Mushroom Yield Research Articles

Ammonia Fiber Expansion Combined with White Rot Fungi to Treat Lignocellulose for Cultivation of Mushrooms.

In order to improve the degradation efficiency of lignocellulose while increasing the yield of mushrooms, white rot fungi treatment (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus geesteranus) combined with ammonia fiber expansion was proposed as a method for treating lignocellulose (Pennisetum sinese, salix chips, and pine chips) for mushroom cultivation. Compared with treatment using either ammonia fiber expansion or white rot fungus, the combined treatment significantly improved lignocellulose degradation rate by 10–20% and reduced the time required significantly. Among them, P. geesteranus was the most effective bacterium for the combined treatment of lignocellulose. Ammonia fiber expansion-treated lignocellulose contributed to mycelial growth and increased the activity of three lignin hydrolase enzymes (laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase) and mushroom yield. The mushroom yield was increased by 44.6%. The combined treatment method proposed in our study improves lignocellulose resource utilization and is therefore useful in the treatment of agricultural solid organic waste.

Deciphering the role of moringa leaf powder as a supplement in the cotton waste substrate for the growth and nutrition of king oyster mushroom

The addition of supplementing material in the substrate is an efficient way to increase mushroom yield and nutrition. The addition of moringa leaf powder (MLP) could boost the yield and nutrition of mushrooms. To improve the nutritional properties and yield of king oyster mushroom, moringa leaf powder as supplementing material in the cotton waste substrate was added with different ratios to standardize the supplementing material in the substrate. In the present research, the impact of moringa leaf powder at various concentrations (2%,4%,6%,8% and 10%) in cotton waste were used to check the suitability of king oyster mushroom production and quality. Results showed that addition of MLP substantially increased production and nutritional value of mushroom. The MLP at 6% on dry weight basis in cotton waste showed markedly higher total yield, biological efficiency as compared to control or cotton waste alone. The addition of 6% MLP in cotton waste also enhanced the Vitamin C, Folic acid, protein, carbohydrate, fats, fibers, ash and minerals (N, Na, K, Ca, Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe and P) of king oyster mushroom, Moreover, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were improved in King oyster mushroom fruit bodies. Vitamin D was quantified by HPLC-UV chromatograph in P. eryngii. Vitamin-D content was also varied with MLP addition in the substrate.. In conclusion, MLP addition in substrate could be an effective approach for the increase in production and nutritional quality of mushrooms.

Shiitake cultivation as biological preprocessing of lignocellulosic feedstocks – Substrate changes in crystallinity, syringyl/guaiacyl lignin and degradation-derived by-products

Formulation of substrates based on three hardwood species combined with modulation of nitrogen content by whey addition (0–2%) was investigated in an experiment designed in D-optimal model for their effects on biological preproceesing of lignocellulosic feedstock by shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) cultivation. Nitrogen loading was shown a more significant role than wood species for both mushroom production and lignocellulose degradation. The fastest mycelial colonisation occurred with no nitrogen supplementation, but the highest mushroom yields were achieved when 1% whey was added. Low nitrogen content resulted in increased delignification and minimal glucan consumption. Delignification was correlated with degradation of syringyl lignin unit, as indicated by a significant reduction (41.5%) of the syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio after cultivation. No significant changes in substrate crystallinity were observed. The formation of furan aldehydes and aliphatic acids was negligible during the pasteurisation and fungal cultivation, while the content of soluble phenolics increased up to seven-fold.

Enhanced IoT-Based Climate Control for Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Using Fuzzy Logic Approach and NodeMCU Microcontroller

Urban farming has the potential to utilise unused space in the community to alleviate food shortages and increase the community’s income through local food production. When Internet of Things (IoT) technology is integrated with urban farming, it can further improve its efficiencies and yield. The work in this paper improved our previous work of using an IoT-based climate control system to regulate the cultivation environment of oyster mushrooms automatically. Even though the climate control system could produce two batches of mushroom yields, there were several limitations, such as less efficient climate control due to threshold-based corrective action, water wastage, and system instability. This paper aims to address these stated limitations by implementing a fuzzy logic algorithm and redesigned the climate control system. Two crisp input variables from DHT22 sensors representing temperature and humidity were fed into the Node MCU microcontroller’s fuzzy logic coded in C language. The temperature and humidity conditions were divided into five fuzzy trapezoidal membership functions resulting in 25 fuzzy rules to control the duration of running the water pump and ventilation fan. An internal, lightweight web server were managed all HTTP client requests. The enhanced system also included a safety measurement to avoid overheating the microcontroller and causing water wastage. Upon analysis of the data captured in two months, the result showed a decrease of 40% in water utilisation and an increase of mushrooms yield up to 226%. The enhanced climate control system also facilitated maintaining and controlling the temperature and humidity conducive for optimal mushroom cultivation.

