Mushroom Strains Research Articles

Research on selecting high and stable yield and fruiting body quality strains of Cordyceps militaris mushroom carrying a single mating-type gene

Research on selecting high and stable yield and fruiting body quality strains of Cordyceps militaris mushroom carrying a single mating-type gene

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of two strains of Thai Laetiporus sulphureus mushroom

Laetiporus sulphureus, a wood-decaying mushroom, has been reported to be a good source of natural bioactive components. Traditionally used in folk medicine, L. sulphureus has shown its beneficial effects on human health. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of two strains of Thai L. sulphureus mushrooms (MFLUCC 12-0546 and MFLUCC 12-0547) using disc diffusion assay and an ABTS antioxidant assay, respectively. Initially, the mushroom mycelia were prepared and cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and malt extract broth (MEB) at 30°C for 10 days. The ethyl acetate extracts were prepared using the culture supernatants and used for both assays. Although the two mushroom strains were very similar in morphology, they exhibited different antibacterial and antioxidant activities. For antibacterial activity, the MEB extracts had a better effect on antibacterial activity than those obtained from the PDB culture, whereas the PDB extracts showed a better antioxidant activity than those obtained from the MEB cultivation. The results showed that the L. sulphureus extracts obtained from its mycelial state possess antibacterial and antioxidant activity. It should also be noted interestingly that both biological activities tested in the present study are dependent on the mushroom strains and media used for cultivation.

Assessment of antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties of hybrid mushroom strains derived through intergeneric hybridization between Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica

Our present study aims to evaluate the biological activities of the six hybrid mushrooms (APS) obtained through the protoplast fusion technique between two mushrooms Calocybe indica and Pleurotus sajor-caju, in our previous study. Antioxidant activity of hybridized mushroom samples was determined by the free radical scavenging method, using DPPH radical, Superoxide radical, and Hydroxyl radical. Additionally, all the mushroom extract has shown a good amount of total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content and also has potent Ferric reducing antioxidant power. The Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power were estimated. Six constituents: gallic acid, catechin, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, and cinnamic acid were identified by UHPLC. The MIC values, zone of inhibition, growth kinetic, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to establish the antimicrobial efficacy. The tested samples exhibited antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A clear morphological change was observed under SEM when Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with APS-4 and APS-3 mushroom extracts. The ability to inhibit carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase and α-galactosidase has also been studied to explore antidiabetic properties. The inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase was APS-4 reflected a very prominent result with the lowest IC50 value i.e.,118.058 ± 1.515, APS-2 and APS-6 showed almost similar IC50 values. α – galactosidase inhibitory activity of APS-4 and APS-6 exhibit better results than other strains.

Advancements in genetic studies of mushrooms: a comprehensive review.

Genetic studies in mushrooms, driven by innovations such as CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and RNA interference, transform our understanding of these enigmatic fungi and their multifaceted roles in agriculture, medicine, and conservation. This comprehensive review explores the rationale and significance of genetic research in mushrooms, delving into the ethical, regulatory, and ecological dimensions of this field. CRISPR-Cas9 emerges as a game-changing technology, enabling precise genome editing, targeted gene knockouts, and pathway manipulation. RNA interference complements these efforts by downregulating genes for improved crop yield and enhanced pest and disease resistance. Genetic studies also contribute to the conservation of rare species and developing more robust mushroom strains, fostering sustainable cultivation practices. Moreover, they unlock the potential for discovering novel medicinal compounds, offering new horizons in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. As emerging technologies and ethical considerations shape the future of mushroom research, these studies promise to revolutionize our relationship with these fungi, paving the way for a more sustainable and innovative world.

Genetic discrimination of button mushroom Agaricus bisporus by DNA fingerprinting using RAPD marker

