Mushroom Extracts Research Articles

Sensory Flavor Profile of Split Gill Mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) Extract and Its Enhancement Effect on Taste Perception in Salt Solution and Seasoned Clear Soup.

Edible mushroom has attracted increasing attention as a natural flavor enhancer. This research studied sensory flavor profiles and identified umami taste-related compounds in split gill mushroom extract (SGME) using descriptive analysis and chemical analysis, respectively. The effects of SGME on taste enhancement as perceived by trained descriptive panelists and general consumers were evaluated in salt solutions and clear chicken soups. The results showed that SGME had mushroom, bitter aromatic, dark brown, meaty, and musty flavor notes and salty and umami tastes. Glutamic acid, aspartic acids, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP), and guanosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP) contributed to SGME's umami taste. As perceived by trained panelists, saltiness enhancement caused by SGME in aqueous solutions occurred only at relatively low salt concentrations (0.3 and 0.5%), while its umami enhancement effect was more pronounced. When SGME was added into reduced-salt seasoned clear chicken soups, it helped to enhance both the salty and umami tastes of the soups. The 20-31.25% reduced-salt soups with 12.5% of SGME were rated as salty as (p > 0.05) the control soup with regular salt content as perceived by both trained panelists and general consumers. The results suggest that SGME could be used as a natural flavor enhancer in the development of reduced-salt foods.

Effect of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Extract on Survival, Growth Performances, Immune Responses and against Aeromonas hydrophila of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata)

Background: The high density of farmed snakehead fish and the expansion of the farming area might cause a negative impact on water environment and an increased frequency of fish diseases. The use of plant-based extracts has been promised as an alternative method to antibiotic application in the controlling of fish diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus extract on survival, growth, immune responses and against Aeromonas hydrophila of snakehead fish (Channa striata). Methods: During 2021-11 to 2022-10, the P. ostreatus extract was prepared using hot water method and the fish fed diets supplemented the extract at 0.0 g kg-1, 1.5 g kg-1, 2.5 g kg-1, 3.5 g kg-1 and 4.5 g kg-1 was examined for survival rates, growth responses, white blood cell count, respiratory burst activity and mortality rates of fish in A. hydrophila infection. Result: The results indicated snakehead fish fed five different diets showed no significant differences in survival and growth performances. However, the innate immune parameters were likely increased in fish fed diets supplemented P. ostreatus extract and the diet supplemented extract at 4.5 g kg-1 could reduce the accumulate mortality of snakehead fish challenged with A. hydrophila. P. ostreatus extract could be a promising material for enhancing the innate immunity of snakehead fish and can protect fish from A. hydrophila infection.

Chromatographic method development for simultaneous determination of serotonin, melatonin, and L‐tryptophan: Mass transfer modeling, chromatographic separation factors, and method prediction by artificial neural network

AbstractThis work endeavored to develop a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous quantification of three important biotherapeutic molecules namely, L‐tryptophan, serotonin, and melatonin, present in low amounts in agro‐commodities. In the first approach, using pure chemical standards of the same in a mixture, chromatogram separation parameters such as peak sharpness, peak shouldering, and peak separation were judged by a human panel and biasness‐cum‐decision uncertainties were averted using fuzzy logic analysis. In the second approach, the separation parameters such as peak resolution and separation factors were evaluated to obtain a well‐resolved chromatogram. The parameters of the said separation process were successfully modeled by dimensionless numbers of mass transfer of the analytes in the column; and post‐fitting of mass transfer equations, high R2 was obtained suggesting successful development of the chromatographic process. Euclidean distances between the values of each chromatographic separation parameter and their respective ideal values; the defuzzified scores; findings of mass transfer study; and separation factors concomitantly established that the mobile phase of composition 1% acetic acid in HPLC water (A)–HPLC grade methanol (B) in gradient elution conditions (90% A–10% B) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min could simultaneously quantify the three molecules (μg) in button mushrooms with good resolution. The presence of the said biomolecules in the extract of button mushrooms was also confirmed by electrospray ionization (ESI)‐mass spectrometer (MS). An artificial neural network model (high R2) was also developed for chromatographic users, which would allow accurate prediction of the chromatographic parameters by varying mobile phase composition and flow rates.