Organic residues from agricultural and forest companies in Brazil as useful substrates for cultivation of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

We investigated whether highly available organic residues in Brazil can be used as substrates for the production of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, instead of the conventional cultivation using the eucalyptus sawdust substrate. We assessed the mushroom yield on 13 substrates, of which 12 were formulated with different concentrations of organic residues and one with pure eucalyptus sawdust, and verified whether the raw material used in the substrate formula and the concentration of such alternative residues influenced their biological efficiencies. Substrates containing eucalyptus bark resulted in higher mushroom yield than those containing eucalyptus sawdust, which generally resulted in similar mushroom yield to the remaining formulas. Moreover, the raw material and the concentration of each residue affected the biological efficiency of the substrates. We show that the conventional substrate for P. ostreatus can be replaced by substrates easily accessible to producers without loss in productivity. Furthermore, that the concentration of these mixtures affects the mushroom productivity and should be considered when formulating the growth medium.

The Role of Water Content in the Casing Layer for Mushroom Crop Production and the Occurrence of Fungal Diseases

Mushroom cultivation requires effective control of environmental cues to obtain the best yield and high quality. The impact of water content in the casing layer on mushroom yield and the incidence of two of the most important diseases in the mushroom growing farms, dry bubble and cobweb diseases, was evaluated. Different initial water content in the casing and two alternative irrigation programs applied (light or moderate irrigation) were the agronomic parameters under study during five separate button mushroom crop trials. Higher initial humidity content in the casing layer reported a larger yield, with a fewer number of basidiomes but heavier, while no correlation to the dry matter content or the colour of the basidiomes was noted. The incidence of dry bubble disease was not conditioned by the water content of the casing layer, at the high moisture levels established in the study. In the case of Cladobotryum mycophilum, the lower moisture level of the casing layer reported more incidence of cobweb disease, and subsequently harmful yield losses. According to the results obtained, the right management of the moisture level in the casing materials could promote crop yield and preclude the significant impact of dry bubble and cobweb diseases.

Changes in lignocellulosic fractions of growing substrates during the cultivation of Hypsizygus ulmarius mushroom and its effects on mushroom productivity

The study focuses on determining the relationship between the degradation of lignocellulosic fractions of substrates used in Hypsizygus ulmarius cultivation and mushroom yield in order to present a wider range of data on the needs of the fungus. In the study, H. ulmarius was cultivated on bean straw (BS), corn silage (CS) and wheat straw (WS), poplar sawdust (PPS), pine sawdust (PS) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS). The degradation process of lignocellulosic wastes was characterized during 90 days of cultivation period and the results were correlated by comparing the mycelial growth and yield. BS was the best substrate for H. ulmarius due to its shorter crop cycle (28 days), high yield and BE% (340.0 g/kg and 93.1%). Consumption of hemicellulose was observed predominantly, during the spawn running period of cultivation. The decrease in lignin level during H. ulmarius cultivation is significantly lower compared to hemicellulose and cellulose. Cellulose was degraded mainly during the fruiting period, and it was observed that high cellulose degradation during the fruiting stage are positively correlated with the yield and biological efficiency of H. ulmarius. High lignin content of the substrate is a limiting factor for H ulmarius yield. The chemical analysis confirmed the decrease in pH, C:N ratio, lignocellulosic content and increase in EC, nitrogen and the ash content of substrates during cultivation of H. ulmarius. The study revealed that the key factor dominating a successful H. ulmarius cultivation to be substrate having moderate amount of N and low lignin and high cellulose content.

