorities. This process of homogenization continued in the nationalist policies of modern Turkey and resulted in the secular Turkish Republic being less tolerant towards non-Muslims than the Islamic Ottoman Empire.

Prominent Muslim da`wah figures and their global role in changing the perception of Islam

Amidst the escalating negative narrative surrounding Islam, there is a parallel increase in efforts by Muslim figures and communities to counteract these perceptions. Leveraging the expansive reach of social media, influential personalities like Zakir Naik, Mufti Menk, and Nouman Ali Khan engage global audiences, including non-Muslim communities. This article explores how these figures impact the transformation of global perceptions of Islam through da`wa on online platforms, employing the concept of people-to-people diplomacy as an analytical tool. Data, primarily sourced from online platforms, media, books, and journals, reveal that these Muslim figures have significantly contributed to alter the global perceptions of Islam. Their efforts play a crucial role in gradually shifting non-Muslims from a stance of prejudice to one of empathy, fostering a more nuanced understanding of Islam worldwide.

Pluralism in Religious Life in Indonesia: Tolerance in Gorontalo and Manado Regions

This paper concentrates on religious life in two regions, namely Manado and Gorontalo. In this paper, it is found that plural life is very tolerant among religious people as evidenced by the lack of religious conflicts, both in Muslim-majority areas in Gorontalo and Muslim minorities in Manado. The problem in this paper is how the religious process takes place and is lived by the Muslim minority community in Manado, and how the Muslim majority community interacts with non-Muslim minority groups in Gorontalo, as well as how the differences between these two environments survive in a harmonious interfaith environment. To analyze the problem, qualitative analysis is used with observational data collection methods, interviews, and documents. Research findings show that religious life in Manado and Gorontalo as pluralist areas seems tolerant, but the tolerance is pseudo. This is because most people in both regions choose to live in the same settlement with followers of the same religion and do not mingle with different religions.

Informal Islamic Education for Minority Muslims: Lessons from Chinese Ethnic Minority Muslims in Yogyakarta

The Chinese ethnic minority Muslim community is a cultural entity that represents two social crisis poles. This fact motivates them to practice the informal Islamic education method while keeping their religious, social, and cultural backgrounds in mind. This article aims to comprehend and investigate the method of informal Islamic education in Yogyakarta's Chinese ethnic minority Muslim community. This study is a type of field research using a descriptive-analytical case study method. The primary data sources were the DIY (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) Chinese Muslim Association of Indonesia's board of directors, members, and the community. Scientific literature and organizational documents are examples of secondary data sources. This study's data collection uses in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation techniques. According to the findings of this study, education with the vision of Islam as raḥmah li al-‘ālamīn takes place in informal environment settings such as the family, community, and society. This vision is translated into various methods behind informal Islamic education in Yogyakarta's ethnic Chinese Muslim minority community.

Изменение правового положения немусульманского населения Османской империи в контексте реформ Танзимата

The article is devoted to the study of the legal status of the non-Muslim population of the Ottoman Empire and the transformation of this status in the era of Tanzimat reforms. The author analyzes the doctrinal foundations of Islamic legislation in terms of regulating the life of non-Muslim communities, combining the study of the letter of Muslim law with the historical context. A comparative analysis of Islamic theoretical and legal material, coupled with socio-political processes, is carried out. The emphasis of the study is on studying the transformation of the millet system under the influence of Western European legal thought with the aim of creating a modern nation. The relevance of studying the legal aspects of regulating the lives of non-Muslims in the process of changing the legal status of non-Muslim communities in the structure of Ottoman society is shown. The author comes to the conclusion that although changes in the legal status of other religious communities took place in this era, nevertheless, they did not allow the creation of a single homogeneous society based on a common identity.

Deceptive Debauchery: Secret Marriage and the Challenge of Legalism in Muslim-Minority Communities