The investigation was conducted for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity analysis of five button mushroom strains (Agaricus bisporus-6, Agaricus bisporus-2, Agaricus bisporus-3, Agaricus bisporus-8 and Agaricus bisporus-5) using eight decamer RAPD primers (OPA01, OPA02, OPA03, OPA04, OPA07, OPB17, OPB12 and OPA10). A modified CTAB technique was used to isolate DNA. RAPD analysis resolved 152 scorable bands, 89 bands were monomorphic and 63 bands were polymorphic. The primer OPB17 amplified the highest number of band (30) and OPA01 amplified the lowest number of bands (09). The primer OPA04 produced the 8 polymorphic bands. Thus, it showed higher level of polymorphism (80%). Dendrogram based on linkage distance using Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) indicated segregated of five button mushroom strains into two main clusters. Only Agaricus bisporus-6 (V1) grouped in cluster 1 (C1) while the major cluster C2 included all other strains, as well as V2 (Agaricus bisporus-2), V3 (Agaricus bisporus-3), V4 (Agaricus bisporus-8) and V5 (Agaricus bisporus-5). At the linkage distance of 50.5, the major cluster C2 formed sub-cluster C2A (Agaricus bisporus-3) and C2B (Agaricus bisporus-2, A. bisporus-8 & A. bisporus-5). Overall results from the dendrogram indicated that the V1 (Agaricus bisporus-6) button mushroom was shown to be outliers in the dendrogram, that is different from other strains because of its unique genetic makeup and high yields of this starin. The present work revealed that the DNA fingerprinting of five button mushroom strains based on RAPD showed significant different among the strains.

First Report on Wild Occurrences of Phoenix Mushroom (<i>Pleurotus pulmonarius</i> Fr. Quél.) in Indonesia

The genus Pleurotus is known as a commercially important mushroom and one of the most well-known cultivated mushrooms worldwide. Of many species of Pleurotus, the phoenix mushroom (P. pulmonarius) is cultivated in many countries, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, the farmers and larger companies usually use commercial strains of phoenix mushroom which they purchased from other countries. To date, there was no prior information regarding wild occurrences of P. pulmonarius in Indonesia. During our regular mushroom hunting in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, some edible wild fruiting bodies of light brown Pleurotus were collected. The current study aimed to determine the taxonomical position of our specimens based on morphological and molecular evidence. The combination of morphological and molecular analysis confirmed our specimens as P. pulnonarius. Morphologically, our specimens were distinguished by the small to medium sized fruiting bodies, pileus light brown, pinkish brown, to pale brown, flabelliform in the beginning to expanding broadly ovoid in maturity, lamellae shortly to deeply decurrent, stipe fleshy, eccentric to lateral, concolorous with lamellae, Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, basidia clavate to club shaped, basidioles are abundant, oleiferous hyphae common. The BLAST result revealed that our specimens posed a high similarity to P. pulnonarius from several countries as the top hits. The ITS phylogenetic tree placed Pleurotus FIPIA-DEP51 in the same clade of P. pulnonarius with 100% BS value. This study reports for the first time the wild occurences of P. pulmonarius in Indonesia. Future study should be done to characterize the cultures of reported mushroom which can potentially be the local strain for cultivation of P. pulmonarius industry in Indonesia.

An intelligent mushroom strain selection model based on their quality characteristics

The great versatility of mushroom production and the significant nutritional and medicinal properties of the crop make it a highly attractive product that is in continuous expansion around the world. However, its quality can be affected the combination of a large number of evaluable variables that are essential to take into account. Thus, the aim of this work was to build an intelligent model for the prediction of mushroom strains through the development of neural networks (ANNs) that takes into account the control of data processing times, with the use of the minimum possible number of parameters that define their quality control and subsequent selection. In addition, a user-friendly and intuitive graphical interface has been generated that shows the selection of the appropriate mushroom strain and may be useful for potential end-users in this field. For this purpose, 7 mushroom strains (Agaricus bisporus) defined by a total of 27 quality parameters were used (texture, colour, etc.). The results showed that, in the analysis of individual parameter combinations (Rt), the best overall accuracy achieved (OAA) was 52.43%, reaching 81.30% with the combination of four parameters (dry matter (%), crude protein (Nx4. 38. %), Fb and Wt) and 94.32% with 9 parameters (Cap diameter (mm), dry matter (%), crude protein (Nx4.38. %), ΔE, browning index (BI), Fb, Wb = Fb x Db/2, Wr and Rt). The development of this model allows for the identification of some of the most important commercial white hybrid strains of high-yielding mushrooms, while also being a useful tool for the selection of the most important parameters of interest as regards the quality and benefits of this product for the consumer.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of some Syrian wild mushroom (Agaricus spp) strains

