Rhythm Research Articles

Modeling Temporal Lobe Epilepsy during Music Large-Scale Form Perception Using the Impulse Pattern Formulation (IPF) Brain Model

Musical large-scale form is investigated using an electronic dance music piece fed into a Finite-Difference Time-Domain physical model of the cochlea, which again is input into an Impulse Pattern Formulation (IPF) Brain model. In previous studies, experimental EEG data showed an enhanced correlation between brain synchronization and the musical piece’s amplitude and fractal correlation dimension, representing musical tension and expectancy time points within the large-scale form of musical pieces. This is also in good agreement with a FitzHugh–Nagumo oscillator model.However, this model cannot display temporal developments in large-scale forms. The IPF Brain model shows a high correlation between cochlea input and brain synchronization at the gamma band range around 50 Hz, and also a strong negative correlation with low frequencies, associated with musical rhythm, during time frames with low cochlea input amplitudes. Such a high synchronization corresponds to temporal lobe epilepsy, often associated with creativity or spirituality. Therefore, the IPF Brain model results suggest that these conscious states occur at times of low external input at low frequencies, where isochronous musical rhythms are present.

Effects of high and low temperatures on the rhythmic patterns in pit-building behavior of antlion larvae

ABSTRACT Temperature influences the survival, growth, and development of insects including the antlion. In the present study, we examined the 24-h rhythm in the pit-building behavior of the antlion larvae at three different temperature conditions, high (37°C), low (17°C), and room temperature (Control: 25.9 ± 0.2°C). We recorded pit-building activities by monitoring two variables: the Time Lag for the Initiation of Pit Reconstruction (TLIPR) after the demolition of the pit, and the Total Time for Pit Construction (TTPC). We monitored TLIPR and TTPC at four different time points with equidistant intervals (i.e. 08:00–10:00 h, 14:00–16:00 h, 20:00–22:00 h, and 02:00–04:00 h) each day over three consecutive days. We employed single Cosinor rhythmometry to evaluate the characteristics of 24-h rhythm in TLIPR and TTPC. We used one-way ANOVA to find out the effects of the temperature on TLIPR and TTPC. We detected a statistically significant 24-h rhythm in TLIPR at the group level, irrespective of the temperature conditions. 24-h rhythm in TTPC was abolished at high and low temperatures. Temperature significantly affected TLIPR and TTPC in general. It also significantly affected the mesor of the rhythms in both variables as well as the amplitude of TTPC. Finally, we noted that although high and low temperatures affected the pit-building behavior in general, the thermal conditions did not lead to a complete cessation of pit-building activities. The 24-h rhythmic pattern associated with TTPC is more susceptible to the effects of thermal regimes (17°C or 37°C) unlike that associated with TLIPR.

Differential Regulation of Circadian Clock Genes by UV-B Radiation and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: A Pilot Study during Different Stages of Skin Photocarcinogenesis.

Increasing evidence points at an important physiological role of the timekeeping system, known as the circadian clock (CC), regulating not only our sleep-awake rhythm but additionally many other cellular processes in peripheral tissues. It was shown in various cell types that environmental stressors, including ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B), modulate the expression of genes that regulate the CC (CCGs) and that these CCGs modulate susceptibility for UV-B-induced cellular damage. It was the aim of this pilot study to gain further insights into the CCs' putative role for UV-B-induced photocarcinogenesis of skin cancer. Applying RT-PCR, we analyzed the expression of two core CCGs (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1) and Period-2 (Per2)) over several time points (0-60 h) in HaCaT cells with and without 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (D3) and/or UV-B and conducted a cosinor analysis to evaluate the effects of those conditions on the circadian rhythm and an extended mixed-effects linear modeling to account for both fixed effects of experimental conditions and random inter-individual variability. Next, we investigated the expression of these two genes in keratinocytes representing different stages of skin photocarcinogenesis, comparing normal (Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes-NHEK; p53 wild type), precancerous (HaCaT keratinocytes; mutated p53 status), and malignant (Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCL-1; p53 null status) keratinocytes after 12 h under the same conditions. We demonstrated that in HaCaT cells, Bmal1 showed a robust circadian rhythm, while the evidence for Per2 was limited. Overall expression of both genes, but especially for Bmal1, was increased following UV-B treatment, while Per2 showed a suppressed overall expression following D3. Both UVB and 1,25(OH)2D3 suggested a significant phase shift for Bmal1 (p < 0.05 for the acrophase), while no specific effect on the amplitude could be evidenced. Differential effects on the expression of BMAL1 and Per2 were found when we compared different treatment modalities (UV-B and/or D3) or cell types (NHEK, HaCaT, and SCL-1 cells). Comparing epidermal keratinocytes representing different stages of skin photocarcinogenesis, we provide further evidence for an independently operating timekeeping system in human skin, which is regulated by UV-B and disturbed during skin photocarcinogenesis. Our finding that this pattern of circadian rhythm was differentially altered by treatment with UV-B, as compared with treatment with D3, does not support the hypothesis that the expression of these CCGs may be regulated via UV-B-induced synthesis of vitamin D but might be introducing a novel photoprotective property of vitamin D through the circadian clock.

