Musical Chairs Research Articles

Pauper and Prince

THE GAME OF MUSICAL CHAIRS is on again for fire and casualty insurance stocks. Liquidation is once more the theme song. Players are gradually withdrawing from the game. The underwriting cycle is grinding its way lower and lower, and just that much closer to the turn, when everyone will clamor to play again. But for the moment the picture is as black as any time in the long history of fire and casualty insurance. The first six months' reports have been catastrophic, without benefit of any one big catastrophe, such as a San Francisco fire, Texas City explosion, Livonia disaster, 1954 hurricane. Fire losses, after behaving admirably last year and up only 1.5% over 1954, inexplicably began to soar, rising 10% for the first six months. Auto fatalities also jumped more than 10%, 14% in some months, evidencing an increasing accident toll. Together these two trends have hurt the fire and casualty companies in their most important lines, at a time, furthermore, when rate levels in both were receding. There are other contributing causes as well. In his prize-winning annual report several years ago John A. Diemand, president, Insurance Co. of North America, stated insurance companies new style (writing many different lines of business) were like modern multi-elevator office buildings. Not all the elevators are going up or down at the same time. So generally with the different lines of insurance, not all are profitable or unprofitable at the same time. The first half of 1956 was epochal. Almost all lines were profitable at the same time.

Types of Pastoral Nomadism in Central and Southwest Asia

Previous articleNext article No AccessTypes of Pastoral Nomadism in Central and Southwest AsiaElizabeth E. BaconElizabeth E. Bacon Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 10, Number 1Spring, 1954 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.10.1.3629075 Views: 42Total views on this site Citations: 16Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology (1945-1972), which is continued by the Journal of Anthropological Research (1973-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Robert N. Spengler III, Alicia Ventresca Miller, Tekla Schmaus, Giedrė Motuzaitė Matuzevičiūtė, Bryan K. Miller, Shevan Wilkin, William Timothy Treal Taylor, Yuqi Li, Patrick Roberts, and Nicole Boivin An Imagined Past? Nomadic Narratives in Central Asian Archaeology, Current Anthropology 62, no.33 (May 2021): 251–286.https://doi.org/10.1086/714245Melissa M. Ritchey, Yufeng Sun, Giedre Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Shinya Shoda, Anil K. Pokharia, Michael Spate, Li Tang, Jixiang Song, Haiming Li, Guanghui Dong, Petra Vaiglova, Michael Frachetti, Xinyi Liu The wind that shakes the barley: the role of East Asian cuisines on barley grain size, World Archaeology 53, no.22 (Feb 2022): 287–304.https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2022.2030792Thomas Barfield Nomads and States in Comparative Perspective, (Apr 2020): 19–43.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28053-6_2Sarah Pederzani, Kate Britton Oxygen isotopes in bioarchaeology: Principles and applications, challenges and opportunities, Earth-Science Reviews 188 (Jan 2019): 77–107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.11.005Andreas Angourakis, Matthieu Salpeteur, Verònica Martínez Ferreras, Josep M. Gurt Esparraguera The Nice Musical Chairs Model: Exploring the Role of Competition and Cooperation Between Farming and Herding in the Formation of Land Use Patterns in Arid Afro-Eurasia, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 24, no.44 (Jan 2017): 1177–1202.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-016-9309-8Abu Bakar Siddiq Güneydoğu Anadolu Mardin ilinin'daki pastoral toplumlarda antrozoolojik görünüşler, MUKADDİME (Nov 2017).https://doi.org/10.19059/mukaddime.296314Ann Piersall, Sarah J. Halvorson Local perceptions of glacial retreat and livelihood impacts in the At-Bashy Range of Kyrgyzstan, GeoJournal 79, no.66 (Apr 2014): 693–703.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-014-9544-zIan Lindsay, Alan Greene Sovereignty, mobility, and political cartographies in Late Bronze Age southern Caucasia, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32, no.44 (Dec 2013): 691–712.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2013.04.003Alan DeYoung, Rakhat Zholdoshalieva, Umut Zholdoshalieva Creating and contesting meanings of place and community in the Ylay Talaa Valley of Kyrgyzstan, Central Asian Survey 32, no.22 (Jun 2013): 161–174.https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2013.771981Abbas Alizadeh The Rise of the Highland Elamite State in Southwestern Iran: “Enclosed” or Enclosing Nomadism? Alizadeh, Current Anthropology 51, no.33 (Jul 2015): 353–383.https://doi.org/10.1086/652437Arun Agrawal Profits on the Move: The Economics of Collective Migration among the Raika Shepherds in India, Human Organization 57, no.44 (Dec 1998): 469–479.https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.57.4.923475573001724uSyed Farid Alatas A Khaldunian Perspective on the Dynamics of Asiatic Societies, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 1993).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2650607Niels Peter Lemche On the use of ≫system theory≪, ≫macro theories≪ and ≫evolutionistic thinking≪ in modern OT research and biblical archaeology 1, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 4, no.22 (Jan 1990): 73–88.https://doi.org/10.1080/09018329008584947Charles Lindholm Kinship Structure and Political Authority: The Middle East and Central Asia, Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, no.22 (Jun 2009): 334–355.https://doi.org/10.1017/S001041750001389XSilvio R. Duncan Baretta, John Markoff Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America, Comparative Studies in Society and History 20, no.44 (Jun 2009): 587–620.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500012561Äke Hultkrantz An ecological approach to religion, Ethnos 31, no.1-41-4 (Jan 1966): 131–150.https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.1966.9980980