Maximizing the value of Korshinsk peashrub branches by the integration of Pleurotus tuoliensis cultivation and anaerobic digestion of spent mushroom substrate

Korshinsk peashrub branches (Korpb) are agroforestry byproducts that accumulate in millions of tons per year and need to be reasonably utilized. To maximate the utilization value of Korpb, an integrated process was proposed and conducted by using Korpb as the main substrate ingredient for Pleurotus tuoliensis cultivation and also performing anaerobic digestion (AD) of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) for biogas production. The results indicated that the cultivation substrate including Korpb could obtain higher mushroom yields than a conventional substrate, and AD of SMS added the value of Korpb. Preliminary calculation suggested that, for every t of P. tuoliensis production, 1.65 t Korpb was consumed and 314 m3 biogas was produced from corresponding amount of SMS, bringing a total economic profit of $906.1. In addition, this integrated strategy has positive ecological and social benefits. The maximization of Korpb value can not only promote the biological conversion of Korpb to circle economy, but also be beneficial for the development of environment, energy conservation and edible fungus industry.

Pengaruh Waktu Pengomposan Media Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleorotus ostreatus)

The cultivation of consumption mushrooms in Indonesia is showing an encouraging development. Currently, Indonesia is included as one of the world's major mushroom suppliers. Mushrooms are a source of vegetable protein that does not contain cholesterol and can prevent high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and can reduce body weight. The research objective was to determine the effect of composting time on planting media on the growth and yield of white oyster mushrooms. The research was conducted in the Mapin Kebak Village, sub-district Alas Barat star from May to June 2020. The research was conducted using an experimental method and using a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments, where each treatment consisted of three replications. The research treatments consisted of M1 = composting for 6 hours; M2 = composting for 12 hours; M3 = composting for 24 hours; M4 = composting for 36 hours and M5 = composting for 48 hours. Furthermore, the data from the observations were analyzed by ANOVA at the real level of 5%. If the results of the data analysis show a significant difference, then a further test is carried out using the Least Significant Difference Test at the 5% real level. The results of the analysis showed that the fastest time to spread mycelium was in the M5 treatment, the composting time was 48 hours. The fastest primordia emergence time was 24 hours composting M3 treatment. The heaviest fruit weight was in treatment M3 and the lowest fruit weight was in treatment M1.

Interspecific hybridization between Ganoderma lingzhi and G. applanatum through protoplast fusion.

Interspecific hybridization between Ganoderma lingzhi and G. applanatum was attempted through polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced fusion technique. The protoplast isolation procedure was simplified, and we obtained a significant number of protoplasts from both Ganoderma species. The number of protoplasts obtained was 5.27 ± 0.31 × 107/mL in G. lingzhi and 5.57 ± 0.49 × 106/mL in G. applanatum. Osmotic stabilizer NaCl (0.4M) at pH 5.8 and enzymolysis time 3.5h have supported high frequency of protoplast regeneration. G. lingzhi and G. applanatum regeneration frequency was 1.73 ± 0.04% and 0.23 ± 0.02%, respectively. 40% of PEG induced high number of protoplast fusion the regeneration frequency was 0.09% on a minimal medium. Two hundred fifty-two fusant colonies were isolated from the following four individual experiments. Among them, ten fusants showed the mycelial morphological difference compared to their parents and other fusant isolates. The fruiting body could be generated on oak sawdust and wheat bran substrate, and a few of them showed recombined morphology of the parental strains. The highest yield and biological efficacy (BE) were recorded in GF248, while least in GF244. The hybridity of the fusant was established based on mycelia, fruiting morphology, and PCR fingerprinting. ISSR and RAPD profile analysis of ten fusants and parents depicted that fusants contained polymorphic bands, which specified the rearrangement and deletion of DNA in the fusants. A Dendrogram was constructed based on the RAPD profile, and the clustering data exhibited two major clusters: cluster I included the G. lingzhi and Cluster II, including the G. applanatum and fusant lines. Total polysaccharide (α, β and total glucan) content was compared with fusants and parental strains. The present study highlighted the efficient methods for protoplast isolation from Ganoderma species. PEG-induced fusants showed high polymorphic frequency index, while the phenotypic characters showed high similarity to G. applanatum. A significant difference was observed in the mushroom yield and its total polysaccharide between the fusants and parental strains.

