Mushroom Pileus Research Articles

Color Reaction Identification of Omphalotus guepiniformis Causing Food Poisoning

Simple identification using a color reaction was applied to investigate poisoning, putatively caused by Omphalotus guepiniformis. Some leftover uncooked mushrooms had turned turquoise green when a beam reagent (5 w/v% potassium hydroxide ethanolic solution) was dripped onto the mushroom pileus. Furthermore, ethanol extract of the mushrooms exhibited the same color reaction. Then, illudin S, a toxic compound contained in O. guepiniformis, was detected in uncooked leftover mushrooms using LC-MS/MS analysis. Therefore, this case was inferred as caused by O. guepiniformis. These results indicate the identification method described above as useful for screening tests for investigating food poisoning caused by O. guepiniformis.

Development of a Simple Identification Method for Omphalotus guepiniformis by Color Reaction

A simple method of identification using a color reaction was developed for Omphalotus guepiniformis. Only Omphalotus guepiniformis turned turquoise green. Other edible mushrooms resembling the mushroom did not change color when the beam reagent (5 w/v% potassium hydroxide ethanolic solution) was dripped onto the mushroom pileus. Furthermore, ethanol extract and mock cooking products of this mushroom exhibited the same color reaction. These results demonstrate this method as useful for identifying Omphalotus guepiniformis during mushroom hunting or during investigations of food poisoning.

Effects of different substrates on production of oyster mushroom in walling of syangja, Nepal

This research was conducted in Agriculture Development Resource Center, Syangja to determine the effectiveness of substrate for the production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Completely Randomization Design was used for this research with three replications in which five treatments (substrate) were used i.e.; rice straw, finger-millet straw, saw dust, maize straw and maize cob. Days required for full colonization, first fruiting, harvesting time, total mushroom production, mushroom pileus diameter, and stipe length were observed by taking 5 sample randomly from each treatment. Among the investigated substrate compositions, maize cob required the fewest days (19 days) to complete spawn running, followed by finger-millet straw (21 days), while saw dust required the most days (38 days) to complete spawn running. Finger-millet straw indicated the shortest time (28 days) harvesting, and the maximum yield was found in finger-millet straw (1.05 kg) and highest stipe length (5.3cm) was found in saw dust followed by rice straw (4.8 cm). Among various used substrate finger-millet straw was found to be the best for mushroom production at least in Waling, Syangja.
 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.9(1): 11-16, April 2022

MERCURY ACCUMULATION IN WILD MUSHROOMS AT ABANDONED Hg-DEPOSIT MALACHOV (SLOVAKIA)

The aim of the presented article was to determine the Hg content in the fruiting bodies of 13 generally consumed mushroom species (Boletus reticulatus, Clitocybe nebularis, Lactarius deliciosus, Macrolepiota procera, Russula spp., Suillus grevillei, Tricholoma spp.) growing at the area of abandoned mercury deposit Malachov. The Hg concentrations were analyzed by thermal decomposition-gold amalgamation atomic absorption spectroscopy, using AMA-254 Advanced Mercury Analyzer. The Hg concentrations in soil varied widely (ranging from 0.01 to 2.44mg·kg-1), furthermore, they were particularly depended on the mushroom species. The fruiting bodies of Russula ochroleuca contained the highest concentrations of Hg (up to 16.69mg·kg-1). The lowest concentrations were detected in Russula aeruginea (from 0.04 to 0.06 in stipe stems and from 0.05 to 0.06mg·kg-1 in pileus) and in Russula vesca (0.05 in stipe stems; 0.09mg·kg-1 in pileus). Mercury is preferentially accumulated in the mushroom pileus (ranging from 0.05 in Russula vesca to 16.69mg·kg-1 in Russula ochroleuca). The bioconcentration factor was calculated for the rate of the Hg content in soil substrate vs. its concentration in the mushroom pileus (ranging from 0.03 to 29.22). The results indicate that some investigated mushroom species can be referred as Hg excluders (e.g. Russula vesca) whereas some other species as accumulators (e.g. Russula ochroleuca or Tricholoma portentosum). The obtained results were compared with the Government Decrees of Slovak Republic, showing that the substantial part of the studied mushroom species exceed the legal tolerance limit (0.25 mg kg-1) suggested for Hg in plant food and therefore they can be considered as inappropriate for human consumption.

