Mushroom Poisoning Research Articles

N-Hydroxy-Phe-Phe, a new dipeptide, and cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes from the lethal toxic mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae.

Podostroma cornu-damae, commonly referred to as the red deer's horn mushroom due to its distinct resemblance to the antlers of a deer, is a lethal toxic mushroom that causes vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea, disturbance of consciousness, and even death. In continuation of our research aiming to investigate the novel structural and/or biological principles present in Korean wild mushrooms, a new N-hydroxyphenylalanine-phenylalanine dipeptide, N-hydroxy-Phe-Phe (1), and three known macrocyclic trichothecenes, satratoxin H (2), 12'-episatratoxin H (3), and roridin F (4), were isolated from the MeOH extract of a plate culture of the poisonous mushroom P. cornu-damae. The chemical structure of the new dipeptide (1) was determined by analyzing 1D and 2D NMR spectra and high-resolution (HR)-electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESIMS), along with a computational method combined with a statistical procedure (DP4+), and its absolute configuration was unambiguously assigned by quantum chemical ECD calculations. To the best of our knowledge, compound 1 is the first dipeptide found in P. cornu-damae. Upon evaluating the cytotoxicity of compounds 1-4 against four human-derived cancer cell lines namely SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, A549, and HCT15, 12'-episatratoxin H (3) displayed potent cytotoxic effects toward all four cell lines tested, with IC50 values ranging from 0.7 to 2.8 nM, which was found to be stronger than that of doxorubicin. Satratoxin H (2) also demonstrated moderate cytotoxic potency against all four cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 1.93 to 4.22 μM. Our findings provide experimental data supporting the potential of the poisonous mushroom P. cornu-damae as a source of anticancer agents.

Mushroom Poisoning and Treatments

The poisoning mushroom can affect the human body and is even lethal. This review summarizes gastroenteritis, hemolytic and liver damage caused by poisoning mushroom, as well as therapy methods for a variety of toxins. The main symptoms of gastroenteritis include acute nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. For that, the common treatments include vomiting, gastric lovage and catharsis. The manifestation of hemolytic contains interic, acute anemia, liver adds spleen enlargement. The main approaches used to alleviate the effects are cortisone and atrium biacrbonate. Moreover, serious anemic people can use adrenal cortical hormones or Transfusion Therapy. The symptoms of liver damage are quite similar to gastroenteritis and hemolytic, but the manifestation is instruction regarding form doctors and over-the counter medicines. With prompt treatment, most minor symptoms can be cured. However, if the toxin has damaged the endoplasmic reticulum from liver nucleus, it would be difficult for patients to recover. Future research may focuse on precise treatment methods of mushroom positioning. More efforts should be made to facilitate the awareness of people about poisoning mushrooms to prevent mushroom poisoning.

The Classification of Mushroom Types Using Naïve Bayes and Principal Component Analysis

Indonesia is one of tropical countries with high humidity which makes it possible for various plants and microorganisms to grow properly. One of the microorganisms that shall grow well in Indonesia is be considered as fungi or mushrooms. They have several types including poisonous and edible mushrooms that shall be consumed by human beings. The purpose of this research is to make it easier to classify between the types of poisonous mushrooms and edible mushrooms which can be consumed by using the Naïve Bayes algorithm to get the accurate classification results. In this research, the Naive Bayes algorithm is used to classify the types of mushrooms by utilizing the Principal Component Analyst technique which serves to reduce the number of features applied in the dataset. The data collection technique used in the research is by documenting the official website of the UCI Machine Learning Repository whereas the Mushrooms dataset consists of 22 features and 1 class are applied. After classifying using Naïve Bayes with Principal Component Analyst, then the researcher is evaluating using the 10-Fold Cross Validation technique whereas the results obtained are pc = 10 and the classification result is be considered as 84%.

