Mushroom Extracts Research Articles

Influence of in ovo administration of oyster mushroom extract on morphological and histological responses of intestines of broiler chickens.

This study investigated the influence of in ovo administration of oyster mushroom aqueous extract on intestinal development of broiler chickens. A total of 600 hatching eggs of Arbor acre strain of broiler chickens were used in this experiment. The eggs were divided into three treatments; T1: Control (non-injected eggs), T2: in ovo administration of 0.1 ml of oyster mushroom aqueous extract and T3: in ovo administration of 0.2 ml of oyster mushroom aqueous extract. In ovo injection of eggs was carried out on the 18th day of incubation and hatched chicks were brooded for 2 weeks and the experiment lasted for six weeks. At the starter and finisher (7th and 56th days of age) phases, two birds per replicate were randomly selected for intestinal evaluation. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance using General Linear Model. Results from the starter phase showed jejunal villus height significantly (p<0.05) ranged from 290.62 µm in birds in T1 to 415.60 µm in birds in the T3 group. Moreover, jejunal crypt depth ranged from 51.96 µm to 115.62 µm, while muscular wall thickness ranged from 53.94 µm to 139.23 µm with the highest recorded in the T2 birds. In finisher broilers, there was significant (p<0.05) difference among treatments for duodenum length, muscular wall thickness of the ileum and colon length. Histological plates taken in the starter phase indicated no visible lesion in the villi across treatments with crypts appearing normal. However, finisher broilers in the T2 group had preeminent villi representation showing intact enterocytes and slightly high and more prominent crypts. Therefore, to improve jejunal morphology in the starter phase as well as increased intestinal length and superior duodenal histology in the finisher phase of broiler chickens, in ovo administration of 0.1 ml oyster mushroom aqueous extract is recommended.

Anti-Parkinsonian Activity of Mushrooms Against Orofacial Dyskinesia Induced by Reserpine in Wistar Rats

A neurological ailment called Parkinson’s disease (PD) which distresses roughly 1.5% of people above age 65 in the world. Dopamine nerve cell death (DA) in the Substantia nigra parc compacta (SNc) with the development of a striatal DA deficiency are two features of PD.As of now, the focalization of PD is uncertain. The goal was to assess the neuroprotective efficacy of ethanolic extracts from different mushroom species viz. P. ostreatus, A. bisporus and C. cibarius are against orofacial dyskinesia (OD) by reserpine and their in vivo antioxidant status. In this study, reserpine (1-mg/kg) was repeatedly administered on alternate days over a five-day interval to produce vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) and tongue protrusions (TPs) in rats. Evaluation of reserpine-induced catalepsy was done. Catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) concentrations were examined in prosencephalon in response to an ethanolic extract of mushrooms. The histological evaluation of attenuating oxidative stress also shows the effectiveness of all these mushroom extracts. In animal models of Parkinson’s disease produced by reserpine, P. ostreatus, A. bisporus and C. cibarius were found to have a therapeutic impact against the disease.

Taste-Active Peptides from Triple-Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Straw Mushroom Proteins Enhance Salty Taste: An Elucidation of Their Effect on the T1R1/T1R3 Taste Receptor via Molecular Docking.

The objective of our study was to analyze and identify enzymatic peptides from straw mushrooms that can enhance salty taste with the aim of developing saltiness enhancement peptides to reduce salt intake and promote dietary health. We isolated taste-related peptides from the straw mushroom extract using ultrafiltration and identified them using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The study found that the ultrafiltration fraction (500-2000 Da) of straw mushroom peptides had a saltiness enhancement effect, as revealed via subsequent E-tongue and sensory analyses. The ultrafiltration fractions (500-2000 Da) were found to contain 220 peptides, which were identified through UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The interaction of these peptides with the T1R1/T1R3 receptor was also assessed. The investigation highlighted the significant involvement of Asp223, Gln243, Leu232, Asp251, and Pro254 in binding peptides from triple-enzymatically hydrolyzed straw mushrooms to T1R1/T1R3. Based on the binding energy and active site analysis, three peptides were selected for synthesis: DFNALPFK (-9.2 kcal/mol), YNEDNGIVK (-8.8 kcal/mol), and VPGGQEIKDR (-8.9 kcal/mol). Importantly, 3.2 mmol of VPGGQEIKDR increased the saltiness level of a 0.05% NaCl solution to that of a 0.15% NaCl solution. Additionally, the addition of 0.8 mmol of YNEDNGIVK to a 0.05% NaCl solution resulted in the same level of saltiness as a 0.1% NaCl solution.