Influence of pileus size on composition of biochemical parameters in milky mushrooms

Calocybe indica, known as milky white mushroom is tropical in origin and is gaining commercial importance in Telangana state due to their nutritional, antioxidant and therapeutic values. In Telangana the market for the fresh mushrooms of Calocybe spp. is mainly based on the size of the pileus of mushroom. Keeping this in view the present study was conducted to see the effect of the size of pileus on its biochemical composition in the milky mushroom variety Calocybe indica. The fresh milky mushroom sporocarps of different sizes were selected for the studies which were oven dried at 40 0C ground into fine powder and estimated for their biochemical composition. The results revealed that the protein content increased with increase in size of pileus up to 4.3cm diameter and then declined with increase in size of pileus. Lipid analysis in mushroom showed that the per cent lipid content decreased with increase in size of the pileus. While there is no specific correlation between the quantity of carbhohydrates and size of the pileus, but there is a clear cut decrease in phenol quantity with increase in pileus size.

Resistance Sources to Brown Blotch Disease (Pseudomonas tolaasii) in a Diverse Collection of Pleurotus Mushroom Strains.

Brown blotch disease (BBD) caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii is one of the most devastating diseases of Pleurotus spp. worldwide. Breeding for resistant strains is the most effective method for controlling BBD. To identify resistant germplasm for BBD management, 97 strains comprising 21 P. cf. floridanus, 20 P. ostreatus, and 56 P. pulmonarius were screened by two different methods; namely, inoculation of the pathogen on the mushroom pileus (IMP) and on the spawned substrate (IMSS) under controlled conditions. Out of the 97 strains screened, 22 P. pulmonarius, and four P. cf. floridanus were moderately resistant to BBD using the IMP method. Eleven P. pulmonarius, six P. cf. florida, and one P. ostreatus strains were highly resistant to BBD using the IMSS method. All of the 97 strains showed varying degrees of susceptibility using the IMP method, but eight strains were completely resistant using the IMSS method. Combining these two methods, five strains were highly resistant (four P. pulmonarius and one P. cf. floridanus) and 11 were moderately resistant (eight P. pulmonarius and three P. cf. floridanus). The resistance sources to P. tolaasii identified in P. pulmonarius and P. cf. floridanus could be used for further breeding of Pleurotus spp.

Mass transfer and morphometric characteristics of fresh and osmodehydrated white mushroom pilei during convective drying

The effect of osmotic dehydration pretreatment (25% NaCl, 80 °C, 180 min) on the mass transfer and morphometric characteristics of white mushroom pilei during convective drying (50, 65 and 80 °C, 2.0 m/s) is investigated. Samples were characterized during process in terms of their cross-sectional area, inner-to-outer radius ratio and roundness by using image analysis. Drying data were modeled by an unsteady state 2D-diffusion model where product was considered as a hemispherical shell. A novel shrinkage algorithm was applied to move inner and outer radial boundaries at a different rate to reduce geometry mismatch during simulation and reproduce both the change in size and proportions of product. Results indicated that OD pretreatment affected mass transfer characteristics of product by significantly lowering (p < 0.05) estimated water diffusivities in comparison to those observed in fresh samples (1.1–2.9 × 10−10 m2/s vs. 2.6–7.2 × 10−10 m2/s).