“Secret Marriage” is a category accommodating a range of arrangements that seek to conceal a marital union, typically from an existing spouse, the family of the bride or groom, a segment of the community, or the state. These contentious unions have seen an upsurge in recent times in Muslim-majority countries, and, more recently, in minority-Muslim communities in the West. This essay examines the phenomenon in minority communities using three interrelated lenses of analysis: the legal, the moral, and the socio-institutional. Taking this multi-faceted approach, in this essay, I first examine the legal doctrines of the four Sunni schools of law on the requirement of publicity and witness testimony in marriage before situating that legal discussion about contractual validity within a comprehensive analysis of the broader moral and religious legitimacy of entering into a secret union. I argue that while jurists stipulate disparate minimums for contractual validity, nearly all secret marriage arrangements are nonetheless considered invalid (fāsid), meaning they are incorrectly conducted by failing to meet the required conditions for the contract to produce its legal effects (ṣiḥḥa) and are also prohibited (ḥarām) in themselves or for their entailments, meaning contracting such a marriage is sinful and entails punishment. As I show, even as some jurists may make arguments that may seem to imply that some versions of secret marriage meet the basic conditions to make them technically valid, these same jurists nonetheless argue that such marriages are immoral, religiously deficient, unbecoming of a Muslim, and little more than a pretext for illicit sex. Apart from the theoretical question of whether a secret marriage meets the conditions of contractual validity, parties to a secret marriage in Muslim communities today further engage in a number of sins and transgressions and cause harms to spouses, children, parents, extended family, and the community that must also be reckoned with. The essay concludes with recommendations for how religious authorities can take steps towards regulating marriage in minority-Muslim communities, highlighting the need for public education on Muslim marriage practices that is embedded in a deeper religious morality centering the Sunna to counteract the dominant legalism in the Muslim community that underlies numerous contemporary dilemmas.

RATIO LEGIS OF INTERFAITH INHERITANCE REFORMULATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FIQH MINORITY: A STUDY OF THE THOUGHTS OF YUSUF AL-QARDHAWI AND TAHA JABIR AL-ALWANI

This article aims to delve deeply into the ratio legis of reformulating the legal status of interfaith inheritance from the perspective of fiqh minority, as articulated by the thoughts of Yusuf al-Qardhawi and Taha Jabir al-Alwani. The research method employed in this article is a library research approach, utilizing comparison and content analysis to identify similarities, differences, and potential points of convergence in their thinking. The research findings indicate that the legal status of interfaith inheritance, according to the fiqh minority of Qardhawi and Alwani, must be redefined from the classical textual fiqh formulations to a contextual division of interfaith inheritance. The growing Muslim population in various non-Muslim countries necessitates the urgent reformulation of interfaith inheritance distribution to fill the normative vacuum within minority Muslim communities. The ratio legis of reformulating the legal status of interfaith inheritance according to Qardhawi and Alwani is based on considerations of maslahat (public interest) and the values of Maqashid al-Shariah, which serve as guiding principles for redefining the contextual legal status of interfaith inheritance. Failure to understand Islam solely through a textual lens and an inability to address the issues faced by minority Muslims in non-Muslim countries could relegate Islamic law to a relic of civilization.

Exploring the Intention Purchase of Halal Food Products: Evidence from Indonesian Non-Muslim Consumers

Research Aims: It is necessary to know what factors attract non-Muslims to consume halal food products so that the right marketing strategy is obtained to expand that market. Research Method: The approach used is descriptive quantitative, multiple regression analysis. The characteristics of the study sample are Indonesian non-Muslims. Data was obtained through questionnaires, with a sample of 180 respondents. Research Findings: The results of the study show the variables that influence the intention to purchase halal products are product ingredients, product safety, and subjective norms. Product awareness does not affect the intention to purchase non-Muslim halal products. Originality: There is no research that discusses the factors that influence purchase intention, with a sample of Indonesian non-Muslims, and with the same variables as this study. Implication: Halal food products are available and can be consumed by Muslim and non-Muslim communities, so halal products have great potential to continue to grow.

Amerikan Misyonerlerinin Yayınlarında İkna İlkelerinin Tezahürü: Yunan Alfabesiyle Yazılmış Türkçe Çocuk Dergisi Angeliaforos Çocuklar İçün Örneği

IIn the 19th century, many missionary organizations effectively infiltrated Ottoman society through their missionary activities. Among these organizations, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), which has been active in Ottoman lands since 1820, stands out as an important missionary institution. Within the framework of its missionary activities, the ABCFM meticulously gathered information about the daily life of Ottoman society and sought to establish meaningful ties with them through educational, health and especially publishing initiatives. The ABCFM primarily focused on non-Muslim communities in Ottoman society, including the Karamanli Orthodox community, which was perceived as Greek due to their religious affiliation. The ABCFM aimed to succeed by converting all target groups, including the Karamanlides, to the Protestant faith. However, achieving this goal depended on their persuasiveness. Therefore, this study focuses on the compliance of ABCFM publications with the principles of persuasion. For this purpose, Angeliaforos Çocuklar İçün (The Messenger for Children), an illustrated children's magazine that ABCFM missionaries began publishing in Istanbul as the Greek-lettered Turkish equivalent of the Armenian-lettered Turkish Avedaper, was selected as a case study. The study analyzed the first volume of Angeliaforos Çocuklar İçün in 1872 in terms of the principles of persuasion. The findings show that the ABCFM largely adhered to the principles of persuasion in Angeliaforos Çocuklar İçün. The findings show that ABCFM adhered to persuasive principles to a great extent in Angeliaforos Çocuklar İçün. This result can be interpreted as an indication that ABCFM was very meticulous in their publications and that their success was not accidental.