Comparative study of bio-functional profile and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum

Although mushroom extracts are consumed as tea, comparative studies of the functional composition and bioactivities of Ganoderma species are limited. Herein, hot-water extracts of G. lucidum (GL) and G. neo-japonicum (GnJ) were obtained. The bio-functional composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties were compared. The extracts comprise comparable carbohydrate contents, but GL contains significantly higher (P < 0.05) protein and phenolic compounds, and lower flavonoids. FTIR confirmed polysaccharides; β-glucans and mannose, protein, and fat as the main composition. Monosaccharides included glucose, galactose, and mannose. GL exhibited 403.9 ± 4.8 FRAP value/1g, a maximum DPPH scavenging ability of 52.1% at 5 mg/mL, and 99.6% ABTS scavenging ability at 3 mg/mL. Whereas GnJ has a FRAP value of 181.113.5 and maximum scavenging of 27.9% on DPPH and 76.0% on ABTS at 5 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of GL on Salmonella typhimurium TISTR 292, Salmonella Enteritidis KUB-S003, and Escherichia coli KUB-E010 were 1.25 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL, while GnJ MICs on the pathogens were 2.5 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL. SEM showed that both extracts acted by causing cell lysis and shrinkages of the cell walls of these pathogens. When compared to G. lucidum, G. neo-japonicum showed remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Edible Mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita).

In the present study, ethanol extract obtained from the mycelial culture of Agrocybe aegerita was evaluated for its antioxidant activity as well for its potential to inhibit the virulence factor responsible for quorum-sensing activity and antibiofilm activity of pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strain. The extract of mushroom at different concentrations showed percentage inhibition in a dose-dependent manner for DPPH and nitric oxide assays with the lowest as 38.56 ± 0.11% and 38.87 ± 0.04% at 50 µg/mL and the highest as 85.63 ± 0.12% and 82.34 ± 0.12% at 200 µg/mL. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional group -OH, O-H bending bonds, C=C stretching, pyranose ring, and H-C-H stretch, confirming the presence of phenol, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid. HPLC analysis revealed that the concentration of gallic acid present in the extract is 27.94 mg/100 g which is significantly (p < 0.05) more than the concentration of rutin (i.e., 7.35 mg/100 g). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 5-methyl-1-heptanol, 2-heptadecenal, phthalic acid, butyl hept-4-yl ester, 2-dodecanol, benzoic acid, TMS derivative. The extract showed significantly (p < 0.05) more inhibition of pyocyanin (61.32%) and pyoverdine (54.02%). At higher concentrations of mushroom extract, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction (56.32%) in the swarming motility of the test organism. The extract showed 72.35% inhibition in biofilm formation. Therefore, it has been concluded from the present study that mushroom extract, which is rich in phenolic compounds interferes with the virulence factor responsible for quorum sensing, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation, and can be utilized as therapeutic agents against multi-drug resistant pathogenic microorganisms.

A review for cancer treatment with mushroom metabolites through targeting mitochondrial signaling pathway: In vitro and in vivo evaluations, clinical studies and future prospects for mycomedicine

Resistance to apoptosis stands as a roadblock to the successful pharmacological execution of anticancer drug effect. A comprehensive insight into apoptotic signaling pathways and an understanding of the mechanisms of apoptosis resistance are crucial to unveil new drug targets. At this juncture, researchers are heading towards natural sources in particular, mushroom as their potential drugs leads to being the reliable source of potent bioactive compounds. Given the continuous increase in cancer cases, the potent anticancer efficacy of mushrooms has inevitably become a fascinating object to researchers due to their higher safety margin and multitarget. This review aimed to collect and summarize all the available scientific data on mushrooms from their extracts to bioactive molecules in order to suggest their anticancer attributes via a mitochondrion -mediated intrinsic signaling mechanism. Compiled data revealed that bioactive components of mushrooms including polysaccharides, sterols and terpenoids as well as extracts prepared using 15 different solvents from 53 species could be effective in the supportive treatment of 20 various cancers. The underlying therapeutic mechanisms of the studied mushrooms are explored in this review through diverse and complementary investigations: in vitro assays, pre-clinical studies and clinical randomized controlled trials. The processes mainly involved were ROS production, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, and action of caspase 3, caspase 9, XIAP, cIAP, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2. In summary, the study provides facts pertaining to the potential beneficial effect of mushroom extracts and their active compounds against various types of cancer and is shedding light on the underlying targeted signaling pathways.