Point set registration for reduced geometry mismatch during estimation of mass transfer properties in osmotic dehydration of complex-shaped foods

The use of point set registration (PSR) in a novel approach for assisted geometry generation of complex-shaped foods during mass transfer modeling of osmotic dehydration (OD) is presented. The procedure is aimed at reducing the effect of geometry mismatch during estimation of diffusion coefficients. The PSR is based on a modified iterated closest point (ICP) algorithm. The proposed methodology was applied to obtain the optimum geometrical parameters describing the shape of white mushroom pilei (Agaricus bisporus) as a revolution solid in the oblate spheroidal coordinate system. Roundness was proposed as a shape factor to evaluate geometry mismatch. An unsteady state 2D diffusion model with the PSR-generated geometry was proposed to describe experimental data, where product shrinkage was included as the contraction of ellipse focus. Moreover, a semi-theoretical approach is presented allowing the estimation of diffusion coefficients by the well-known straight-line fit approach in the proposed geometry. Water and solute diffusivities in the product were estimated and further compared with those previously reported for hemispherical shell geometry. As opposed to hemispherical shell geometry, no significant difference was found () in roundness between PSR-generated geometry and real product shape. Diffusion coefficients estimated with the PSR-generated geometry were significantly lower than those calculated with the hemispherical shell model, indicating that proposed approach may be helpful to reduce geometry mismatch during the estimation of mass transfer properties.

Bacterial Nanobionics via 3D Printing.

Investigating the multidimensional integration between different microbiological kingdoms possesses potential toward engineering next-generation bionic architectures. Bacterial and fungal kingdom exhibits mutual symbiosis that can offer advanced functionalities to these bionic architectures. Moreover, functional nanomaterials can serve as probing agents for accessing newer information from microbial organisms due to their dimensional similarities. In this article, a bionic mushroom was created by intertwining cyanobacterial cells with graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) onto the umbrella-shaped pileus of mushroom for photosynthetic bioelectricity generation. These seamlessly merged GNRs function as agents for mediating extracellular electron transport from cyanobacteria resulting in photocurrent generation. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) printing technique was used to assemble cyanobacterial cells in anisotropic, densely packed geometry resulting in adequate cell-population density for efficient collective behavior. These 3D printed cyanobacterial colonies resulted in comparatively higher photocurrent (almost 8-fold increase) than isotropically casted cyanobacteria of similar seeding density. An insight of the proposed integration between cyanobacteria and mushroom derives remarkable advantage that arises from symbiotic relationship, termed here as engineered bionic symbiosis. Existence of this engineered bionic symbiosis was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and standard plate counting method. Taken together, the present study augments scientific understanding of multidimensional integration between the living biological microworld and functional abiotic nanomaterials to establish newer dimensionalities toward advancement of bacterial nanobionics.

The use of fermented buckwheat to produce l-carnitine enriched oyster mushroom

l-Carnitine is an essential compound that shuttles long chain fatty acids into mitochondria. The objective of this study was to produce l-carnitine enriched oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using common buckwheat fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus. Mushroom grown on common buckwheat medium contained 9.9–23.9% higher l-carnitine (186.3 mg/kg) than those grown on basal medium without any buckwheat addition. Those grown on fermented common buckwheat medium contained the highest l-carnitine content (201.2 mg/kg). Size index and lightness of mushroom pileus (L*) were also the highest (100.7 and 50.6, respectively) for those grown in medium added with fermented common buckwheat (20%, w/w). Antioxidant activities of both mushroom extracts (1.5 mg/mL) showed the same level as 38.7% for mushroom grown in media added with common buckwheat or fermented common buckwheat. At the treatment concentration of 300 μg/mL, viabilities of murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cells treated with ethanol extract of oyster mushroom grown on buckwheat medium ranged from 58.9 to 67.8%. The oyster mushroom grown on buckwheat and fermented buckwheat medium can be used as one of the substitutes for meat based diets.

The quantitative relationships among alkali elements and the availability of Rb as a substitute for radioactive Cs in Lentinula edodes

We performed particle-induced X-ray emission analysis to determine the quantitative relationships among alkali elements including radioactive Cs in Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom). The shiitake mushrooms were cultivated using radioactive Cs-contaminated hardwood logs, with Rb and stable Cs added to evaluate their concentrations by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis, as well as to measure the spatial distribution of radioactive Cs in the mushroom sample using an autoradiographic method. Radioactive Cs were strongly concentrated in the peripheral region of the mushroom pileus, whereas K, Rb, and stable Cs highly accumulated in the same region as radioactive Cs. We confirmed that the concentrations of K and Rb were basically proportional to that of stable Cs. In particular, a clear linear correlation was observed between the Rb and Cs concentrations. The results of this study indicate the availability of Rb as a substitute for Cs to study the accumulation of radioactive Cs in mushrooms.