Integrated farming system for sustainable livelihood, family food and nutritional security of Uttarakhand farmers-A case study

In the present investigation, integrated farming system (IFS) adopted by a progressive farmer in 1.0 ha area, in village Chalthi, situated in Champawat district of Uttarakhand was analyzed as a model for its economics, benefit to cost ratio and extent to overcome food and nutritional security. The main components of IFS were fish, dairy, poultry, vegetables, orchard, bee keeping and mushroom production. A total of Rs. 6,94,000.00 was earned with B:C ratio of 3.08 from this IFS model. The composite fish farming of common carp, silver carp and grass carp was undertaken in a fish pond and 40 kg of fish was harvested over a period of 6-8 months realizing net income of Rs.5800.00. The pond dyke and adjacent fields were used for cultivation of aerial vegetables, fruit trees (mango, litchi, lemon, plum, guava and mulberry) and fodder crops (maize and oats). Two cows (breed Gir) and 200 No. poultry birds (breed Kadaknath, RIR, Guinea fowl, Uttra fowl) were included in the IFS. Pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) was also promoted as a component of IFS for income generation. The mushroom yield was 2.28 quintals accounting gross income of Rs.1,82,400.00. Bee keeping (Indian honey bee Apis cerana indica) also made contribution of Rs. 2,00,000.00 over a period of 6 months from 80 boxes. Poultry (Rs 1,20,000.00), fruit crops (Rs 1,00,000.00) and vegetables production (Rs 18,000) also contributed significantly to the gross income in present IFS. The farmer reported that he did not buy any food commodity from outside for 8 months in a year except rice and wheat flour. As a result, it can be argued that IFS has been found to be most profitable and suitable enterprise for hill farmers to achieve sustainable livelihood, family food and nutritional security. Key words Integrated farming system; Food security; Nutrition security; Fish; Mushroom; Poultry

The Effects of Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Bark and Frond Waste as Substrates on the Growth and Yield of Grey Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju)

This study was carried out to examine the effects of sago bark (SB) and sago frond (SF) waste on the growth and yield of grey oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju). Nine substrate formulas were studied, including sawdust (SD) alone as a control and the combination of 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 ratios between SD and SB or SF. The results showed a significant difference in the total colonisation period, total fruiting body yield, and biological efficiency (BE). However, an insignificant difference was determined in the characteristics of the fruiting body for different substrate formulas. The substrates with the ratio of 50SD:50SF and 100 SD are the most suitable substrate formulas for the cultivation of P. sajor-caju. One hundred (100) SD achieved the fastest total colonisation period (24.44 days) but there was no significant difference with 75SD:25SF (24.78 days) and also obtained the fastest first harvest (50.33 days). However, 100SD produced a significantly lower total fruiting body yield (77.99 g/bunch) compared to 50SD:50SF, which produced the highest total yield (88.09 g/ bunch) and highest BE (17.62%) with a short total colonisation period (26.45 days). The substrates produced high values in cap diameter, stipe length, and effective fruiting bodies.

ENRICHMENT OF CASING SOIL WITH FE AND SOY-FLOUR UNDER Pseudomonas INOCULATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF BUTTON MUSHROOM

Effects of casing soil enrichment with soybean flour (SF) and iron (Fe) were explored on yield and quality of edible mushrooms inoculated with plant growth-promoting bacteria in a factorial experiment with four replications. Fe from Fe chelate source was applied at two levels of 0 (Fe0) and 500 mg L-1 (Fe500), SF at three levels of 0% (SF0), 1.5% (SF1.5), and 3% (SF3) of compost dry weight, and bacteria inoculation at two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation of mycelia with P. putida). The maximum fresh yield (20.3 kg m-2), mushroom number (1041), biological efficiency (95.0%), vitamin C (3.74 mg 100 g-1 FW), and yield of protein (6.48 kg m-2) were obtained from SF1.5 + P. putida. But, the maximum tryptophan (1.37 mg g-1 DW), methionine (2.29 mg g-1 DW), and antioxidant capacity (4.25 mg mL-1) were related to SF3 inoculated with P. putida. Furthermore, the maximum carbohydrate (5.64%) was related to Fe500 + SF3. Based on the results, casing soil enrichment with Fe did not have a significant influence on quantitative and qualitative traits of mushrooms, but SF application at the rate of 1.5%, especially when accompanied by P. putida, played a more essential role. Thus, it is recommended to use 1.5% SF along with P. putida to enhance the yield and qualitative traits of edible mushrooms.