Polyphenols-Enrichment of Vienna Sausages Using Microcapsules Containing Acidic Aqueous Extract of Boletus edulis Mushrooms.

Polyphenols are ubiquitous by-products in many plant foods. Their intake has been linked to health benefits like the reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. These bioactive compounds can be successfully extracted from Boletus edulis mushrooms with acidic water. However, such extract could influence the sensory or textural properties of the product to be enriched; this inconvenience can be avoided by microencapsulating it using spray drying. In this study, the Vienna sausages were reformulated by replacing 2% of the cured meat with microcapsules containing an acidic aqueous extract of Boletus edulis mushrooms and by replacing ice flakes, an ingredient that represents 22.9% of the manufacturing recipe, with ice cubes from the same extract aiming to obtain a polyphenol enriched product. The results showed a higher content of polyphenols in sausages with extract (VSe; 568.92 μg/g) and microcapsules (VSm; 523.03 μg/g) than in the control ones (455.41 μg/g), with significant differences for 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. However, because of the oxidative stress caused to the microcapsules by the extract's spray drying, VSm had the highest oxidation state. PV and TBARS levels varied with storage time in all formulations, but given the short period tested, they were well below the allowed/recommended limit. The extract, as such, negatively affected the appearance, odor, and taste of Vienna sausages. The microcapsules, instead, determined an increase in their acceptance rate among consumers; they also prevented moisture loss and color changes during storage. In conclusion, microcapsules are more suitable for use as a polyphenol enrichment ingredient in Vienna sausages than the extract.

The Effect of Green Extraction Technologies on the Chemical Composition of Medicinal Chaga Mushroom Extracts.

The mushroom industry should implement green extraction technologies; however, there is not enough information on the differences between these techniques expressed as the chemical composition of the resulting extract. In this study, selected types of green extraction techniques (GETs) were used on Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) (Fr.) Pilát from Serbia (IS) and Mongolia (IM) to examine the differences that would enable the composition-based technology choices in the mushroom supplement industry. Subcritical water extraction (SWE), microwave-assisted (MW) extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (VAE) were used to prepare the extracts. SWE was performed at two different temperatures (120 and 200 °C), while 96% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and water were used for MW and VAE. The yield, the content of total phenols, total proteins, and carbohydrates, qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, including α- and β- and total glucans, and fatty acids, were determined in the obtained extracts. SWE resulted in a significantly higher yield, total polysaccharide, and glucan content than any other technique. Glucose was the most dominant monosaccharide in the SWE samples, especially those extracted at 200 °C. The MW 50% EtOH extracts showed the highest yield of total phenols. Among the tested phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid was the most dominant. SWE can be recommended as the most efficient method for extracting commercially important compounds, especially glucans and phenols.

The effects of CDP-choline treatment in Amanita phalloides mushroom toxicosis

Amanita phalloides poisoning is known to be the most fatal case among mushroom poisoning cases. Its main mechanism of toxicity is that it leads to cell death by the irreversible binding of its toxins to the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II enzyme. This study was planned to analyze the effects of the CDP-choline molecule on Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning cases.The extract of the Amanita phalloides mushroom was taken and intraperitoneally administered to male Wistar Albino rats at a dose of 0.3 g/kg. In the experiment phase, the rats were divided into three groups of CDP-choline treatment according to the doses of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg, and one control group was administered a 1 ml/kg dose of 0.9% isotonic NaCl solution. The treatments were then administered intraperitoneally at the 2nd hour, and at the 6th hour, the rats were sacrificed. The degree of damage in the liver and kidney tissues of the rats was evaluated histopathologically.It was concluded that CDP-choline reduced or prevented the damage that occurred in the liver significantly and dose-dependently in the toxicosis picture caused by Amanita phalloides, and it showed a tendency to lower or prevent the damage in the kidney, albeit not significantly.

Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical profiling of butanol extract of L. edodes with in- silico virtual screening

L. edodes (L. edodes) is the most consumed mushroom in the world and has been well known for its therapeutic potential as an edible and medicinal candidate, it contains dietary fibers, vitamins, proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates. In the current study butanolic extract of mushroom was used to form semisolid butanol extract. The current study aimed to explore biometabolites that might have biological activities in n-butanol extract of L. edodes using FT-IR and GC–MS and LC–MS. The synergistic properties of bioactive compounds were futher assessed by performing different biological assays such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic. FTIR spectra showed different functional groups including amide N–H group, Alkane (C-H stretching), and (C = C stretching) groups at different spectrum peaks in the range of 500 cm−1 to 5000 cm−1 respectively. GC–MS profiling of n-butanol extract depicted 34 potent biomolecules among those dimethyl; Morphine, 2TMS derivative; Benzoic acid, methyl ester 1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol were spotted at highest range. Results indicate that L. edodes n-butanol extract showed a maximum anti-inflammatory potential 91.4% at 300 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was observed by measuring free radical scavenging activity which is 64.6% at optimized concentration along with good antidiabetic activity. In-silico study executed the biopotential of active ingredient morphine which proved the best docking score (− 7.0 kJ/mol) against aldose reductase. The in-silico drug design analysis was performed on biometabolites detected through GC–MS that might be a potential target for sulfatase-2 to treat ruminated arthritis. Morphine binds more strongly (− 7.9 kJ/mol) than other bioactive constituents indicated. QSAR and ADMET analysis shown that morphine is a good candidates against ruminated arthritis. The current study showed that L. edodes might be used as potent drug molecules to cure multiple ailments. As mushrooms have high bioactivity, they can be used against different diseases and to develop antibacterial drugs based on the current situation in the world in which drug resistance is going to increase due to misuse of antibiotics so new and noval biological active compounds are needed to overcome the situation.

Exploring New Fruit- and Vegetable-Derived Rennet for Cheese Making

Cheese production is an ancient practice to preserve a perishable food, such as milk, for a long time. The first step of cheese processing involves the addition of rennet, which contains the enzymes necessary for the hydrolysis and coagulation of the caseins present in milk. Typically, animal-derived rennet, such as calf rennet containing chymosin, are used as source of enzymes for cheese processing. Alternatively, microbial chymosin or recombinant chymosin is used. However, recently, plant-derived rennet such as the ones derived from thistle and bitter orange flowers and from artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) have also been demonstrated to be valid sources of enzymes for cheese processing. Therefore, herein, different plant and fruit extracts were tested and compared for their ability to coagulate milk caseins. In particular, beyond artichoke and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) extracts, those from pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), common fig (Ficus carica L.) milky sap, and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.) were investigated for their proteolytic, esterase, and milk-clotting activities. The extracts were then exploited as vegetable and fruit rennet for the experimental production of cheeses, which were examined, after 30 days of maturation, for their moisture, fat, protein, and free fatty acid (FFA) content. Interestingly, the artichoke, cardoon, and thistle mushroom extracts showed high proteolytic activity compared to calf rennet, while the level of esterase activity appeared to be similar for all the extracts. The papaya extract showed the lowest proteolytic and esterase activity. Although the pH, moisture, fat, and protein contents were very similar to those of cheese made with calf rennet, the medium- and long-chain FFAs broadly differed among produced cheeses, with variations in the lipid quality indices.

Comparing application methods of reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) extract in deep-fried meatballs: impact on heterocyclic aromatic amine formation.