Open set classification of sound event

Sound is one of the primary forms of sensory information that we use to perceive our surroundings. Usually, a sound event is a sequence of an audio clip obtained from an action. The action can be rhythm patterns, music genre, people speaking for a few seconds, etc. The sound event classification address distinguishes what kind of audio clip it is from the given audio sequence. Nowadays, it is a common issue to solve in the following pipeline: audio pre-processing→perceptual feature extraction→classification algorithm. In this paper, we improve the traditional sound event classification algorithm to identify unknown sound events by using the deep learning method. The compact cluster structure in the feature space for known classes helps recognize unknown classes by allowing large room to locate unknown samples in the embedded feature space. Based on this concept, we applied center loss and supervised contrastive loss to optimize the model. The center loss tries to minimize the intra- class distance by pulling the embedded feature into the cluster center, while the contrastive loss disperses the inter-class features from one another. In addition, we explored the performance of self-supervised learning in detecting unknown sound events. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed open-set sound event classification algorithm and self-supervised learning approach achieve sustained performance improvements in various datasets.

Sound-producing actions in guitar performance of groove-based microrhythm

This paper reports on an experiment that investigated how guitarists signal the intended timing of a rhythmic event in a groove-based context via three different features related to sound-producing motions of impulsive chord strokes (striking velocity, movement duration and fretboard position). 21 expert electric guitarists were instructed to perform a simple rhythmic pattern in three different timing styles—"laidback," "on-the-beat," and "pushed"—in tandem with a metronome. Results revealed systematic differences across participants in the striking velocity and movement duration of chords in the different timing styles. In general, laid-back strokes were played with lower striking velocity and longer movement duration relative to on-the-beat and pushed strokes. No differences in the fretboard striking position were found (either closer to the "bridge" [bottom] or to the "neck" [head]). Correlations with previously-reported audio features of the guitar strokes were also investigated, where lower velocity and longer movement duration generally corresponded with longer acoustic attack duration (signal onset to offset).

Social interaction links active musical rhythm engagement and expressive communication in autistic toddlers.

Rhythm is implicated in both social and linguistic development. Rhythm perception and production skills are also key vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism which impact social communication. However, direct links between musical rhythm engagement and expressive communication in autism is not clearly evident. This absence of a direct connection between rhythm and expressive communication indicates that the mechanism of action between rhythm and expressive communication may recruit other cognitive or developmental factors. We hypothesized that social interactions, including general interpersonal relationships and interactive music-making involving children and caregivers, were a significant such factor, particularly in autism. To test this, we collected data from parents of autistic and nonautistic children 14-36 months of age, including parent reports of their children's rhythmic musical engagement, general social skills, parent-child musical interactions, and expressive communication skills. Path analysis revealed a system of independent, indirect pathways from rhythmic musical engagement to expressive communication via social skills and parent-child musical interactions in autistic toddlers. Such a system implies both that social and musical interactions represent crucial links between rhythm and language and that different kinds of social interactions play parallel, independent roles linking rhythmic musical engagement with expressive communication skills.

The combination of accent method and phonemic contrast: an innovative strategy to improve speech production on post-stroke dysarthria.