Effects of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Body Weight and Pathology of Vital Organs in Pathogenic Staph Infection

Aims: Oyster mushroom is rich in secondary metabolites of pharmacological importance. This study evaluates the effect of ethanolic extract of Oyster mushroom on the vital organs of Staphylococcus aureus infected Wistar rats after seven days of administration.&#x0D; Study Design: Completely randomized design was used in the study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Microbiology, Parasitology and Ethnoveterinary medicine Unit of the Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, between March and December 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: The mushroom was processed using a cold extraction technique. A bacterial suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated via oral route into the experimental animals, which were randomly distributed into six groups of five. Group 1: normal control; group 2: positive control; group 3: negative control, inoculated but received no antimicrobial; and group 4 to 6 were inoculated, and administered with 625, 1250 and 2500 mg dose of the extract respectively. The treatment was administered for seven days, after which blood samples were cultured for the bacterial count and vital organs were analysed for pathological changes.&#x0D; Results: The colony count was significantly raised at 625 mg dose while the dose ranging from 1250 to 2500 mg yielded insignificant bacterial growth (P&lt;0.01). The percentage weight gain was significantly lower (P&lt;0.01) in 1250 mg extract in comparison with the negative control after 7 days complete treatment but there was no statistical variation in the 7 days post-treatment percentage weight gain and the relative organ weight (P&lt;0.01).The histological sections showed no variation from normal controls except 625 mg liver that showed some vacuolations within the hepatocytes.&#x0D; Conclusion: The organ-body mean weight was proportionate, and the histological sections of the liver, kidney, skin, lungs, heart and spleen were indicative of no anatomical variations as compared with the normal control tissues. The beneficial effect of P. ostreatus on the vital organs was further established by the active clearing of S. aureus infection at 1250 to 2500 mg dose with no observable pathological change in the tissues. The bioactive agents inherent in P. ostreatus were effective against S. aureus infection. The vacuolations observed in the low dose liver sections unveiled the ill effect of under-dose treatment and its consequence on the liver cells. The histopathological investigations were suggestive of the safety and tolerance of P. ostreatus to the body system. Nevertheless, further studies should be carried out on its toxicological profiles.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Pleurotus ostreatus on Selected Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria and Fungus

Pleurotus ostreatus, or oyster mushroom, is a common edible wild mushroom characterized by its high nutritional values and promising diverse biological activities. It contains many bioactive components which have been found to possess several therapeutic functions. Because of the rising threat of treating serious and resistant infections, there is a developing need to discover new treatment strategies and compounds that can effectively eradicate infections. This study aims to evaluate and measure the antimicrobial activity and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Pleurotus ostreatus methanol and aqueous crude extracts on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Mutans Streptococci, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of mushroom extracts was evaluated against ten purified microbial isolates using agar disc diffusion assay and minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentration assay. The results show that P. ostreatus methanol and aqueous crude extracts revealed antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms and formed growth inhibition zones. Methanol crude extract shows more potent growth inhibition than the aqueous extract and in lower concentrations. This study shows that the tested oyster mushroom extracts have antimicrobial effects on different pathogens. Methanol crude extract of P. ostreatus revealed more powerful antibacterial and antifungal activity than the aqueous crude extract. Keywords: Oyster mushroom, Antimicrobial activity, Methanol crude extract.

Assessment of redox homeostasis via genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and NRF-2 in colorectal cancer cell lines after treatment with Ganoderma lucidum extract

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Inonotus hispidus fungal extracts on HT-29 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines and to search the DNA damage and oxidative stress caused by these extracts. Accordingly, mushroom extracts were applied to colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro, and the IC50 result was obtained with the MTT test. According to the IC50 result, Ganoderma lucidum extract had the most effective cytotoxicity value among all used mushroom extracts. TAS, TOS, and NRF-2 tests were used to investigate the molecular effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on oxidative stress; the DNA ladder test was performed to assess DNA damage, the Scratch assay method was applied for cell migration analysis, and the colony assay was used to determine the colony formation potential of the cells. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation, colony formation, and NRF-2, induces DNA damage, slows cell migration, and increases oxidative stress. This study shows that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation through damaging cellular DNA and has a cytotoxic effect in colorectal cancer cell lines.

