Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect Occluder Research Articles

Interventional Management of a Rare Case of Complex Congenital Heart Disease in an Adult Patient: A Case Report

Congenital heart disease (CHD), which accounts for about one-third of all congenital defects and affects approximately 1% of all live births worldwide, has maintained a stable incidence rate while experiencing a decrease in mortality rates since 1990. Despite advancements in fetal cardiac ultrasound examinations and routine pulse oximetry screening of newborns, a significant proportion of CHD patients may still be undiagnosed until adulthood. This oversight can lead to considerable morbidity and mortality due to physical limitations and reduced quality of life. In this case report, we describe a 29-year-old woman who was initially misdiagnosed as having an inoperable case of CHD and was referred to our center with symptoms of palpitations and exertional dyspnea. During her evaluation, she was diagnosed with severe pulmonary hypertension associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pre-ductal aortic coarctation, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and bicuspid aortic valve, all of which had been overlooked since infancy. Following initial medical treatment for pulmonary hypertension, a simultaneous transcatheter approach was employed, during which the PDA was closed using an occluder device, and the coarctation was repaired concurrently with a self-expanding stent. Eight months later, her VSD was successfully closed using a muscular VSD occluder device through an interventional technique. This case underscores the importance of adult CHD fellowship training, which enables cardiologists specializing in this field to accurately diagnose and treat complex cases of CHD that may have been missed during infancy and early childhood. This timely intervention ultimately led to the complete relief of her symptoms and prevented progression to Eisenmenger syndrome.

Feasibility and Success of Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect Occluders and Mushroom-Shaped Occluders in Transcatheter Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Low-Weight Children: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Analysis from a Chinese National Regional Health Center.

Muscular ventricular septal defect occluders (MVSDOs) have been attempted as an option in low-weight patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). However, few studies have assessed the safety of transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus closure (TCPC) using MVSDO. Therefore, we compared the outcomes in low-weight patients who used MVSDO and mushroom-shaped occluder (MSO). Medical records of children under 10 kg (n = 417) who underwent TCPC from 2015 to 2021 at a Chinese health center were reviewed. They were divided into MSO (n = 372) and MVSDO (n = 45) groups. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was done considering gender, height, weight, body surface area (BSA), PDA diameter, and BSA-corrected PDA diameter. All 45 children in the MVSDO group (mean weight: 5.92 ± 1.32 kg) achieved successful immediate occlusion. One case in the MVSDO group experienced device migration within 24 h requiring unplanned surgery. MVSDO significantly ameliorated pulmonary artery hypertension. After PSM, each group comprised 41 children. The MVSDO group had a smaller effect on platelet counts (MVSDO vs. MSO = 259.85 ± 114.82 vs. 356.12 ± 134.37, p < 0.001), a reduced incidence of thrombocytopenia (MVSDO vs. MSO = 2/41 vs. 7/41, p = 0.001), and a higher rate of residual shunting (MVSDO vs. MSO = 16/41 vs. 5/41, p = 0.005), compared with the MSO group. Thrombocytopenia resolved during hospitalization and micro-shunts disappeared by 6 months. No pulmonary artery or descending aortic secondary stenosis was observed in 1-year follow-up. MVSDO used in low-weight children is feasible, with high success and satisfactory postoperative and short-term follow-up outcomes, including lower thrombocytopenia incidence, compared to MSO. Further long-term studies with larger samples are recommended.

Long-term outcomes of percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defects in children using different devices: A single centre experience from Egypt