Speech production includes segmental and suprasegmental features, which interact and cooperate with each other. Impaired speech production is common in individuals with post-stroke dysarthria. The commonly used phonemic contrast therapy and Accent Method in clinical practice can improve the segmental and suprasegmental aspects, respectively. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and immediate effectiveness of the combination of specific rhythm patterns of the Accent Method and phonemic contrast on speech production. Fifteen poststroke dysarthria patients (12 males and three females) first received accentuation task of three rhythm patterns (Largo-slow, Andante-medium, Allegro-fast) and later received speech task in appropriate rhythm patterns combined with phonemic contrast materials and non-phonemic contrast materials. Speech parameters were analyzed by considering speech clarity and prosody. The results showed that the number of correct target syllables, sentence clarity, and standard deviation of intensity increased significantly, and the average length of pauses and abnormal pause times decreased significantly in Andante (medium) compared to other rhythms. The number of correct target syllables, sentence clarity, and standard deviation of intensity increased significantly compared with those in the non-phonemic contrast in Andante (medium). The combination of phonemic contrast and Accent Method was verified to have an immediate effect on speech production in Mandarin speakers with post-stroke dysarthria and could be further validated in other diseases with impaired speech production in the clinic in the future.

Association between patterns of biological rhythm and self-harm: evidence from the baoxing youth mental health (BYMH) cohort

BackgroundSelf-harm, a severe mental health concern among children and adolescents, has varying global prevalence rates. Previous studies have suggested potential associations between specific behavioral aspects of biological rhythm and self-harm risk in these populations.ObjectiveOur study aimed to elucidate the relationship between biological rhythm patterns and the propensity of self-harm among Chinese children and adolescents using the Baoxing Youth Mental Health (BYMH) cohort.MethodsWe included 1883 Chinese children and adolescents from the BYMH cohort. The self-report questions used to assess biological rhythm and self-harm. We applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to distinguish patterns of biological rhythms. Logistic regression models were conducted to estimate the associations between biological rhythm, as well as biological rhythm patterns and risk of self-harm.ResultsOf the participants, 35.0% reported experiencing lifetime self-harm. PCA revealed six significantly predominant biological rhythm patterns. Elevated risks of self-harm were linked with unhealthy eating practices, daytime tiredness, and unhealthy bedtime snacking. Conversely, patterns emphasizing physical exercise, family meals for breakfast, and nutritious diet exhibited decreased self-harm propensities. These trends persisted across varied self-harm attributes, including type, recency, and frequency of self-harm.ConclusionsThis study underscores the critical impact of biological rhythms on self-harm risks among Chinese youth. Targeted lifestyle interventions, focusing on improved sleep and dietary habits, could serve as potent preventive measures. Our findings lay the groundwork for future longitudinal studies to further probe these associations, fostering the creation of tailored interventions to curb self-harm and enhance mental well-being in younger populations.

Секреты вертикального искусства. Оксфордские лекции Саймона Армитиджа о поэзии

A Vertical Art. On Poetry is a collection of essays in literary criticism by Simon Armitage, Poet Laureate of Great Britain, who based them on a series of his lectures delivered as Oxford Professor of Poetry. The framework of the book is a practice-oriented theory of poetry as a “vertical art” applied to reading a wide range of British and American authors mostly from the mid-20th century up to the present day, but reaching from time to time into the literary past. “Verticality” is a quality of poetic form that is actively engaging reader’s imagination and perception. It implies a demand for inner organization resisting the formlessness of a white page and self-restraining while choosing its own means. The result is a rhythmic pattern, both aural and visual, much unlike the “horizontalness” of extensively growing prose. The rhythmic pattern here is a broad definition covering an interplay between the lucid and the indirect, the sound and the silence, the sign and the gap on various levels. Discussing poetry in the book also involves literary institutions, in particular the contemporary Americanised model of interaction between the poet and the academia through creative writing courses. Apart from the canonical figures of American Renaissance (W. Whitman, E. Dickinson), Armitage’s perspective on American poetry includes E. Bishop, R. Lowell, A.R. Ammons, W.H. Auden, Thom Gunn, Bob Dylan, J. Wright, F. Wright, M. Donaghy, K. Young.