Utilization of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Agaricus bisporus extract for food safety application: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial efficacy, and toxicological assessment

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacterial pathogens has raised significant concerns in the food industry. This study explores the antimicrobial potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Agaricus bisporus (Mushroom) against foodborne bacterial pathogens. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using various techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis. The antibacterial activity of the AgNPs was tested against a panel of foodborne bacterial strains, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated on normal human skin fibroblasts. Among the tested strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 showed the highest sensitivity with an inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 48 mm, while Klebsiella quasipneumoniae ATTC 700603 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 displayed the highest resistance with IZDs of 20 mm. The silver cations released by AgNPs demonstrated strong bactericidal effects against both Gram-positive (G + ve) and Gram-negative (G − ve) bacteria, as evidenced by the minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC/MIC) ratio. Moreover, cytotoxicity testing on normal human skin fibroblasts (HSF) indicated that AgNPs derived from the mushroom extract were safe, with a cell viability of 98.2%. Therefore, AgNPs hold promise as an alternative means to inhibit biofilm formation in the food industry sector.

Exploring the anticancer potential of biogenic inorganic gold nanoparticles synthesized via mushroom-assisted green route

The use of fresh plant species for biosynthesis of inorganic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be an alternative to substituting the extensive use of many hazardous chemicals commonly used during NPs synthesis, thereby reducing biological impacts caused by the release of these products into the natural environment. The present study addresses the rapid, stable, eco-friendly, and direct biosynthesis of AuNPs by employing a sonochemical technique for 5 min with mushroom extract. Several techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), transmission electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and zeta potential, were employed to characterize the biosynthesized AuNPs to determine their physiochemical properties. The results showed that crystalline AuNPs with a reddish color, hexagonal shape, a size of around 13 nm, a plasmon peak at 530 nm, and a surface charge of −30.6 mV could be successfully biosynthesized. The cytotoxicity test using MTT assay indicated that the biosynthesized AuNPs had a significant anticancer efficacy against human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), with an IC50 of 41.72 μg/mL. This research shows that biosynthesized AuNPs can be used as potential nanomedicine to eradicate breast cancer cells.

Apoptotic effect of selenium mushroom extract from Qinba on multiple myeloma cells.

Qinba selenium mushroom is a mushroom belonging to the Basidiomycetes family, which is believed to have anti- oxidant, anti-tumoral and anti-mutagenic activities. However, the efficacy of Qinba selenium mushroom against multiple myeloma has not been confirmed. The present study aimed to investigate the apoptotic effect of FA-2-b-β, the selenium mushroom extract from Qinba on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. The MM RPMI-8226 cells were treated with FA-2-b-β at different concentrations and time points. MM RPMI-8226 cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay, RT-QPCR and western blotting analyses were performed to determine the proteins and pathways involved. The results of the present study demonstrated that FA-2-b-β has high anti-proliferative activities and strong pro-apoptotic effects on MM RPMI-8226 cells, and its pharmacological effects on proliferation changes occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, we found that FA-2-b-β was able to induce cell apoptosis and promote cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. In summary, the results illustrate the involvement of FA-2-b-β in mediating G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MM RPMI-8226 cells, which suggested that FA-2-b-β might have therapeutic potential against multiple myeloma as an effective compound, and may provide useful information for the development of a novel therapeutic target in this area.

Fluorescent probe for the detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors using high performance thin layer chromatography effect-directed assay in complex matrices

In recent years Bioautography has become an efficient bioassay for finding active compounds in complex matrices including extracts of; bacteria, plants or fungi. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) is a technique which allows effect-directive analysis (EDA) through the separation and identification of biologically active substances on a Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) plate and can be run as a high throughput screening assay for enzymes. This paper presents a new bioautography method using a novel fluorescent probe derived from coumarin and its validation with Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. This method combines the advantages of bioautography and the high sensitivity of fluorescence for detection. Combining these advantages, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) limits usually obtained with traditional chromophores has been reduced by three times. Therefore our new method has been applied on 14 mushroom extracts and we highlight a compound (variegatic acid) as a potentially new AChE inhibitor in X. Chrysenteron.