A frame-based ANN for classification of hyperspectral images: assessment of mechanical damage in mushrooms

Imaging spectroscopy integrates conventional imaging and spectroscopy to attain both spatial and spectral information from an object. Processing and analysis of a hypercube can be a hard task. Robust methods for hyperspectral data classification are required, insensitive to imaging deficiencies and high input dimension. Mushrooms have a thin and porous epidermal structure, and are sensitive to handling and transportation practices. Mechanical damage triggers a browning process within the tissue changing its metabolic state. The objective is to quantify different levels of physical perturbation on the mushroom pilei, using near-infrared spectral images and machine learning approaches. An ANN classifier is implemented, whose input is a small set of vectors containing representative information, and output is the set of categorical labels that correspond to different levels of mechanical vibration. For obtaining a salient dataset for classifying the images, the Harris corner detection algorithm is employed. The advantage of using interest points is to replace an exhaustive search over the entire image space by a computation over a concise set of highly informative points. A frame-based classification approach is proposed and shown to produce an increase in the classification accuracy, since feature vectors regarded as single instances may not always carry sufficient discriminant information. Comparisons with statistical features computed from wavelet coefficients showed that interest points are more suitable in assessing mechanical perturbation. Comparisons on a classifier level with support vector machines showed that ANNs perform better for the specific application, implying a connection between the classification method and the underlying learning problem. Overall, the frame-based classification scheme reduced the misclassification rate. This approach is suited for challenging classification problems where the degree of class separation is variable, i.e., assessment of mechanical damage in mushrooms.

New Bioactive Molecules with Potential Antioxidant Activity from Various Extracts of Wild Edible Gelam Mushroom (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Boletus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; spp.)

Boletus spp. is a wild edible Gelam mushroom, which is only available at coastal area of Bachok, Kelantan. Locals have used this mushroom as a food source and as a traditional medicine. In this study, antioxidants were extracted using Mili-Q water and methanol. Extraction of 1.0 g of Boletus spp. mushroom pileus and stipe by water produced 0.22 ± 0.09 g and 0.3 ± 0.07 g of total aqueous soluble extracts, respectively. Methanol extraction of 1.0 g Boletus spp. mushroom pileus and stipe produced 0.31 ± 0.08 mg and 0.37 ± 0.05 mg of total methanol soluble extracts, respectively. DPPH assay has been used to determine the value of antioxidant efficiency of each extracts. DPPH assay revealed that the EC50 value of pileus aqueous soluble extract and both pileus and stipe methanol soluble extracts were 1.2 mg/ml. The EC50 value of stipe aqueous soluble extracts was 1.4 mg/ml. The EC50 value of ascorbic acid, an antioxidant control was 0.5 mg/ml. Liquid chromatography- DPPH (LC-DPPH) assay combined with Quadrupole Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF-MS) analysis of 3:2 ratio methanol and water extract has detected 43 antioxidant compounds that were involved in the reduction of DPPH. To identify these compounds, SIMCA 3.0 software that consists of PCA, OPLS-DA and s-plot analyses had been used. PCA analysis had shown the antioxidant activity from sample on DPPH as 73.6%. This antioxidant activity confirmed by OPLS-DA analysis had shown the variability between sample and control as 99.6% with 99.3% prediction. S-plot selection had shown ten antioxidant compounds significantly involved in the DPPH assay. Four of these compounds were identified by the METLIN and NIST databases. The antioxidant metabolites were 2,4,6-trimethylacetophenone imine, glutamyl tryptophan, azatadine and lithocholic acid glycine conjugate. In conclusion, this study revealed that Boletus spp. mushroom is rich with natural antioxidants, which are potentially useful for multiple nutritional and health applications.