The present research was conducted to investigate the impact of reishi mushroom extract (RME) on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in meatballs. Sample preparations involved applying RME using either the spreading or addition method, with varying concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% of RME), followed by deep-frying at temperatures of 150 and 190 °C for 3 min. The types and levels of HAAs varied based on the frying temperature, method of extract application, and the extract concentration. Notably, total HAA contents increased with rising the frying temperature (P < 0.01) and varied from undetectable levels to 4.91 ng g-1 across all analyzed meatballs. The addition method was more effective than the spreading method (P < 0.01), and among the concentrations tested 0.25% RME exhibited the highest efficacy in reducing total HAAs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the addition method inhibited lipid oxidation more efficiently compared to the surface spreading method (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that RME had mitigating effects on HAAs depending on the concentration and frying conditions in deep-fried meatball samples. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Two-step dual-layer SPE method to separate antibacterial and antioxidant mushroom compounds

We developed a two-step dual-layer solid-phase extraction (SPE) method to separate and concentrate minor bioactive compounds of golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) methanol extract. The mushroom extract is rich in fatty acids, including the highly abundant (20–35 %) and antibacterial linoleic acid. To eliminate the masking effect of linoleic acid in the bioassay, its removal was achieved by homemade dual-layer SPE that consisted of a lower C18 phase and an upper silica gel phase with the dried-on extract. In the first step the elution was performed with water (aqueous eluate), and then the dried C18 and silica gel phases were eluted separately with methanol (C18 methanol eluate and silica gel methanol eluate, respectively). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-effect-directed analysis demonstrated that the aqueous eluate contained sugars and antioxidants (TLC-DPPH); fatty acids were present in the silica gel methanol eluate, in the C18 methanol eluate the biologically active minor secondary metabolites were concentrated (TLC–Bacillus subtilis assay) beside 2 % remained linoleic acid according to HPLC-UV measurement. As a result, the antioxidant and antibacterial metabolites divided, and the low-abundant antibacterial compounds could be detected. Based on this study, the substance found at RF 0.25 by TLC-DPPH played the most significant role in generating the antioxidant effect of the aqueous eluate, equivalent to 5.07 ± 0.09 µg of gallic acid. Moreover, each SPE fraction and raw extract were tested for antibacterial effect using a microplate assay with a non-pathogenic Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. The P. citrinopileatus extract (MIC-value – 50 µg/mL) and C18 methanol eluate (MIC-value - 25 µg/mL) inhibited the growth of B. subtilis while the other eluates did not.

Exploring Therapeutic Potential of Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus Mushrooms against Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress Using Animal Model.

The mushrooms oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) and white button (Agaricus bisporus) contain bioactive compounds that have potential beneficial effects on hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, hypolipidemic and antioxidative potential of these mushrooms' extract were explored using hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats as animal model. For the study, 56 adult rats were divided into seven groups, i.e., G1 (negative control), G2 (positive control group), G3 (HC rats with statin drug orally), G4 and G5 (HC rats @ 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) dose of oyster mushroom extracts), and G6 and G7 (HC rats @ 100 and 200 mg/kg BW dose of white button mushroom extracts). The hypercholesterolemia was induced experimentally in fasted rats through a high-fat diet along with injection of triton WR-1339. After 48 h, the treatment groups were given extract for 28 days along with standard diet. At the trial termination, we analyzed the blood sugar levels, antioxidant parameters, lipid profile, and renal function, as well as conducting liver function tests of the rats. The results indicated that positive control group rats exhibited increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density level (LDL), and very-low-density level (vLDL) by 19%, 37%, 52%, and 32%, respectively, and 53% decrease in HDL, whereas treatment groups that received 200 mg oyster and white button mushroom extracts reported 15%, 34%, 22% reduction in TC, TG, vLDL, respectively, and 22% improvement in HDL level. The enzyme profiles of different groups showed non-significant differences, although both mushroom extracts provision reduced glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels. Overall, the results indicated that mushroom extracts were helpful in maintaining oxidative stress and have the potential to improve dyslipidemia in the tested rat animal model.