This research aims to study the chemical content (moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber and carbohydrate), phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of the fruit bodies resulting from the cultivation of six edible Syrian wild mushroom strains of the Agaricus genus. These strains were collected from the western countryside of Homs governorate in Syria (Agaricus bispours BR5, Agaricus bispours B.R.9, Agaricus sinodeliciosus BR17, Agaricus qilianensis BR22, Agaricus sinodeliciosus BR42 and Agaricus qilianensis BR47) and were compared to the commercially cultivated Agaricus bisporus strain Sylvan A15 as a control. The results showed that wild strains had a good chemical composition. The BR47 had the highest protein content among the studied strains (29.52%), which was close to the content of the control (28.55%). All strains recorded higher carbohydrate content compared to the control (p < 0.01), and BR42 had the highest content (72.24%). The fat content in the studied strains ranged from 1.68 to 5.34%, and they were all less than the control (7.29%). BR9 was marked by a high phenol content (1.93 mg.g–1 of dry weight), while the control had higher antioxidant activity (82.41%). A strong correlation was noted between antioxidant activity, protein, fat and ash. Some studied strains showed nutritional value and distinctive biological properties, indicating they can be used for food and pharmaceutical purposes.

Early detection of dry bubble disease in Agaricus bisporus using volatile compounds

Lecanicillium fungicola is a pathogen of the commercial white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and is the causal agent of dry bubble disease, which can cause severe economic losses to mushroom growers. Volatile compounds were measured by GC/MS techniques over pure cultures of mycelia on agars, over microcosms of growing mushrooms, and over harvested mushrooms to identify compounds that might give an early warning of the disease. The mushroom strain tested was Agaricus bisporus, strain Sylvan A15; either deliberately infected with L. fungicola or water as a control. Over microcosms, the appearance of β-copaene, β-cubebene, and α-cedrene coincided with, but did not precede, the earliest visual signs of the disease. Mushrooms with dry bubble symptoms also had high levels of β-barbatene and an unknown diterpene (UK 1821). Over some harvested mushroom sets, high levels of cis-α-bisabolene developed as a defence reaction to infection.

Culture conditions for mycelial growth of eight Philippine wild strains of tiger sawgill mushroom, Lentinus tigrinus

Lentinus tigrinus is a wild edible and medicinal mushroom with potential culinary and pharmaceutical applications. In the present work, we evaluated the different culture media, pH and physical conditions such as aeration, illumination and temperature for maximum mycelial growth of eight L. tigrinus strains. Mycelial growth of the eight strains respond differently to the nutritional and physical factors. All strains showed maximum mycelial growth on coconut water gulaman (CWG), except TLLt 3, which favored potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar (MEA). TLLt 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 mycelia luxuriantly grew at pH 5.0-8.0 whereas TLLt 2 preferred pH 5.0-7.0, and TLLt 3 and 4 favored pH 5.0-6.5. Sealed condition was found to be more suitable for TLLt 1 mycelia while no significant difference was noted between the two aeration conditions for the mycelial growth of other seven strains. Both TLLt 1 and 2 mycelia favorably grew in lighted condition while the other six favorably grew in both lighted and dark conditions. Room temperature (30⁰C) recorded the fastest mycelial growth fo all strains, but found comparable to air-conditioned temperature (23⁰C) for the growth of TLLt 3, 6 and 8 mycelia. Therefore, mycelial growth of L. tigrinus on the different nutritional and physical parameters may vary depending on the strain type.

Unlocking the benefits of split gill mushroom: Chemical analysis and prebiotic properties of schizophyllan extract

The edible split gill mushroom is considered both a nutritive and therapeutic superfood, as well as rich in schizophyllan and protein. Prebiotic properties and other biological effects distinguish the schizophyllan (β-glucan). Thus, this research investigates the identity of the mushroom strain, the nutritional composition of this mushroom, and the schizophyllan extract for further analysis, including its prebiotic activity and so on. The experimental results revealed that this mushroom was identified as Schizophyllum commune, comprising more excellent carbohydrates, protein, crude fiber, lower fat, and no heavy metal detection. Moreover, this extract consisted of pharmaceutical hydrophobin (14.0–18.5 kDa), lectin protein (21–35 kDa), bioactive purpurin or red pigment, including the prebiotic β-glucan stimulating the proliferation of probiotic bacteria isolated from yogurt. Therefore, both S. commune and the schizophyllan extract can be used as a prebiotic candidate, functional food, and nutraceutical product.

The Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein complex-mediated editing of pyrG in Ganoderma lucidum and unexpected insertion of contaminated DNA fragments

Gene editing is a promising alternative to traditional breeding for the generation of new mushroom strains. However, the current approach frequently uses Cas9-plasmid DNA to facilitate mushroom gene editing, which can leave residual foreign DNA in the chromosomal DNA raising concerns regarding genetically modified organisms. In this study, we successfully edited pyrG of Ganoderma lucidum using a preassembled Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein complex, which primarily induced a double-strand break (DSB) at the fourth position prior to the protospacer adjacent motif. Of the 66 edited transformants, 42 had deletions ranging from a single base to large deletions of up to 796 bp, with 30 being a single base deletion. Interestingly, the remaining 24 contained inserted sequences with variable sizes at the DSB site that originated from the fragmented host mitochondrial DNA, E. coli chromosomal DNA, and the Cas9 expression vector DNA. The latter two were thought to be contaminated DNAs that were not removed during the purification process of the Cas9 protein. Despite this unexpected finding, the study demonstrated that editing G. lucidum genes using the Cas9-gRNA complex is achievable with comparable efficiency to the plasmid-mediated editing system.

Isolation, Purification and Characterization of the Active Compounds from Ganoderma spp. and Evaluation of its Activities in Inhibiting the Growth of the Pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria tenuissima

The main objectives of the present study include purification of the active Compounds from the medecinal mushroom, Ganoderma spp. for inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria tenuissima. The antifungal activity of the protein content separated by gel filtration chromatography for four strains of Ganoderma mushroom; G. resinaceum strain Has.AA-8(ON834527.1), G. applanatum strain Has.AA-6 (ON834523.1), G. resinaceum strain 1049 (MN448375) and G. lucidum strain Has.AA-7 (ON834541.1)was studied. The results showed presence of 6,8,8 and 9 inhibitory protein peaks against the phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria tenuissima related to these mushroom strains, respectively. Among these protein fractions, three inhibitory enzymes namely, chitinase, β-glucanase and protease were identified. The results showed the highest chitinase activity and the inhibitory effect were recorded in the fractions 14 and 16 of the protein contents of G. lucidum Has.AA-7 and G. resinaceum 1049, in which, chitinase activity reached 3.11 and 3.06 units / ml, respectively, while the inhibition zones were 1.4 cm for both pathogenic fungi and 0.9 and 1 cm for F. oxysporum and A. tenuissima, respectively, while the highest β-glucanase activities were 1.62 unit/ml in the protein contents of G. lucidum Has.AA-7 which record the inhibition zone of 1.3 cm for both pathogenic fungi, compared to the β-glucanase of G. applanatum Has.AA-6 and G. resinaceum 1049 which recorded the highest inhibition zone (1.4 cm) for F. oxysporum. The results also showed the highest protease activities were 28.04 and 27.75 unit/ml from the fractions 32 and 46 of the protein content of G. resinaceum 1049 and G. resinaceum Has.AA-8, with the highest inhibition zones (1.7 and 1.4 cm) for F. oxysporum and (1.2 and 1.1 cm) for A. tenuissima, respectively. Its clearly from this results, Ganoderma spp. produces a wide range of protein substances that inhibit phytopathogenic fungi, F. oxysporum and A. tenuissima.

Characterization, antioxidant activity, and mineral profiling of Auricularia cornea mushroom strains.