The Effects of Different Substrate Combinations on Growth and Yield of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of mixing substrates on the growth and yield of Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Seven substrates, namely, Trt1 (cotton waste), Trt2 (wheat straw), Trt3 (crushed baobab fruit shells, 100%), Trt4 (cotton husk + wheat straw + crushed baobab fruit shells, 1 : 1 : 1), Trt5 (baobab fruit shells + cotton husks, 1 : 1), Trt6 (baobab fruit shells + wheat straw, 1 : 1), and Trt7 (cotton waste + wheat straw, 1 : 1) were used. Each treatment was replicated 5 times and laid out in a CRD. The duration of developmental stages, yield, and biological efficiency was recorded. Cotton waste demonstrated a significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher mycelial colonization rate taking an average of 18.20 days to complete full spawn run, 23.20 days from spawning to pinhead formation, 2.80 days for pins to mature, and an average of 26.00 days to first harvest. There was a significant ( p < 0.05 ) difference in the total number of pins with cotton waste being the highest with an average of 29.80 pins, although it was not significantly different from Trt4. The highest (5.40 cm) stipe girth was recorded from Trt4 while the highest (5.22 cm) cap diameter was recorded in Trt1. There was a significant ( p < 0.05 ) difference in yield and biological efficiency. Trt1 had the highest (1.292 kg) average yield; however, it was not significantly ( p > 0.05 ) different from that of Trt4 (1.289 kg). From the research, it was observed that mixing substrate can help to increase yield and, as a result, a higher benefit-cost ratio. Therefore, further studies should be done to evaluate the effects of mixing other substrates besides the ones used in this current research.

Evaluation of selected organic residues as supplements on growth and yield of Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida

Introduction: The growth and yield of a mushroom are dependent on its ability to utilize the inherent nutrients in the substrate. In order to acquire a good knowledge of the mushroom fruiting substrates, the nutritional contents of the substrate can be improved by the addition of some nitrogenous supplementation to the substrate Methodology: The suitability of some locally available organic materials/wastes as yield boosters for the cultivation of Oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida was evaluated. Corn bran (CB), wheat bran (WB), rice bran (RB), palm kernel cake (PKC), groundnut cake (GNC), soya meal and poultry manure (PM) were separately added to sawdust from Gmelina aborea. Results: Data analysis indicated significant variations among treatments in all the parameters taken. The presence of the various additives in the substrate significantly enhanced the biological efficiency (BE) of the mushroom when compared to the control (p<0.05). P. florida had its highest BE (68.74%) on sawdust added with rice bran (RB) and its least on the control (17.98%). Days to mycelium colonization were shortest on CB (23) and longest on PM (39). Shortest days to primodia initiation were observed on CB (29) and the longest on PM (48). Also, protein content in the fruiting bodies was significantly highest in substrates added with PKC (30.98) and WB (30.94) (p<0.05) and least in control (22.48). Conclusion: It was evident that the inclusion of these additives significantly improved the growth, yield, and nutritional contents of the investigated mushroom. PKC and WB may be used to enhance both the yield and nutritional values of the mushroom.

The physical structure of compost and C and N utilization during composting and mushroom growth in Agaricus bisporus cultivation with rice, wheat, and reed straw-based composts.

The cultivation of Agaricus bisporus with compost made from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and reed (Phragmites australis Trin.) straw was investigated. Straw degradation was analyzed at the microscopic level, and the corresponding changes in the breakdown of different lignocellulose components during different phases of composting and mushroom production helped in understanding the yield-limiting factors of using different straws to grow mushrooms. The wheat straw compost resulted in the highest mushroom production and had the highest bioconversion efficiency. The rice straw was limited by the softer texture, which resulted in low-porosity and overdecomposed compost in the composting process and decreased the amount of available lignocellulose during mycelial growth. Although reed straw had the largest carbon resources, its utilization rate was the lowest. The hard structure, low water holding capacity, and high porosity increased the recalcitrance of reed straw to degradation and prolonged the composting time, which resulted in large N and C losses and an increased C/N ratio. Moreover, reed straw failed to transform into "ready-to-consume C" in composting. Therefore, a high C/N ratio and deficiency of available nutrition decreased the utilization efficiency of the lignocellulosic components by A. bisporus during mycelial colonization and mushroom production. The investigation revealed that degradability by and availability to microbiota and A. bisporus seemed to be the overriding factors for optimizing the composting process with different straw types. KEY POINTS: • The physical structure of compost has a significant influence on the composting process. • Degradability and availability are key factors in compost quality evaluation. • Lignocellulose utilization efficiency positively correlated with mushroom yield.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of A Novel Isomeric Molecule (PF5) Obtained from Methanolic Extract of Pleurotus Florida Mushroom