Effects of Rhythm and Accent Patterns on Tempo-Keeping Property of Finger Tapping

Tempo of music performance is often accelerated irrespective of players’ intention. Though the characteristics of the tempo deviation phenomenon have been investigated using a finger-tapping task, most such studies dealt with tapping with a fixed interval and intensity; few studies considered the effects of rhythm and accent, both important factors of music performance. Here, we asked how different rhythm and accent patterns affected the tempo-keeping property using a synchronization-continuation task paradigm: Participants were asked to keep tapping with reproducing the given rhythm/accent patterns designated by the target tones. Tapping tempo was significantly deviated depending on rhythm/accent patterns, but their magnitudes were only several percent in 150 s, much smaller than those in real music performance. We also ran experiments in the conditions that participants need not reproduce the accent patterns but only response tones were accented. These auditory modulations affected the tempo deviation, implying that perceptual processes induced by the auditory feedback also influence the tempo maintenance. Inter-tap intervals (ITIs) were modulated by the accent pattern, but no clear relationship was observed between ITI fluctuations and long-term tempo deviation, suggesting that different mechanisms are involved. In sum, the present finding shows that non-uniform motor actions required for music articulation can disturb the long-term tempo maintenance but their effect is rather small. We also reported the tempo deviation when the response tone was modulated by loudness (crescendo vs. diminuendo) or pitch (ascending vs. descending).

Autonomic nervous system responses in the intermediate band to cranial cutaneous stimulation.

Cardiovascular rhythms representing functional states of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are insufficiently reflected by the current physiological model based on low and high frequency bands (LF, HF, resp.). An intermediate (IM) frequency band generated by a brainstem pacemaker was included in systemic physiological ANS analyses of forehead skin perfusion (SP), ECG, and respiration. Data of 38 healthy participants at T0 and T1 (+1 week) before, during, and following osteopathic cranial vault hold (CVH) stimulation were analyzed including momentary frequencies of highest amplitude, amplitudes in low (0.05-0.12 Hz), IM (0.12-0.18 Hz), and high (0.18-0.4 Hz) frequency bands, and established heart rate variability (HRV) metrics. During CVH, LF interval durations increased, whereas IM/HF band durations decreased significantly. Amplitudes increased significantly in all frequency bands. A cluster analysis found one response pattern dominated by IM activity (47% of participants) with highly stable0.08 Hz oscillation to CVH, and one dominated by LF activity (0.10 Hz) at T0, increasing to IM activity at T1. Showing frequency ratios at ≈3:1, respiration was not responsible for oscillations in PPG during CVH. HRV revealed no significant responses. Rhythmic patterns in SP and respiration matched previous findings on a reticular "0.15 Hz rhythm". Involvement of baroreflex pathways is discussed as alternative explanation.

Probing Beat Perception with Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) in Human Adults, Newborns, and Nonhuman Primates.

The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of how the perception of rhythmic temporal regularity such as a regular beat in music can be studied in human adults, human newborns, and nonhuman primates using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). First, we discuss different aspects of temporal structure in general, and musical rhythm in particular, and we discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the perception of regularity (e.g., a beat) in rhythm. Additionally, we highlight the importance of dissociating beat perception from the perception of other types of structure in rhythm, such as predictable sequences of temporal intervals, ordinal structure, and rhythmic grouping. In the second section of the chapter, we start with a discussion of auditory ERPs elicited by infrequent and frequent sounds: ERP responses to regularity violations, such as mismatch negativity (MMN), N2b, and P3, as well as early sensory responses to sounds, such as P1 and N1, have been shown to be instrumental in probing beat perception. Subsequently, we discuss how beat perception can be probed by comparing ERP responses to sounds in regular and irregular sequences, and by comparing ERP responses to sounds in different metrical positions in a rhythm, such as on and off the beat or on strong and weak beats. Finally, we will discuss previous research that has used the aforementioned ERPs and paradigms to study beat perception in human adults, human newborns, and nonhuman primates. In doing so, we consider the possible pitfalls and prospects of the technique, as well as future perspectives.