Mushrooms are considered as next-generation healthy food components. Owing to their low-fat content, high-quality proteins, dietary fiber, and rich source of nutraceuticals. They are ideally preferred in formulation of low-caloric functional foods. In this view, the breeding strategies of mushroom Auricularia cornea (A. cornea) focusing on high yield and higher quality with rich nutritional values and health benefits are still needed. A total of 50 strains of A. cornea were used to analyze the bio efficiency and the time required for fruiting body formation following the cultivation experiment. The calorimetric method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity and quantify the crude polysaccharides and minerals content thereafter. The results showed that the time required for fruiting body formation and biological efficiency varied significantly among the selected strains. Noticeably, the wild domesticated strain Ac13 of A. cornea mushroom showed the shortest fruit development time (80 days). Similarly, the hybrid strains including Ac3 and Ac15 possessed the highest biological efficiency (82.40 and 94.84%). Hybrid strains Ac18 (15.2%) and cultivated strains Ac33 (15.6%) showed the highest content of crude polysaccharides, while cultivated strains Ac1 and Ac33, demonstrated the highest content of total polysaccharides in the fruiting body (216 mg. g-1 and 200 mg. g-1). In the case of mineral content, the highest zinc contents were observed from the cultivated strain Ac46 (486.33 mg·kg-1). The maximum iron content was detected from the hybrid strain Ac3 (788 mg·kg-1), and the wild domesticated strain Ac28 (350 mg·kg-1). The crude polysaccharides of the A. cornea strain showed significant antioxidant potential, and the ability of Ac33 and Ac24 to scavenge DPPH radicals and ABTS, which was significantly improved compared to other strains, respectively. Principal component analysis was applied to examine the agronomic traits and chemical compounds of various strains of A. cornea mushrooms. The results revealed that cultivated, wild domesticated, and hybrid strains of A. cornea exhibited distinct characteristics in terms of growth, yield, and nutritional properties. The crude polysaccharides from A. cornea mushroom strains act as natural antioxidants, the wild, hybrid, and commercial A. cornea mushroom strains can achieve rapid growth, early maturation, and high yields. The evaluation of biochemical indexes and nutritional characteristics of strains with excellent traits provided a scientific basis for initiating high-quality breeding, provided germplasm resources for the production of "functional food" with real nutritional and health value.

Production of 17 strains of edible mushroom grown on corn stover and its effect on the chemical composition and ruminal in vitro digestibility of the residual substrate.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production (P) (g of fresh mushrooms /bag) and biological efficiency (BE) (g of fresh mushrooms per 100 g of dry substrate) of 17 fungal strains, namely Pleurotus ostreatus Po-IAP, Po-P38, Po-P14, Po-IE202, Po-Sfco, Po-JP, Po-Psma, and Po-POS, Pleurotus djamour Pd-PRO and Pd-UTMR, Pleurotus eryngii Pe-MB and Pe-PQ, Lentinula edodes L15, L9, L5, and LC, and Hericium erinaceus Heri, produced in corn stover (CS) and to assess the content of crude protein (CP), lignin (L), cellulose, hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) of the residual substrate of CS, the so called spent mushroom substrate (SMS), in comparison to the non-inoculated substrate (C). The variables were analyzed as a completely randomized block design using R 4.0.3 software. Means were compared using Tukey's procedure. The Pleurotus spp. strains, compared to Lentinula spp. and Hericium spp., presented better BE and P. In comparison to C, the SMS increased the CP content (p < 0.05) from 10.8% (Po-JP) to 70.3% (LC), while NDF decreased (p < 0.05) from 11.5% (Pd-Pro) to 33.5% (L15) and IVDMD increased (p < 0.05) from 16.2% (Heri) to 47.7% (Pd-UTMR). In conclusion, of the 17 strains evaluated, the 3 strains of Lentinula edodes (L5, L15, and L9), one strain of Pleurotus djamour (Pd-UTMR), and one strain of Pleurotus ostreatus (Po-IAP) generated a SMS that, due to its nutritional improvement and increase in IVDMD, could be used as feed for ruminants. Our results also showed that corn stover is a suitable substrate to produce Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies, with strain Po-IAP as the best yielding.

Nutritional analysis of cultivated mushrooms of India

The fruiting bodies of the latest strains of edible mushrooms were obtained from the ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during 2020–21. The objective of the study was to evaluate the nutritional values including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, dietary fiber, energy, moisture and ash contents of cultivated mushrooms with the view to increase awareness regarding benefits of mushrooms. The samples were analyzed for different parameters from Punjab Biotechnology Incubator, Mohali, India. The results showed 15.27 to 38.75% proteins, 0.84 to 3.88% lipids, 39.33 to 69.60% carbohydrates, 30.22 to 40.48% dietary fibers, 319.9 Kcal/100 g to 363.1 Kcal/100 g energy, 87.02 to 92.44% moisture and 6.75 to 9.5% ash content. The results of the present study also showed closeness to the results of the previous studies.