Electrically conductive bioplastics based on chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and plant extract nanoparticles for detecting Rhizopus stolonifer on tomato fruit

AbstractThis work aimed to manufacture bioplastics with mechanical and electrical properties for monitoring the Rhizopus stolonifer growth in tomato fruit packaging. Bioplastics were based on chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (Ch/PVA), chitosan/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (Ch/PVP), and nanoparticles (NPs) of plant extracts at 10% and 30% of concentrations. Bioplastics were exposed to tomato inoculated with R. stolonifer for 6 d at 25°C. Water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical properties, FTIR, UV–vis, morphology, electrical resistance of bioplastics, and the NPs size were assessed. In bioplastics added with plant extracts, 1.5 times more WVP than in the control group (18–35 gs−1m−1Pa−1) were quantified. Ch/PVA bioplastic showed 51% more tensile strength, 44% more elongation at break, and 40% more Young's modulus than Ch/PVP, regardless of the plant extract. The electrical resistance in Ch/PVA bioplastics with 30% mushroom extract and 10% radish allowed the differentiation between inoculated (109–1010 Ω) and non‐inoculated tomatoes (1010–1011 Ω). The FTIR assay confirmed the presence of each compound used in the bioplastic, and UV–vis confirmed phenols at 300 nm. The NPs measured less than 50 nm. Only Ch/PVA with 30% mushroom and 10% radish can be useful to monitor fungi in tomatoes based on their electrical behavior.

Effect of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract on molecular and metabolic profiles in mouse brain

Psilocybin, a naturally occurring, tryptamine alkaloid prodrug, is currently being investigated for the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders. Preclinical reports suggest that the biological effects of psilocybin-containing mushroom extract or “full spectrum” (psychedelic) mushroom extract (PME), may differ from those of chemically synthesized psilocybin (PSIL). We compared the effects of PME to those of PSIL on the head twitch response (HTR), neuroplasticity-related synaptic proteins and frontal cortex metabolomic profiles in male C57Bl/6j mice. HTR measurement showed similar effects of PSIL and PME over 20 min. Brain specimens (frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum) were assayed for the synaptic proteins, GAP43, PSD95, synaptophysin and SV2A, using western blots. These proteins may serve as indicators of synaptic plasticity. Three days after treatment, there was minimal increase in synaptic proteins. After 11 days, PSIL and PME significantly increased GAP43 in the frontal cortex (p = 0.019; p = 0.039 respectively) and hippocampus (p = 0.015; p = 0.027) and synaptophysin in the hippocampus (p = 0.041; p = 0.05) and amygdala (p = 0.035; p = 0.004). PSIL increased SV2A in the amygdala (p = 0.036) and PME did so in the hippocampus (p = 0.014). In the striatum, synaptophysin was increased by PME only (p = 0.023). There were no significant effects of PSIL or PME on PSD95 in any brain area when these were analyzed separately. Nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant increase in each of the 4 proteins over all brain areas for PME versus vehicle control, while significant PSIL effects were observed only in the hippocampus and amygdala and were limited to PSD95 and SV2A. Metabolomic analyses of the pre-frontal cortex were performed by untargeted polar metabolomics utilizing capillary electrophoresis – Fourier transform mass spectrometry (CE-FTMS) and showed a differential metabolic separation between PME and vehicle groups. The purines guanosine, hypoxanthine and inosine, associated with oxidative stress and energy production pathways, showed a progressive decline from VEH to PSIL to PME. In conclusion, our synaptic protein findings suggest that PME has a more potent and prolonged effect on synaptic plasticity than PSIL. Our metabolomics data support a gradient of effects from inert vehicle via chemical psilocybin to PME further supporting differential effects. Further studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings and to identify the molecules that may be responsible for the enhanced effects of PME as compared to psilocybin alone.

The Use of Marine Mushroom Extract (Nodulisporium sp.) as Feed Additive in the Ration of Native Chickens on Protein Utilisation Ratio

Feed plays an important role in the growth process of native chickens. This research aims to determine the effect of using marine fungi extract (Nodulispolium sp.) as a feed additive in native chicken rations on the protein utilization ratio. This research was a collaboration between the IPB University and Jambi University which used 180 unsexing DOC native chickens and marine fungi extract. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were P0 = Basal Ration (control), P1 = P0 + 1 ml marine fungi extract/kg, P2 = P0 + 2 ml marine fungi extract/kg, P3 = P0 + 3 ml marine fungi extract/kg and P4 = P0 + 4 ml marine fungi extract/kg. The variables observed included dry matter consumption, crude protein consumption, body weight gain and protein utilization ratio. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between treatments, adding were tested using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of analysis of variance showed that the use of marine fungi extract as a feed additive in rations up to 4 ml/kg ration had no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on dry matter consumption, crude protein consumption, body weight gain and protein utilization ratio. It can be concluded that the use of marine fungi extract as a feed additive in rations up to 4 ml/kg has not been able to increase the protein ratio chickens