Fluorometric assay of laccase in mushroom extracts and comparisons with absorption spectrophotometry

Laccase is a lignin-degrading enzyme that is expected to move industrial applications to a greener form of biotechnology. Here, we used 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) as a mediator and N-benzoyl leucomethylene blue (BLMB) as a substrate to develop a fluorometric assay that we used to measure laccase activity in mushroom extracts. We then compared this novel approach to conventional absorption spectrophotometry. With this novel approach, laccase oxidizes ABTS to produce ABTS radicals that show an absorption maximum at 415 nm. The ABTS radicals oxidize BLMB to generate fluorescent methylene blue that is measured by fluorometry while absorption spectrophotometry directly measures the absorbance of the ABTS radicals at 415 nm. Under the optimal conditions, the fluorometric assay showed a linear calibration curve with limits of detection and quantification of 1.0 × 10-2 mg mL-1 and 3.2 × 10-2 mg mL-1, respectively, and those values are 1.4-fold lower than the results using conventional absorption spectrophotometry to measure ABTS radicals. Laccase activity of extracts from species of mushrooms that include eryngii and shiitake were successfully determined via both fluorometry and absorption spectrophotometry. The eryngii extract showed the highest level of activity, which was followed by the shiitake extract, but laccase activity was not observed in the shimeji extract.

Identification of Cyclocybe erebia metabolites that affect the circadian rhythm of Eluc expression under control of Bmal1 promoter in mouse fibroblast cells

Pharmacological intervention of circadian rhythms is a potentially useful approach for ameliorating various health problems caused by disturbed circadian rhythms including sleep disorder and metabolic diseases. To find compounds that affect circadian rhythms, we screened mushroom extracts using mouse cells expressing the luciferase gene under the control of the mouse Bmal1 promoter. The culture filtrate extract from the basidiomycete Cyclocybe erebia enhanced the oscillation of bioluminescence caused by the expression of the luciferase gene and prolonged the period of bioluminescence. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract resulted in purification of compounds 1 and 2. Spectroscopic analyses along with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, revealed that these compounds were diterpenoids with a unique skeleton and a fused ring system comprising 3-, 7-, and 5-membered rings. Compounds 1 and 2 were named cyclocircadins A and B, respectively. These findings suggested that natural diterpenoids could be a source of compounds with the activity affecting circadian rhythms.

Some Wild Mushrooms with High Antioxidant Capacity Exhibit Potent Anticancer Activity on Cancer Cells using the Apoptotic and Antimigration Cell Death Mechanisms.

This study aims to provide in vitro experimental evidence that wild mushrooms have the potential to be used as a pharmaceutical that could be effective against various types of cancer. Throughout human history, besides food, traditional medicine and natural poisons obtained from mushrooms have been used for the treatment of many diseases. Clearly, edible and medicinal mushroom preparations have beneficial health effects without the known severe adverse side effects. This study was designed to reveal the cell growth inhibitory potential of five different edible mushrooms and the biological activity of Lactarius zonarius was shown here for the first time. The mushrooms fruiting bodies were dried and powdered then extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The mushroom extracts were screened for possible antioxidant activities by the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) method. Antiproliferative activity and cytotoxicity of the extracts were investigated in vitro on A549 (human lung carcinoma), HeLa (human cervix carcinoma), HT29 (human colon carcinoma), Hep3B (human hepatoma), MCF7 (human breast cancer), FL (human amnion cells), and Beas2B (normal human cells) cells lines by using MTT cell proliferation assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, DNA degradation, TUNEL, and cell migration assay. Using proliferation, cytotoxicity, DNA degradation, TUNEL, and migration assay, we displayed that hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of the Lactarius zonarius, Laetiporus sulphureus, Pholiota adiposa, Polyporus squamosus, and Ramaria flava were effective on the cells even so at low doses (< 45.0 - 99.6 µg/mL) by acting in a way that represses migration, as a negative inducer of apoptosis. It was also demonstrated that mushroom extracts with high antioxidant effect have within the acceptable cytotoxic activity of 20%-30% on the cell membrane at concentrations higher than 60 µg/mL. Overall, all of the mushroom extracts with high antioxidant effects had strong antiproliferative activity and low toxicity for cells. These findings, at least, highlight that these mushroom extracts can be used for the treatment of cancer disease, especially as a supportive therapy against colon, liver, and lung cancer.