Analysis of the clinical features and risk factors of death in patients with mushroom poisoning

Abstract Background Wild edible mushrooms are rich in nutrition and popular with people; however, few laboratory studies are available about the predictability of outcomes among patients with mushroom poisoning. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the clinical features and death risk factors of patients with mushroom poisoning. Methods Patients with mushroom poisoning admitted to the hospital from 2015 to 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Results A total of 197 patients with mushroom poisoning were enrolled in this study, of which 100 (50.76%) were males, and the mortality was 10.66% (21/197). Patients who died were more likely to have demonstrated a long latency, high alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin (TB), activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that TB level greater than or equal to 34.2 μmol/L had the greatest lethal risk and could increase the risk of death by 14.588 times (odds ratio: 15.588; 95% confidence interval: 2.088–116.351), which indicated that TB was an independent risk factor of death in patients with acute mushroom poisoning. Conclusion Bilirubin concentration was associated with the increased likelihood of mortality. Total bilirubin was the independent risk factor of mushroom poisoning.

Management of confirmed mushroom poisoning

During the autumn season, it is common for mushroom pickers to eat poisonous mushrooms. This is due to many reasons, including the ignorance of pickers. The most common is the misidentification of inedible species as edible mushrooms. The result is poisoning, which in many cases requires hospitalization.
 This paper presents a case report of toadstool poisoning by a 62-year-old female patient. In addition, other relevant publications on intoxication, diagnostic methods and treatment are reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to present the management and treatment of a case of toadstool poisoning.
 The effects of mushroom poisoning can range from mild disorders, mainly gastrointestinal to organ failure and even death. Significant elevations of liver enzymes and prothrombin time are important in laboratory tests in cases of intoxication. Treatment most often involves specific antidotes, such as Sylimarin, Acetylcysteine. The diagnosis in most cases is made on the basis of the clinical picture and a thorough interview with the patient, and the diagnosis is established by detecting toxins in a urine test. The prognosis is better if patients with toadstool poisoning are admitted to the hospital early. It is worth noting that gastrointestinal syndromes can also result from eating raw or inadequately cooked mushrooms, and by eating them excessively or too often.
 Proper diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning can save lives. It is very important to raise public awareness of mushroom poisoning, as well as early detection of potential signs of intoxication. Cooperation with the poison center and mycologists is very important, especially in high-risk cases.

EDITORIAL : The how and why of scientific naming: What’s in a name?

Quite a lot, actually. Names organize and give meaning to our world. They give us identity and allow us to communicate clearly and efficiently. In the context of scientific names for living and fossil organisms, they link data from around the globe into a synthetic framework from which we can make powerful predictions and effective strategies: everything from governmental policies and next-generation medicines to the origins of diversity and its responses to climate change. These, and many other reasons, are the why, but how is equally important. Unlike folk taxonomies, which are rich in cultural tradition and applicable only at local scales, scientific nomenclature must abide specific rules to remain effective globally, unbounded by the vagaries of local customs. These names must also transcend time so that data from past and future generations can be meaningfully synergized for their greatest benefit. Not surprisingly, to achieve such lofty goals, an entire form of information science is needed, one complete with its own terminology and pragmatic rules. The how of scientific naming is as vital as the why, for to fail at the first means catastrophe for the fundamental reasons of the latter. Imagine bad practices for the scientific naming of drugs or diseases and the tsunami of disastrous impacts that would follow. Now imagine the same if we failed at communicating about disease-transmitting mosquitos or poisonous mushrooms. Scientific names have life-sustaining importance and we cannot be cavalier about taxonomic science and formalized nomenclature.

Machine Learning-Based Classification of Mushrooms Using a Smartphone Application

Worldwide, a large number of cases of harmful mushroom exposure and consumption result in hallucinations, sickness, and death. One contributing factor is that certain poisonous mushrooms closely resemble their edible counterparts, making it difficult for general public collectors to distinguish one from the other. We propose a method to classify mushroom types from field-collection images using a smartphone application based on a convolutional neural network. The application helps people without proper mycology background or training to distinguish poisonous mushrooms from edible ones with which they may be confused. We showed three case studies to classify two-, three-, and five-class models by optimizing their training steps by cross-validation. An android app was developed by transferring the server-based trained model and allowing users to obtain probability scores for the correct genus classification. Our experiments showed that this method could provide sensitivity and specificity of two-, three-, and five-class mushroom models ranging from 89% to 100% using an image from the field with diverse backgrounds and objects.