In-vivo and in-vitro wound healing and tissue repair effect of Trametes versicolor polysaccharide extract

Regarding different medical benefits of fungi, using the medical mushroom extracts as wound-healing agents is gaining popularity. This study, evaluated the wound healing characteristics of Trametes versicolor. Anti-oxidant activity addressed by employing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay resulting 53.7% inhibitory effect. Besides, for anti-microbial ability determination, the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of extract measured which Escherichia coli growth was inhibited at 1.1 mg/ml, and Staphylococcus aureus did not grow at 4.38 mg/ml of extract. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method indicated dose dependence of the extract with 63 ± 3% and 28 ± 3% viability at 1250 μg/ml and 156.25 μg/ml of extract, which higher concentration caused higher cell viability. The outcome of gene expression analysis determined that overall expression of FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2), IL-1β (Interleukin-1β), and TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor-β1) was 4 times higher at 48 h than at 24 h in treated cells, suggesting a stimulating effect on cell growth. An in-vivo animal model suggested enhanced wound healing process after treatment with 0.01 g of extract. Furthermore, the number of fibroblasts, epidermal thickness, and collagen fiber was respectively 2, 3, and threefold higher in treated mice when compared to untreated mice. The treated wounds of mice showed 100% and 60% of untreated mice of healing within 14 days. The results of this research show promise for the fungus-based wound healing treatments, which may help with tissue regeneration and the healing of cutaneous wounds.

Laetiporus sulphureus mushroom extract strongly enhances proapoptotic effect of probiotics Bifidobacterium lactis on HCT-116 cells in a co-culture system

Laetiporus sulphureus is an edible mushroom with significant medicinal potential due to its rich polyphenol composition. Complete activity of polyphenols in the colon depends on the probiotic bacteria which already demonstrated proapoptotic effects on colon cancer cells. Our study uses a simple HoxBan co-culture system in order to approximate real in vivo conditions. Present study examined for the first time the cytotoxic effect of L. sulphureus ethyl acetate extract (EALS) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BAL) probiotic on colorectal (HCT-116) and healthy (MRC-5) cells. EALS, abundant in polyphenolics detected by HPLC, showed weak cytotoxic activity (MTT assay) on HCT-116 and MRC-5 cells. Strong cytotoxicity of BAL and BAL/EALS on HCT-116 cells (determined by trypan blue staining and flow cytometry) was due to induction of proapoptotic effects. External apoptotic pathway was activated via intensified expression of Caspase 8 and Caspase 3, detected by qPCR method. The results show that EALS strongly enhances the cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects of BAL on HCT-116 cells in the co-culture system. Directions for future research are suggested to ultimately provide the clarification whether the structural change of polyphenols caused by the activity of BAL, or the change in the metabolic activity of BAL by polyphenols, are responsible for exact mechanism of these treatments activity. Also, the consequences of direct contact of BAL and HCT-116 cells should be further examined in appropriate in vivo systems.

Biofilm-Inhibitory Activity of Wild Mushroom Extracts against Pathogenic Bacteria.