A Review: Health Benefits and Quality Value of Mushroom

For a very long period, several mushrooms have been consumed and utilised as medications; the Greeks thought they gave warriors vigour in combat, and the Romans thought of them as "Food of the Gods." Mushrooms have long been revered in Chinese culture as a wholesome dish and a "elixir of life." They have been a part of human culture for countless years, and because of their sensory qualities, they have attracted a great deal of interest in the most significant civilizations in history. They are also known for having appetising culinary qualities. Because they are minimal in calories, carbohydrates, fat and sodium, as well as being cholesterol-free, mushrooms are a valuable food in today's society. In addition, mushrooms offer significant amounts of protein, fibre, selenium, potassium, riboflavin and vitamin D. Studies have revealed that mushrooms have a variety of bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic properties. As a result, they have gained more attention in recent years and may one day be developed into functional foods or medications for the prevention and treatment of a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been claimed to have positive health effects and be effective in treating some ailments. Mushrooms are essential sources of bioactive chemicals and also have antimicrobial, immunological system, and cholesterol-lowering properties. Some mushroom extracts are utilised to support human health and are available as dietary supplements as a result of these qualities. Therefore, the current review provides a summary of the bioactivities and health advantages of mushrooms, which may be helpful for making the best use of mushrooms.

Efficacy of water extracts of mushrooms on multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from raw cow milk

The high rate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria observed in food samples has been alarming. The majority of the antibiotics now used in medicine have become ineffective against groups of bacteria. The use of bioactive substances from natural products against antibiotic-resistant bacteria is becoming attractive. Mushrooms are natural reservoirs of potent pharmaceuticals and are now the new interface for drug discovery. Aqueous extracts of five medicinal mushrooms namely Agaricus sp., Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus oestratus., Lentinus sp. and Ganoderma were prepared. Bacteria were isolated from raw cow milk using standard techniques and antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out using 6 antibiotics. The efficacy of the mushroom extract was tested on 12 MAR bacteria using the disc diffusion method. It was observed that the aqueous extracts from the two Pleurotus spp were very active in killing the bacteria. Pleurotus oestratus was active against 5 isolates while Pleurotus pulmonarius was active against 3 isolates. Agaricus and Lentinus extracts were active against 4 isolates each while Ganoderma was active against only 3. Bacillus tropicus, Enterobacter hormaechei and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were totally resistant to the effects of the extracts. This study shows the effectiveness of mushroom aqueous extracts. This may be used to reduce bacterial load in food especially milk so as to prolong its shelf life in the natural state.

Tracing the Path between Mushrooms and Alzheimer's Disease-A Literature Review.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well-known among neurodegenerative diseases for the decline of cognitive functions, making overall daily tasks difficult or impossible. The disease prevails as the most common form of dementia and remains without a well-defined etiology. Being considered a disease of multifactorial origin, current targeted treatments have only managed to reduce or control symptoms, and to date, only two drugs are close to being able to halt its progression. For decades, natural compounds produced by living organisms have been at the forefront of research for new therapies. Mushrooms, which are well-known for their nutritional and medicinal properties, have also been studied for their potential use in the treatment of AD. Natural products derived from mushrooms have shown to be beneficial in several AD-related mechanisms, including the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE 1); the prevention of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and neurotoxicity; and the prevention of Tau expression and aggregation, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Several studies in the literature relate mushrooms to neurodegenerative diseases. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no publication that summarizes only AD data. In this context, this review aims to link the therapeutic potential of mushrooms to AD by compiling the anti-AD potential of different mushroom extracts or isolated compounds, targeting known AD-related mechanisms.

The Effect of Modified Media on The Antibacterial Activity of The Sea Sponge Symbion Fungi, Fusarium solani

The purpose of this study was to analyze the biomass production and bioactivity of sponge symbiont mushroom extracts on modified media using experimental laboratory methods. Biomass was calculated by weighing the wet weight of the symbiont mushroom mycelium and then tested for antibacterial activity with an extract concentration of 500 µg/disk. The results of this study, namely the weight of F.solani mycelium on MKD + MGV media was 10 grams, the mass of mycelium on MKD media was 9 grams, while the mass of mycelium on MEB standard media was 9.7 grams. The yield weight of the F.solani crude extract cultured on MKD + MGV media was 0.0386 grams or 0.3860% of the wet weight, on MKD media it showed that the crude extract weight was 0.0276 grams or 0.3067% of the wet weight, while on MEB the crude extract weight was 0.0119 grams or 0.1190% of the wet weight. The results of the antibacterial test showed that the largest inhibition zone for MDR (Meticilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria was F.solani crude extract cultured on MKD + MGV media, namely 25.83 ± 3.37 mm, F.solani cultured on MKD media of 22.10 ± 2.51 mm , while F. solani cultured on MEB media was 19.00 ± 0.52 mm. The results of the mass culture of the fungus Fusarium solani on modified media showed that the mushrooms cultured on MKD + MGV media had greater biomass, crude extract and antibacterial activity compared to MKD and MEB culture media.