Six groups of poisonous mushrooms: classified according to clinical symptoms

Since they have been consumed for a very long time, mushrooms have been linked to numerous ailments that are primarily toxin-induced. The precision and speed of diagnosis will be hampered by a lack of knowledge of the signs of mushroom poisoning, which poses a serious risk to public health and safety. This paper mainly discus cytotoxic, neurotoxic, myotoxic, metabolic, endocrine and related toxicity, gastrointestinal irritant, and miscellaneous adverse reactions of mushrooms, indicating that mushrooms can be categorized based on the kind of harmful reaction, which is helpful for the evaluation and analysis of clinical problems. By having a better understanding of various symptoms, one can make wiser decisions and develop effective coping mechanisms in the event of poisoning, thereby minimizing the damage caused by mushrooms and refocusing attention on the investigation of whether mushrooms may have any potential benefits.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the poisonous mushroom Trichoderma cornu-damae (Hypocreaceae)

Trichoderma cornu-damae is a poisonous mushroom that contains trichothecene mycotoxins. The complete mitochondrial genome of this mushroom was determined using next-generation sequencing. This mitogenome is a circular molecule 94,608 bp in length with a GC content of 27.94% and contains 15 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes (rnl and rns), and 25 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed T. cornu-damae in the family Hypocreaceae group, which includes the genus Trichoderma. The mitogenome of T. cornu-damae will contribute to our understanding of the phylogeny, taxonomy, and population genetics of this mushroom.

Mushroom poisoning in Thailand between 2003 and 2017.

The frequent occurrence of mushroom poisoning cases in the wet season in Thailand has long been recognized but has never been quantitatively analyzed. This study aims to analyze mushroom poisoning cases in Thailand between 2003 and 2017 and focused on their association with the rainfall. The results revealed 22,571 cases and 106 deaths in this period. Cases were higher for females than males, adults than children, and agriculturists than people in other occupations. Cases were higher in the northeastern and northern regions than in the central, south, and east regions. There are strong effects of seasonality on mushroom poisoning cases. Over the 15-y period, 17,337 cases occurred in the wet season (May-Sep) compared with 5,234 cases in the dry season (Oct-Apr). The number of monthly poisoning cases were high in men, mature adults, agriculturists, people living in the rural areas and people living in the Northeastern and Northern provinces. Moreover, a strong positive correlation was shown between the number of monthly poisoning cases and the amount of monthly rainfall.

Effects of Explainable Artificial Intelligence on trust and human behavior in a high-risk decision task

Understanding the recommendations of an artificial intelligence (AI) based assistant for decision-making is especially important in high-risk tasks, such as deciding whether a mushroom is edible or poisonous. To foster user understanding and appropriate trust in such systems, we assessed the effects of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods and an educational intervention on AI-assisted decision-making behavior in a 2 × 2 between subjects online experiment with N=410 participants. We developed a novel use case in which users go on a virtual mushroom hunt and are tasked with picking edible and leaving poisonous mushrooms. Users were provided with an AI-based app that showed classification results of mushroom images. To manipulate explainability, one subgroup additionally received attribution-based and example-based explanations of the AI’s predictions; for the educational intervention one subgroup received additional information on how the AI worked. We found that the group that received explanations outperformed that which did not and showed better calibrated trust levels. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the educational intervention, domain-specific (i.e., mushroom) knowledge, and AI knowledge had no effect on performance. We discuss practical implications and introduce the mushroom-picking task as a promising use case for XAI research.

Meyeroguilline E, a New Isoindolinone Alkaloid from the Poisonous Mushroom Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Identification of Compounds with Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Reversal Activities.

Three isoindolinone alkaloids (1-3), including one new isoindolinone-type alkaloid, meyeroguilline E (1), and six other known compounds (4-9) were isolated from the poisonous mushroom Chlorophyllum molybdites (Agaricaceae). The structure of the new compound was determined using extensive spectroscopic analyses via one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR data interpretation and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). To the best of our knowledge, compound 1 is the first example of a natural isoindolinone with a butanoic acid moiety, and this study is the first to detect the other known compounds (2-9) in C. molybdites. The isolated compounds (1-9) were examined for their multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal activity against MES-SA, MES-SA/DX5, HCT15, and HCT15/CL02 human cancer cells. Based on the results, 20 μM of compounds 3 and 6 slightly potentiated paclitaxel (TAX)-induced cytotoxicity in MES-SA/DX5, HCT15, and HCT15/CL02 cells; however, the compounds had no effect on the cytotoxicity against MES-SA and nonMDR cells.

Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of Trichoderma cornu-damae Using Hi-C Data.

Trichoderma cornu-damae is known as a poisonous mushroom (Basidiomycota, Fungi) that produces several trichothecene mycotoxins. We constructed a chromosome-level genome assembly of T. cornu-damae with Hi-C sequencing data.

영화 <곡성>에 나타난 무지와 무시의 자기기만 작동 원리

The self-deception of ignorance and ignoring that appears in the characters of the movie <Wailing> is the main narrative strategy of this film. The characters, who are deceived by false rumors and suspicions, cannot distinguish between reality and fantasy, and make wrong choices, leading to catastrophe. The way they are caught up in false beliefs, creating fantasies and creating psychological enemies resembles the chaos of the COVID-19 pandemic and infodemic. The concept of ignorance and ignoring is based on Renata Salecl's point of view. In a state of conscious or unconscious ignorance, the characters make misjudgments and mistakes, and fail to respond to disasters by committing hatred and violence. The collective ignorance and ignoring of poisonous mushrooms constitutes the view of conspiracy theories. The character desperately takes only gestures to solve the problem, and is destroyed by repeated doubts and confirmation bias. Recently, widespread ignorance and ignoring in our society promotes political, social, and cultural tribalism, obstructs our understanding of the world and humans, and is used as a principle to hate others and the weak and even deceive ourselves. This is the core principle that penetrates the confusion of pandemics and infodemics and <The Wailing>.

Diagnosis and Treatment of 100 Cases of Liver Poisoning

Objective — To analyze the diagnosis and treatment of hallucinic mushroom poisoning and provide evidence for the early diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning. Methods — 100 patients included from May 2017 to April 2021 were analyzed, monitored the relevant laboratory indicators, counted the impaired organ function, and analyzed the efficacy of relevant treatment programs. Results — Among 100 patients with liver poisoning, in 11 cases of gastrointestinal poisoning, for 11.00%, disease course (5.32 ± 3.12) h; in 89 cases, neuropsychiatric poisoning occurred, for 89.00%, disease course (2.05 ± 0.61) h, among them, the neuropsychiatric poisoning patients accounted for the highest proportion, patients with gastrointestinal type have a long disease duration. Of the 100 patients with BHF poisoning, in 7 cases of nausea and vomiting, for 7.00%; in two cases of abdominal pain, for 2.00%; one case of severe diarrhea, for 1.00%; one case of gastrointestinal bleeding, for 3.00%; in 12 cases, for 12.00%; tears in 5 cases, for 5.00%; in 32 cases, for 32.00%; slow pulse in 13 cases, for 13.00%. Vision — 74 cases, Accounting for 74.00%.There were no abnormal changes in liver and kidney function indicators (ALT, AST, A S T, BUN, SCr, CK, CK-MB, LDH, WBC, Tbil, PTA, and Dbil) in 100 patients with vine liver bacteria intoxication, and no significant difference was found before and after treatment (P> 0.05). All the 100 patients with bovine liver bacteria poisoning recovered and were discharged after relevant treatment measures, with a cure rate of 100%, among which the neuropsychiatric hospital stay time was shorter than the gastrointestinal type (P <0.05). Will 100 poisoning patients according to the severity of mild group (mild, moderate) 78 cases, severe group 22 cases, the influence of both groups, mild group age, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, high homocysteinemia are significantly lower than the severe group (P <0.05). Conclusion — most patients with neuropsychiatric damage, after taking timely treatment measures, the cure rate is quite large, including the toxic prognosis is affected by the factors such as age, basic disease history, with basic diseases of elderly poisoning groups need to pay special attention, when necessary, such as blood perfusion to ensure the cure rate.

The disease burden of wild mushroom poisoning in Yunnan Province from 2017 to 2021

The disease burden of wild mushroom poisoning in Yunnan Province from 2017 to 2021

Assessing global fungal threats to humans.