The Pleurotus florida is recognized as a medicinal and edible mushroom and the present study intends to reveal the active isomeric molecules from this mushroom. The P. florida was cultivated using different nutrient supplements: groundnut husk, maize powder, horse gram powder and coconut oil-cake powder. Horse gram supplement showed the higher mushroom yield and henceit was used for the cultivation of P. florida. Methanolic extract of P. florida was found to be efficient in antioxidant activity among ethanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. The bioactive fraction 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (PF5) was isolated and purified from the methanolic extract of P. florida by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS) and further it was characterized by Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The PF5 was tested for its DPPH and reducing power assays, and the IC50 values were found to be 21.7 µg/mL and 105 µg/mL, respectively. We found that the cytotoxic effect of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid was tested against the lung cancer cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), sulphorodamine B (SRB) and trypan blue assays which exhibited a higher cytotoxic effect (CTC50, 645 µg/mL). These results suggested that 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid from P. florida could be explored as a novel and potent natural antioxidant and cancer preventive agent, alternative to existing synthetic molecules.

Carbon Dioxide Emission Modeling of King Oyster Mushroom before and after Thinning Processes According to Temperature and Growth Stage

Temperature and CO2 concentration affect the yield and quality of mushrooms. In particular, high CO2 concentration due to mushroom respiration induces specific physiological disorders of mushrooms. The objective of this study was to quantify the CO2 emission rate of King Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quel) as a function of temperature and growth stage during the cultivation including thinning processes. CO2 emission rates of the substrate including mycelium before and after thinning were significantly different. In the respiration model, the maintenance and CO2 production coefficients of fruit bodies were expressed as quadratic equations according to temperature. The total CO2 emission rate of a bottle of mushroom estimated by the model were validated with measured ones (R 2 = 0.71). The CO2 emission rates of the mushroom showed exponential and quadratical increases with growth stage and temperature at 16 to 25℃, respectively. The CO2 emission rate models developed for King Oyster mushroom can be utilized to control the CO2 concentration and temperature in mushroom cultivation facilities.

Kinetics of nutrients remediation from sugar industry effluent-treated substrate using Agaricus bisporus: mushroom yield and biochemical potentials.

This study investigated the yield and biochemical potential of Agaricus bisporus mushroom cultivated on agricultural waste substrate supplemented with treated sugar industry effluent (SIE). Laboratory-scale experiments were performed for the cultivation of A. bisporus on a mixture of wheat straw and sugar cane bagasse moistened with different doses of borewell water (BWW) and treated SIE (0-100%). Besides this, the simultaneous effects of the SIE amendment on total Kjeldahl's nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents of substrate and kinetics of their utilization by A. bisporus were studied. Results showed a relatively higher utilization of TKN (38.10 ± 1.60%) and TP (47.4 ± 6.44%) in a 25:75 ratio of BWW and SIE, respectively. The kinetics studies of TKN and TP utilization using Lineweaver-Burk models described the maximum specific utilization rates (V max) of 0.165 and 0.125mg·kg-1·d-1 and saturation points (K m ) of 72.401 and 33.283mg·kg-1, respectively, which are in good agreement as indicated by R 2 values (> 0.90). In addition, the maximum significant (P < 0.01) yield (159.31 ± 8.85g·Kg-1), biological efficiency (106.21 ± 3.84%), total phenols (3.03 ± 0.07mg·g-1), ascorbic acid (0.44 ± 0.03mg·g-1), and β-carotene (3.36 ± 0.05μg·g-1) of A. bisporus were observed using the same treatment. Therefore, this paper reported sustainable utilization of TKN and TP nutrients from SIE for A. bisporus mushroom cultivation.

The Appropriate Technology in Cultivating Mushrooms by Street Children In Hafara

The purpose of this study was to determine the application of appropriate technology in mushroom cultivation by street children in Hafara. This research method with a qualitative approach with phenomenological methods. Collecting data by observation, interviews, and documentation. Observations are carried out in a participatory, real, disguised, and unstructured manner to ensure that the object in this study is an informant in the location to be studied. Interviews were carried out by random sampling to obtain data and information that could be used in this study. Information can be obtained from the manager of the Hafara social institution, 2 caregivers / coaches and 4 street children who live in the Hafara social institution to obtain information on appropriate technology in mushroom cultivation by street children in Hafara. The appropriate technology in mushroom cultivation by street children in Hafara is very simple and uses easily obtained raw materials. Spraying leri water (washing rice) is carried out after the fungus appears, it will increase fertility so that the mushroom yield is more, so the money earned from the mushroom harvest is more. It is hoped that the recommendations for mushroom cultivation in Hafara can be widely marketed in collaboration with relevant agencies both nationally and internationally.