This study aims to investigate the bacterial biofilm-inhibitory effect of mushroom extracts. Mushrooms were collected from Arabuko-Sokoke and Kakamega forests and identified using morphological and molecular approaches. Auricularia auricula-judae, Microporus xanthopus, Termitomyces umkowaani, Trametes elegans, and Trametes versicolor were extracted by chloroform, 70% ethanol, and hot water. Extracts were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923). Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 20.0. Chloroform, 70% ethanol, and hot water extracts of A. auricula-judae (50 μg/mL) showed statistically significant antibiofilm activities against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus (p ≤ 0.05). M. xanthopus extracts (250 μg/mL) revealed significantly significant antibiofilm activities against each test bacterium (p ≤ 0.05). All extracts of T. umkowaani (250 μg/mL) exhibited statistically significant antibiofilm activities against S. aureus only (p ≤ 0.05). Chloroform extract of T. elegans (250 μg/mL) showed the best antibiofilm activity (69.75 ± 0.01%) against S. aureus. All T. versicolor extracts (250 μg/mL) indicated the best antibiofilm activities against S. aureus. Being the first study of its kind to be conducted in Kenya, it added a novel concept to the body of knowledge already known about medical biotechnology research. It offers a fresh understanding of the various varieties of mushrooms found in Kenya, their potential biological function in the production of drugs, particularly those that combat drug resistance, and perhaps even a peek at their bioactive elements. Wild mushrooms, a hidden gem, might help to reopen the pipeline of new antibiotics that have been on the decline. However, further research is required to determine the potential mechanism(s) of action of the extracts that are in charge of the apparent antibiofilm activity.

Enhancing Biomass and β-Glucan Yield from Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricomycetes) Mycelia through Extract Valorization.

This study aimed to examine the impact of mushroom extract-based solid media on the β-glucan content, growth rate, density, and biomass content of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) mycelia. Fresh, high-quality raw P. ostreatus were washed, sliced, and heated in a sealed pressure cooker at 90°C for 4 h in the drying cabinet. Following the heating process, centrifugation was carried out. Different concentrations of Pleurotus ostreatus extract were mixed with distilled water (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and prepared for a sterile solid media. A malt extract-based medium was maintained as a control. This study focuses on the growth performance of P. ostreatus mycelium on its own mushroom extract-based culture medium which holds considerable economic and environmental significance. During the six-day observation period, the mycelium exhibited consistent growth across all tested media, maintaining a steady growth rate of 15 mm. The increased content of mushroom extract resulted from the enhanced density of the mycelia and biomass content. It can be inferred that when media containing less than 25% of mushroom extract dilution is used, β-glucan can be formed in smaller amounts. Further research is needed to explore mushroom extract derived from different types of mushroom byproducts, which fail to meet commercial standards.

Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Methanolic Extracts of Wild Medicinal and Edible Mushrooms from Darma Valley, Pithoragaph, Kumaun (Himalaya, India).

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the methanolic extracts of nine species of wild edible mushrooms (WEM) native to the Darma Valley in the Kumaun Himalaya region. The investigation encompasses the assessment of various biochemical attributes, including total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), total tannins (TT) contents, the ABTS assay, and the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Among the nine WEM species examined, Clavatia craniiformis stands out for displaying the highest antioxidant capacities, indicated by exceptional TP (54.94 ± 0.54 mg gallic acid equivalenta/g dry weight) and TT (4.23 ± 0.17 mg tannic acid equivalents/g dry weight) contents, along with noteworthy ABTS (10.44 ± 0.34 mg abscorbic acid equivalents/g dw) and DPPH activity (0.335 ± 0.001 mg abscorbic acid equivalents/g dry weight). Subsequent antioxidant potential are mushrooms Ramaria fennica, Ramaria botrytis, Ramaria sanguinea, Ramaria flava, Gomphus. clavatus, Clavaria zollingeri, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Kuehneromyces mutabilis. Variations in antioxidant capacities align with distinct phenolic content. This study underscores as a remarkable source of antioxidants, suggesting its potential suitability for nutraceutical applications. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the antioxidant properties inherent in wild edible mushrooms, particularly emphasizing the prominence of C. craniiformis.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Extracts of Inonotus obliquus and Microalgae

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) and marine microalgae are two emerging natural products with many potential physiological health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of two extracts prepared from Chaga mushroom and microalgae using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell model. The Chaga mushroom extract dose-dependently reduced the production of proinflammatory biomarkers of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). At a high concentration of 500 µg/L, Chaga mushroom extract significantly suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 levels. Similarly, the extract of microalgae suppressed the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α by lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. Both extracts had no significant impact on the secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-4 production. These results suggest that extracts of Chaga mushroom and microalgae can be used in developing anti-inflammatory natural health products.