Renewal of the Epistemology of Fiqh by Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy and Its Implementation in Minority Muslim Communities

This study aims to elucidate the contributions of TM. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy to the renewal and development of Ushul fiqh in the Indonesian archipelago, along with its actualization in minority Muslim regions. TM. Hasbi Ash Shiddieqy is recognized as one of the influential figures in the early development of Islamic law in post-independence Indonesia. This qualitative research employs a library research approach. The findings reveal that in his ijtihad, TM. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy underscores the importance of Urf, Maslahah Mursalah, and Sad Adzariah, aiming to make Islamic laws more flexible, adaptive, and practically applicable. The realization of Hasbi Ash Shiddieqy's thoughts in minority Muslim communities results in an adaptive, inclusive Islamic legal framework that provides concrete solutions to the challenges of diversity within minority Muslim communities.

Implementing the 7P Marketing Mix in Islamic Education: Insights from Phatnawitya School, Thailand

This research provides an in-depth examination of the 7P marketing mix strategy within Phatnawitya School, an Islamic institution catering to a minority Muslim community in a predominantly Buddhist region of Southern Thailand. Utilizing a qualitative methodology with a descriptive approach, the study explores the school's application of the 7P framework, focusing on the creation of well-rounded individuals and the establishment of a strong community presence. The collected data reveal a comprehensive education offering, from early childhood to advanced Islamic studies, facilitated by a robust infrastructure and innovative programs such as the Change ILP and sports initiatives. The school's approach to market identification, segmentation, and product differentiation demonstrates a strategic alignment with the needs and expectations of its student body. The research highlights the school's adept use of both direct community engagement and social media to communicate its values and offerings. While the study is limited by its singular focus on one institution, the findings suggest that Phatnawitya School's implementation of the marketing mix can inform broader strategies for Islamic educational services in similar socio-cultural contexts. Recommendations for further research include a broader examination of marketing strategies across Islamic educational institutions with varying cultural influences.

Зарождение миллетной системы в Османской империи: правовой плюрализм в условиях гетерогенного общества

The article is devoted to the study of the origin of the millet system in the Ottoman Empire. The author analyzes the doctrinal foundations of Islamic law in terms of regulating the life of non-Muslim communities under the rule of the Muslim majority, combining the study of the letter of Muslim law with the historical context. Compara-tive analysis of Islamic theoretical and legal material together with socio-political processes that influenced the status of non-Islamic communities, first at the early stages of the formation of the Muslim legal system, and then – on the example of the formation of the millet system in the Ottoman Porte. In addition to the Islamic legal model of coexistence of people of other faiths within the same society, the prerequisites for a possible discrep-ancy between the initial requirements of doctrinal Islam and the socio-political realities of individual Muslim countries, including the Ottoman Empire, are explored, which forced the legislator to creatively rethink the legal doctrine, applying it in practice. The relevance of the study of the legal aspects of regulating the lives of non-Muslims in accordance with Islamic law is shown as one of the possible models of development and harmoni-ous existence of complex multi-ethnic heterogeneous societies.

KHAMAR DALAM PANDANGAN MASYARAKAT MUSLIM DAN NON MUSLIM DI DESA SIMPANG SEMADAM KABUPATEN ACEH TENGGARA

<em>The aim of this research is to find out the views of the Muslim and non-Muslim communities in Simpang Semadam Village regarding wine/tuak and what factors are obstacles in the effectiveness of implementing Qanun jinayat regarding wine and the like in Simpang Semadam Village. This research is a qualitative field research type using a phenomenological approach. The phenomenological approach is used to understand clearly and in more detail the problem being studied and also to describe how a person experiences interacting with each other and the surrounding environment. The results obtained from this research are that the view of the Muslim community in Simpang Semadam Village regarding wine and similar things always leads to negative things and considers palm wine to be unclean and haram for consumption. The view of the non-Muslim (Christian) Simpang Semadam community regarding the drink khamar, namely palm wine, is a traditional drink which has good properties for the body and is not haram and is also not an unclean item and is permissible to drink as long as you don't get drunk because getting drunk is something that is prohibited by the Christian religion. . After researching, it turns out that different views regarding khamar and the like cannot be separated from religious, social and cultural influences which make it difficult to implement the qanun jinayat regarding khamar in Simpang Semadam Village. The main factor is the mix of cultures and associations and habits between Muslims and non-Muslims who have different views on palm wine, so that the habit of drinking palm wine has seeped into people's lives in Simpang Semadam Village.</em>