Fungi are an integral part of the earth's biosphere. They are broadly distributed in all continents and ecosystems and play a diversity of roles. Here, I review our current understanding of fungal threats to humans and describe the major factors that contribute to various threats. Among the 140,000 or so known species out of the estimated six million fungal species on Earth, about 10% directly or indirectly threaten human health and welfare. Major threats include mushroom poisoning, fungal allergies, infections of crop plants, food contamination by mycotoxins, and mycoses in humans. A growing number of factors have been identified to impact various fungal threats, including human demographics, crop distributions, anthropogenic activities, pathogen dispersals, global climate change, and/or the applications of antifungal drugs and agricultural fungicides. However, while models have been developed for analyzing various processes of individual threats and threat managements, current data are primarily descriptive and incomplete, and there are significant obstacles to integration of the diverse factors into accurate quantitative assessments of fungal threats. With increasing technological advances and concerted efforts to track the spatial and temporal data on climate and environmental variables; mycotoxins in the feed and food supply chains; fungal population dynamics in crop fields, human and animal populations, and the environment; human population demographics; and the prevalence and severities of fungal allergies and diseases, our ability to accurately assess fungal threats will improve. Such improvements should help us develop holistic strategies to manage fungal threats in the future.

Mushroom Classification using Random Forest and REP Tree Classifiers

Mushroom is a popular fruit of a much larger fungus that has a high level of protein and a rich source of vitamin B. It aids in the prevention of cancer, weight loss, and immune system enhancement. There are numerous thousands of mushroom species within the world and a few are eatable and a few are noxious due to noteworthy poisons on them. Hence, it is a vital errand to distinguish between eatable and harmful mushrooms. This paper focuses on comparing the performance of Random Forest and Reduced Error Pruning (REP) Tree classification algorithms for the classification of edible and poisonous mushrooms. In this paper, mushroom dataset from UCI machine learning repository has been classified using Random Forest and REP Tree classifiers. The result based on accuracy, precision, recall and F-measure showed that the Random Forest outperformed REP Tree algorithm as it had highest accuracy value of 100%, precision value of 100%, recall value of 100% and F- measure value of 100%. The performance is 100% by using Random Forest, which is found better with respect to REP Tree classifier.

Atropine Is a Suppressor of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) That Reduces Stemness in Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells

Atropine (ATR) is extracted from a belladonna plant that belongs to a class of anticholinergic drugs and is therefore involved in the treatment of the overdose of cholinergic drugs or mushroom poisoning. It is a well-known blocker of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that are expressed in various tumor cells, including breast tumors from animal and human origin, but it has yet to be recommended as an anticancer drug. Our in silico docking analysis indicates that atropine has a roust virtual binding, with a stable binding energy, to two major signaling molecules involved in EMT regulation: E-cad and ZEB-2. For both, the gene and the protein expression level results show that atropine is an effective molecule in reducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and colony formation induced by TGF-B or carboplatin in both the mesenchymal-like cell line MDA-MB-231 and the epithelial-like cell line T47D. We conclude that atropine as a potential suppressor of EMT could be co-administrated with other chemotherapeutic drugs to reduce stemness in drug-resistant breast tumor cells.

 Pseudospermaarenarium (Inocybaceae), a new poisonous species from Eurasia, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence.

In this study, Pseudospermaarenarium is proposed as a new species, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence. The new species grows on sandy ground under Populus and Pinussylvestris in north-western China and northern Europe, respectively. It is characterised by the combination of the robust habit, nearly glabrous pileus, large cylindrical basidiospores, thin-walled cheilocystidia and ecological associations with Populusalba × P.berolinensis and Pinussylvestris and unique phylogenetic placement. Additionally, a comprehensive toxin determination of the new species using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was conducted. Results showed that it was a muscarine-positive species. The content were approximately five times higher in the pilei [4012.2 ± 803.1-4302.3 ± 863.2 mg/kg (k = 2, p = 95%)] than in the stipes [850.4 ± 171.1-929.1 ± 184.2 mg/kg (k = 2, p = 95%)], demonstrating the severity of mushroom poisoning when patients consumed different parts of the poisonous mushroom. Amatoxins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, psilocybin and psilocin were not detected.