Research on Automated Choreography and Real-time Adjustment of Cheerleading Performance Based on Artificial Intelligence

Abstract The automated choreography of dance movements is a new field combining artificial intelligence and dance performance, which has important research value. In this paper, a Transformer-based cheerleading automatic choreography and real-time adjustment algorithm are proposed, which generates cheerleading movements consistent with the music rhythm by stacking multi-layer bidirectional cross-attention layers and introduces an algorithm for real-time adjustment according to the music phrases and the emotions of the dance phrases. The experimental results show that the new algorithm has a dance matching accuracy score of 4.33, which is 0.95 points higher than the accuracy score of manual matching, and 80.76% of the judges think that the overall effect of the cheerleading exercise generated by this algorithm is better than that of the choreography results of the comparison algorithm. This paper’s algorithm has good results, as evidenced by the results.

An Analysis of the Application of Motion Capture Technology in the Creation of Contemporary Dance with the Integration of Fibonacci Sequences

Abstract This paper combines the existing development of Fibonacci sequence aesthetics in art creation for the aesthetic planning of the Fibonacci sequence on music rhythm, proposes to design a new modern dance creation method by combining the diversified rotation methods of the Fibonacci sequence, and builds a process framework for generating Fibonacci sequence dance score based on motion capture. The wavelet transform is employed to determine the start of the dance movement, and the gradient descent algorithm is utilized to analyze the time coordinates and refine the dance movement. Recognize the segmented elemental action sequences using the DTW method, propose three basic actions from the dataset, and test the recognition rate of the DTW algorithm for each action. Generate a Fibonacci sequence dance score by combining human gestures. Combined with the research scoring, analyze the artistic talent of the Fibonacci sequence-generated dance. According to the data results, it can be seen that the action feature vector of the two-handed waving image is P=[0.8968, 0.9925, 0.9124, 1.0243, 1.0198, 1.2438, 1.4596, 1.3698, 1.5868, 1.6596, 1.5029] with 98.67% of the two-handed waving recognition rate (with a standard deviation of 0.25). The evaluation of Fibonacci sequence generation dance by research users tends to be moderate.

Research on Pattern Recognition Technology for Music Teaching and Optimization of Its Teaching Framework

Abstract This paper proposes music rhythm perception technology and music automatic classification technology, respectively, which are pattern recognition technologies for music teaching. The short-time Fourier transform is used to analyze the audio information, transform the acoustic spectrogram into a Mel spectrogram, build the convolutional neural network architecture, and process the spectrogram sequentially to realize the automatic classification of music. The music signal is preprocessed to remove noise using normalization, and a new histogram-based method is proposed to detect music rhythms by analyzing and modeling the music beat sequence. This paper uses S High School in Qujing City, Yunnan Province, China, as the research site to implement pattern recognition technology in teaching practice. The experimental class’s music scores increased from 50.18 before the experiment to 64.52, which was higher than the control class’s, with a 28.58% increase. The experimental class’s mean values in the sentence and paragraph dimensions of music rhythmic sense, the mean values of the experimental class were 0.73 and 0.65 higher than those of the control class, showing significant differences (P&lt;0.05). All dimensions of music core literacy, except opera knowledge and general knowledge of musical instruments, also showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05).

Reflections on Rhythm Control in the Stage Performance Process of Dancers

Abstract The article proposes a dance score generation model based on the graph attention model and Transformer, which first preprocesses the stage motion capture data of dancers, utilizes a multi-scale attention network to realize motion feature aggregation, and introduces the gated loop unit in the Transformer model to enhance the recognition accuracy of dance movements. Based on the recognition of the dancer’s stage movements, the skeleton size normalization is performed on the joints of the dancer’s gestures, and the skeleton replacement method is combined to realize the correction of the dance movements. Next, we test the model’s dance score generation effect, the matching accuracy of dance movements and music rhythm, and evaluate and analyze the quality of dance movement correction. The results show that the Former model in this paper scores 8.33% higher in beat consistency than the traditional dance generation model Bailando, and the matching coefficient of the rhythmic intensity of the generated dance is basically the same as that of the original dance, with a difference of only 0.02-0.06. It shows that the rhythmic control of the stage performance of dancers carried out by the Transformer model can enhance the stage performance power of dancers and strengthen their stage performance. It shows that using the Transformer model to control the rhythm of dancers’ stage performances can improve the stage performance of dancers and enhance the viewability of stage performances.