Musical Chairs or between Two Stools

Musical Chairs or between Two Stools

General Discussion

The idea of a drug interfering with the utilization of an essential metabolite is older than the subject of chemotherapy itself, and probably celebrated its fiftieth birthday about a month ago. In 1898 Ehrlich, in a letter to his cousin Carl Weigert, indicated clearly the conception which has attracted so much attention in recent years. In his example Ehrlich pictured, for the sake of argument, an aldehyde group protruding from a cell having the particular function of fixing a specific nutritional factor for that cell. He then pictured a harmless compound, circulating in the blood, having the property of combining with this aldehyde group and so rendering the latter unavailable for its normal role. He goes on to say that the cell in this specific way must go hungry and can only survive if it can throw out another side-chain carrying an aldehyde group (Heymann 1928). In modern nomenclature, a drug may occupy the site on an enzyme normally utilized by an essential metabolite and, as Fildes pointed out in 1940, if the drug is similar to the metabolite in general structure, yet not sufficiently similar to have the same biological action, it has a good chance of interfering with that metabolite by competing with it for its enzyme. I do not know if any writers on this subject go beyond this and enquire what happens to the drug, but it was suggested by Andrewes, King & Walker (1946) in discussing the action of p -sulphonamidobenzamidine and related compounds in experimental typhus that these drugs were incorporated into functionally useless structures by the organism with consequent squandering of its synthetic resources. Such a view may sound heretical to many enzymologists but we have a good analogy in the work described from the Lilly Research Laboratories (1945), where unnatural phenylacetic acids were presented to Penicillium notatum , either as ethanolamides or as amides with DL-valine, with consequent production of analogues of penicillin G in which the phenylacetyl group of the latter has been replaced by the corresponding acyl radicals from the unnatural phenylacetic acids; incidentally, it would be a great convenience in the nomenclature of the penicillins if a trivial name could be adopted for the amine of which penicillin G is the phenylacetyl derivative. Similarly, with the knowledge that p -aminobenzoic acid turns up in the folic acid molecule, it seems likely that sulphonamides may be built up into functionally useless structures and that they do not merely compete with p -aminobenzoic acid for a site on the enzyme utilizing p-aminobenzoic acid in the fashion of a game of musical chairs. Forrest & Walker (1948) have suggested that the three carbon atoms of pteroic acid indicated in heavy type may be derived from a triose, and the suggestion by O’Meara, McNally & Nelson (1947) that the strongly-reducing non-sulphydryl substance found in bacterial cultures during the logarithmic phase of growth might be reductone, CHO. C(OH):CH(OH), seemed to us to be significant in that connexion.

Road Travel in Air Raids

A NEW aspect of road safety emerges with the decision to allow road traffic to continue during air-raid warnings. General agreement seems to have been arrived at that this decision is a wise one. As pointed out in Roads and Road Construction of September 2, the long lines of vehicles held up during the early raids, with their occupants standing about waiting for something to happen, presented an excellent target for machine-guns. It is difficult to see what other course could have been taken. Judging by experience learned from recent raids, many motorists are taking advantage of this concession. Travelling along roads deserted of all but police and A.R.P. personnel is a curious experience; and so is the feeling of frustration in a closed car produced by inability to see what is going on overhead. Something of what is happening can be guessed from the attitude of wardens and others, but in the absence of exact knowledge one tends to develop what has been called a sort of ‘musical chairs’ attitude towards the public shelters passed when driving, the question now being where the music (?) will start—not when it will stop. It has been suggested that something might be done to give motorists a feeling of greater security, or rather to reduce their feeling of insecurity, by way of signposting shelters along the main traffic routes. In many places signs have already been erected, but these are scarcely conspicuous enough to be seen by passing traffic; they cater more for the local inhabitants. Shops and private houses with surplus shelter accommodation might also be induced to co-operate.

A Musical Chair

A Musical Chair

The Reid Chair of Music in Edinburgh

The Reid Chair of Music in Edinburgh