The Difficulty of Finding Halal Food for Muslim Minorities: Analysis of Maqashid Shariah

This article explores the challenges of Manado's Muslim minorities in finding halal food from the perspective of maqashid Sharia. As a Muslim minority area, food vendors and production in Manado dominate with non-Muslim and non-halal food vendors. It is difficult for minority Muslim communities to practice religious principles, especially eating halal food. The method used in this study is qualitative with normative juridical and empirical approaches. Data obtained through in-depth interviews with research informants from 29 Muslim communities were analyzed inductively. The results found that minority Muslim communities in Manado face significant challenges in finding halal food, given the dominance of non-halal food in their neighborhood. However, personal decisions to choose halal food reflect their loyalty to religious teachings (hifdz al-din), concern for personal health (hifdz al-nafs), and wise asset management (hifdz al-mal). There is clear evidence that the principles of maqashid Sharia are essential in guiding individual actions in facing the challenges of daily life. In this context, religious beliefs are the primary guide for Manado's Muslim community in living their lives and maintaining the integrity of Islamic values in their decisions regarding food.

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Terhadap Produk Makanan Olahan Non Muslim

Nowadays, the culinary business has become a promising business for the future. Many people are interested in visiting various areas because one of them is the culinary delights of that area. The city of Singkawag is a city that is famous for its culinary delights. Still, those involved in the business are non-Muslim communities, so the halalness of the products being marketed is a matter of doubt for the Muslim community itself. This research is normative legal research. The approach used in this research is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. This research aims to ensure that Muslim consumers in Singakwang City are more assured of the halal quality of their food. It also emphasizes the importance of halal certification for the marketed processed food. The government needs to monitor the halal labels used by each business entity because many of the halal labels used do not have halal certification. The government must review the halal certification process, especially the time and costs so that small and medium businesses in Singkawang City can also carry out halal certification for their products. The government's role in controlling the halal labels used by each business entity must continue to be fulfilled, particularly by carefully checking whether the brands installed are halal-certified.

Communal violence in Bangladesh: A study of the underlying factors behind the persistent attacks on the non-Muslim communities

The study investigates the factors behind growing communal violence in Bangladesh that is mostly perpetrated against non-Muslim communities by examining three different cases. The qualitative study has been undertaken with the help of available secondary resources and in-depth interviews of experts as primary sources. The findings confirm that the ongoing communal violence in Bangladesh is not spontaneous but rather comprises deliberate and well-orchestrated incidents. It has been noted that apart from communal identity or ideological discord, other factors have played a pivotal role in these constant attacks. All these attacks are primarily intertwined with local politics and power relations as there is evidence of local political leaders’ and members’ involvement in the assaults. Besides, the entrenchment of extremist elements and growing intolerance at the mass level have a formidable impact on the gradual alienation of non-Muslim communities. The inaction of the state agencies and a culture of impunity have been largely responsible for the deterioration of communal harmony in Bangladesh. Due to these factors, no organised cultural campaign or resistant mechanism could gain a strong foothold against communal violence.

From Tradition to Mainstream: Understanding the Integration of Islamic Law in Various Global Settings

The study highlights the importance of integrating Islamic law in global legal settings, enriching the legal framework, and promoting interreligious dialogue. This is an important area that needs to be understood and taken seriously in the context of ongoing world changes. The study used a qualitative approach to analyze academic literature, legal documents, and related research reports from various sources. The research findings identify several significant examples of integration of Islamic law in different global settings, including Muslim and non-Muslim majority countries. The integration of Islamic law in a worldwide legal environment offers meaningful potential. First, values such as social justice, balance, and common good in Islamic law can provide a different and complementary perspective to the principles of secular law. This impacts more inclusive and fair policies for the Muslim community. Second, the integration of Islamic law can better facilitate interreligious dialogue. Non-Muslim communities' more profound understanding of Islamic law may open the way for constructive dialogue, mutual understanding, and cooperation in addressing global legal issues. This has the potential to reduce tensions and increase interreligious tolerance. However, challenges and controversies are also part of integrating Islamic law. Recognition of the validity and relevance of Islamic law in more comprehensive legal settings is still doubted by some. At the same time, differences in interpretation and implementation can lead to tensions in diverse societies.