Screening of medicinal mushroom strains with antimicrobial activity and polysaccharides production

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of culture fluid and mycelial mass of selectedHericiumstrains from the IBK Mushroom Culture Collection (Kyiv, Ukraine) against bacteria and fungi, as well as to evaluate the potential of these mushrooms for biomass and extracellular polysaccharides production.MethodsThe antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of culture fluid and aqueous-ethyl extracts of mycelial mass for threeHericiumspecies:Hericium cirrhatumIBK 2393,Hericium coralloidesIBK 2332, andHericium erinaceusIBK 2530 against Gram-positiveBacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negativeEscherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aureginosabacteria as well asAspergillus niger,Penicillium polonicum, andMucor globosusfungi by the disk diffusion method was conducted. Analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out according to the broth dilution method.ResultsHigh antimicrobial activity of culture fluid extracts ofHericiummushroom species againstS. aureuswas established after 14–21 days of cultivation. No effects ofHericiumextracts againstA. niger,P. polonicum, andM. globosuswere observed. On the 7th day of submerged cultivation, the studied strains produced the maximum yield of extracellular polysaccharides. The most promising extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) producers were strains ofH. coralloidesIBK 2332 (1.89 g/L) andH. erinaceusIBK 2530 (1.90 g/L). The maximal value of biomass was produced byH. cirrhatumIBK 2393 on the 21st day of submerged cultivation (17.45 g/L).ConclusionsHericiummushrooms have significant potential for the development of new drugs with health benefits properties.

Influence of Heat Treatment and Solid-State Fermentation on the Lignocellulosic Fractions of Substrates Supporting Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler Cultivation: Implications for Commercial Production

Mushroom production in India has registered a considerable growth in the recent times. However, cultivation of shiitake mushroom, which represents a major share at a global level, is still at a primitive stage in the Indian subcontinent. The scarcity of raw materials and the cost of energy for substrate sterilization are the major hurdles for a large-scale production. The present study delves into the possibility of growing shiitake mushroom on lignocellulosic biomass (saw dust and wheat straw) processed with different heat treatments to develop a cost-effective production technology. Six different strains of shiitake mushroom, viz., DMRO-35, 51, 297, 388s, 410, 412, were used in this study. The substrates were exposed to a pasteurization temperature of 80 ± 5 °C in a bulk pasteurization chamber for three different times (H1–H3) and also to a high-pressure sterilization (H4) in an autoclave. DMRO-388s was found to be the most productive strain, irrespective of the substrate and heat treatment method used. Significant differences were observed in the biological yield depending on the type of substrate and heat treatment. Changes in the biochemical composition of the lignocellulosic residues in three different stages, viz., pre heat treatment, inoculation and primordial formation stages, were recorded. Changes in heat treatment levels and duration significantly altered the cellulose/lignin ratio of the growing substrate. High-pressure sterilization aided the rapid degradation of lignin in the substrate and increased its bioavailability, thereby facilitating the fungus achieving its potential yield. A significant correlation in the positive direction between the yield levels of the tested strains and the consumption of lignin in the growing substrate was found, suggesting the significance of pre heat treatment for the bioconversion of lignin and its subsequent utilization in the solid-state fermentation process. The substrate pre heat treatment under high-pressure sterilization was proved to be beneficial to obtain the maximum yields of shiitake mushroom.

Wheat Milling by-Products: an Alternative to Produce Amylolytic Enzymes by Mushrooms Strains

HIGHLIGHTS One of the first works on the amylase production by Ganoderma applanatum; Production of α-amylase in the wheat milling by-product without supplementation; This strain showed potential to produce amylase in several wheat milling by-products; Amylase production costs 42-fold less with by-product than synthetic medium

Disease Assessment and Casing Variables for Cultivation of White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (Lange))

An essential step in the cultivation of white button mushrooms for commercial use is the addition of substrate at the casing to boost quality and yield. The goal of this experiment was to investigate how different casing combinations affected the growth and yield of the white button mushroom (A. bisporus) strain U3 as well as conduct a wet bubble and green mould disease assessment. The various casing compositions differed significantly from one another. The casing mixture CP + FYM + RH (steam pasteurization) produced the highest overall yield (816.66 g), while CP produced the lowest (516.66 g). A gain of 1.48 was generated for every rupee spent on research thanks to the B:C ratio. During the 2020–2021 survey years, the incidence of the disease of wet bubble and green mould varied from 2.98 to 33.33 % and 14.83 to 64.92 percent, respectively, in Punjab's button mushroom farming farm districts. These studies will aid mushroom farmers in making the best casing material choices for the white button mushroom (A. bisporus), which has the best growth and yield potential in our nation.