Headspace analysis identifies indole and 1-octen-3-ol as the “coal tar” odor of Tricholoma inamoenum

The odor emanating from sporocarps of Tricholoma inamoenum has been described as resembling “coal tar”. To characterize the compounds responsible for this odor, volatile chemicals released from T. inamoenum sporocarps were collected using solid phase microextraction (SPME). Subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed only indole and 1-octen-3-ol, so these compounds must be responsible for the “coal tar” odor of T. inamoenum. Mushroom pileus size was a factor in the amount of indole produced; larger mushrooms released 25-times more indole than smaller ones. A comparison of SPME and CH2Cl2 solvent extraction of sporocarps showed major differences in the volatile organic compounds. Benzaldehyde and phenyl acetaldehyde were the major compounds in the solvent extracts, but were not detected in the SPME experiments. Tissue disruption of the mushroom before solvent extraction showed up to a 40-fold increase in the amount of 1-octen-3-ol present.

Quality of canned mushrooms acidified with glucono‐δ‐lactone

Summary The effect of sterilisation conditions (116 °C, 54 min; 121 °C, 24 min and 126 °C, 8 min) and acidification with glucono‐δ‐lactone as compared with other acids (citric, ascorbic and EDTA) on the yield and quality (colour, texture and taste) of canned whole mushrooms, has been studied using previously refrigerated raw material (1.5 or 2.5 days at 2 °C). Colour measurement of canned mushrooms by the determination of the L* parameter of ten mushroom pilei probed to be the most suitable method, among those studied, shown the greater F parameter in a variance analysis. Yield was higher when the raw material was stored under refrigeration for longer. Yield, texture and colour improved with the Highest Temperature and Shortest Time process (126 °C, 8 min). Glucono‐δ‐lactone appears to be a more suitable acidulant than citric acid as it provides equal colour, texture and yield without conferring as acid a taste as citric or an extraneous flavour.

Triton X-114-aided purification of latent tyrosinase

Mushroom tyrosinase was partially purified using an aqueous two-phase system with Triton X-114. The purification achieved was 5.5-fold from a crude extract of mushroom pileus, with a high recovery of 84%. The phenols were reduced to 8% of the original content, avoiding pre- and post-purification tanning of the enzyme. The enzyme obtained was latent and was activated 3-fold by trypsin, 2.7-fold by changes in the pH and to different extents by cationic and anionic detergents, the latter being the more effective. There was also a synergistic effect between trypsin and detergent, at low detergent concentrations. When kinetically characterized, latent enzyme showed both monophenolase and diphenolase activities, the latter activity displaying an unexpected lag period before reaching the steady-state rate. This behaviour is characteristic of a hysteretic enzyme, and has not been previously described for this enzyme. In addition, inhibition studies with substrate analogues were carried out, tropolone being found to be the most effective inhibitor.

Micoflora interna de los del basidiocarpos de la seta china y su efecto sobre el crecimiento del hongo

Se identificaron especies de hongos aislados del basidiocarpo de la seta china, Volvariella volvacea (Bull ex Fries) Sing; las más frecuentes fueron Rhizopus sp. (30%) y Monilia sitophila (etapa asexual de Neurospora sitophila Shear et Dodge), con 10%. De las especies encontradas Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries, A. fumigatus Fries., M. sitophila y Chaetomium bostrychodes Zopf aparecieron creciendo dentro del basidiocarpo de la seta y sobre la cama de bagazo de caña de azúcar. La reducción del crecimiento radial de V. volvacea por hongos competidores depende de la temperatura de incubación y la naturaleza del hongo competidor presente. Las pruebas de antagonismo realizadas con V. volvacea y la micoflora aislada de los basidiocarpos maduros demostraron que Aspergillus niger van Tieghem causa un 100% de reducción en el crecimiento micelial de la seta a 27° y 35° C, mientras que A. carbonarius (Bainier) Thom causa una reducción de crecimiento miceliar de 62.5% a 27° y 38.8% a 35°; la mayoría de los competidores son menos antagónicos a 35° C que a 27° C.