Seasonality as a risk factor for deaths in Parkinson's disease

BackgroundAccording to growing evidence, sleep disruption harms biological processes and circadian homeostasis. Diurnal motor symptom volatility in Parkinson's Disease (PD) has been extensively studied. Few studies examined seasonal variability in PD symptoms, some showing it and others not. ObjectiveTo investigate whether PD patients' deaths follow a rhythmic pattern due to circadian rhythm alterations. Methods: This study used only unidentified patient databases. People with PD, ICD10 code G20, in at least one death certificate field were selected. The Continuous Wavelet Transform and Fourier Transform were checked for oscillation and its duration. ResultsThe 18-year analysis found 43,072 PD deaths. The Continuous Wavelet transform revealed a 351.87-day annual component (p < 0.05). Winter in the southern hemisphere saw more deaths, mainly in July. The Continuous Wavelet transform identified a significant daily component (p < 0.05) of 22.81 hours. Fatalities peaked around 9 a.m. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in PD, and women and men have the same rhythm pattern. ConclusionParkinson's disease mortality in Brazil follows a pattern. Using over 40.000 death certificates from 18 years, the authors found that Parkinson's patient fatalities rise in winter and peak in July at about 9 a.m. Sunlight reduction increases mortality risk in the long term. Low sunshine lowers temperatures, increasing short-term death risk. This is crucial because it prioritizes the sun, seasons, and circadian rhythm over low temperatures.

Women Movement Behaviors During Pregnancy and 2 Years After Childbirth: Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, Sleep, and Rhythm Changes in a Brazilian Birth Cohort

Objective: To describe physical activity (PA), sleep, and rhythm patterns during 24-hr cycles from the second trimester of pregnancy up to 2 years after childbirth. Methods: This longitudinal study used data from mothers of the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort (Brazil). Women were invited to wear the accelerometer during 7 days on the nondominant wrist during the second trimester of pregnancy and 2 years after childbirth. Data collected included PA, sleep, and rhythm variables. We compared the means/medians of variables during the pregnancy and 2 years after the childbirth. We also describe the shape of acceleration across the day in the two evaluated periods and stratified this curve according to covariables. Results: This study includes data from 1,293 women with valid accelerometer data for both periods. The nonbouted moderate-to-vigorous PA average was 94 min during pregnancy and increased to 122 min 2 years after childbirth (p &lt; .001). Sleep decreased by 11 min (388–377 min; p &lt; .001) in the evaluated period. The pattern of acceleration across the day did not change in the evaluated period with two marked spikes of activity at 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. The amount of activity, however, increased. Conclusions: These findings may be helpful to better understand changes in PA and sleep during this specific period of life and assist in planning recommendations.

Poems, Pulses and Polygons: How Classical Arabic Poetry Resonates with Music and Geometry

This paper investigates the geometric patterns inherent in Arabic poetry rhythms, uncovering attributes that likely contribute to their historical popularity. Through comprehensive analysis, we identified a combination of computational geometric features that seem to correlate with defining a rhythm's attraction in Arabic poetry. These features can be used to generate similar but new appealing poetry rhythms. While there are multiple studies on the geometry of musical rhythms, our research offers a novel perspective by applying these geometric concepts to poetry rhythms, aiming to contribute to the understanding of rhythmic patterns across diverse creative domains. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first attempt to transfer the geometric analysis of rhythms to Arabic poetry rhythms. Moreover, our findings hint at potential connections between the rhythms of Arabic poetry and English song lyrics.

The influence of synaptic strength and noise on the robustness of central pattern generator

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we explore the mechanisms of central pattern generators (CPGs), circuits that can generate rhythmic patterns of motor activity without external input. We study the half-center oscillator, a simple form of CPG circuit consisting of neurons connected by reciprocally inhibitory synapses. We examine the role of asymmetric coupling factors in shaping rhythm activity and how different network topologies contribute to network efficiency. We have discovered that neurons with lower synaptic strength are more susceptible to noise that affects rhythm changes. Our research highlights the importance of asymmetric coupling factors, noise, and other synaptic parameters in shaping the broad regimes of CPG rhythm. Finally, we compare three topology types' regular regimes and provide insights on how to locate the rhythm activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;