BackgroundThe feasibility of percutaneous closure ventricular septal defects (VSD) in children has been previously proven. However, data on long-term outcomes are limited. We aim to evaluate the long-term outcome of our experience with percutaneous closure of VSD using various occluders.MethodsRetrospective institutional analysis of children who underwent transcatheter closure of perimembranous and muscular VSDs between September 2012 and February 2020. Patient demographics, procedural, and long-term follow-up data were comprehensively analyzed. Patients who lost to follow-up within two years post-procedure were excluded.ResultsWe identified 75 patients (54.7% males) with a median of 66 months (IQR, 46–96). The closure success rate at one year was 95.7%. Complete heart block was detected in two patients early post-procedure and resolved with steroids. The VSDs were perimembranous (52%), muscular (33.33%), and residual (14.67%). Implanted devices were Pfm Nit-Occlud LeˆVSD Coil (42.7%), HyperionTM VSD Muscular Occluder (28%), Amplatzer VSD muscular occluder (10.7%), Amplatzer Duct Occluder (14.7%), Occlutech Muscular VSD Occluder (2.7%), and Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (1.3%). No new arrhythmia or valve regurgitation was detected after two years post-procedure. Persisted complications on long-term follow-up included: residual shunting in 3(4%), mild tricuspid regurgitation in 2(2.7%), and aortic regurgitation in 2(2.7%), with one immediate post-catheterization mild aortic regurgitation worsened during follow-up, requiring surgical repair of VSD three years after device implantation. No deaths were reported.ConclusionLong-term outcomes of pediatric transcatheter VSD closure using different devices are satisfactory. Post-procedural adverse events are limited, but long-term surveillance is necessary to monitor their progression.

Tran Catheter Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD): Preliminary Results in Children Weighing 5kg or Less

<i>Aim: </i>This study aims to evaluate feasibility and complications of device closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) in children weighing 5kg. <i>Methods:</i> Between March 2018 and March 2021, total 15 patients with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) weighing 5Kg or less were taken to Cath lab for percutaneous VSD closure out of which 13 (86%) had successful transcatheter closure and 2 (14%) cases were unsuccessful and subsequently send for surgical closure. All of these13 patients under went transcatheter closure of VSD using either a Amplatzer duct occluder1, Amplatzer duct Occluder 2 or Amplatzer Muscular VSD Occluder. A retrospective review of the results and related complications was done. <i>Results:</i> Among these 15 patients, 7 were females, 6 were male and the mean age was 8.5 (4-16month. The mean weight in this study was 4.46Kg (2.3-5Kg). Mean VSD size was 4.5 (3-10mm), 9 patients had VSD sizes between 3to5mm, 3 had between5-10 mm and 1 with more than 10mm. Among types of VSD, 9 cases were having Perimembranous, 1 was upper muscular, 1was mid while 1was lower muscular and only 1 had outlet muscular VSD. Amplatzer Duct Occluder (ADOI) was used in 2 cases, 9 were closed with Amplatzer Duct Occluder (ADO2) and 2 were selected for closure with Amplatzer Muscular VSD Occluder. Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) in immediate post intervention period revealed all these devices in situ with no or minimal residual flow which subsided within 24 hours period. As far as complications are concerned, we had one device embolization noted in our study. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was noted at the time of discharge in 4 patients but subsided after 48 hours while trivial aortic regurgitation was noted (AR) only in one case which is under close follow up and not increasing in severity after 6 months follow-up. <i>Conclusions</i>: Transcatheter closure of VSD in children 5kg or less is feasible and safe alternative to surgical VSD closure.

Predictors of clinical success after transcatheter para-valvular leak closure: an international prospective multicentre registry

Abstract Background Prosthetic paravalvular leaks (PVLs) are associated with congestive heart failure and haemolysis, for which the standard treatment is open-heart surgery with the attendant risks to the patient. Transcatheter closure has emerged as an alternative. Patient selection criteria for the best option are needed. We aimed to identify predictors of clinical success after transcatheter PVL closure. Purpose We aimed to identify predictors of clinical success after transcatheter PVL closure. Methods Consecutive patients referred to 24 European centres for transcatheter PVL closure in 2017–2019 were included in a prospective registry (Fermeture de Fuite ParaProthétique, FFPP). Clinical success was absence of any of the following within 1 month: re-admission for heart failure, blood transfusion, open-heart valvular surgery, and death. Results We included 216 symptomatic patients, who underwent 238 percutaneous PVL closure procedures on the mitral (64.3%), aortic (34.0%), or tricuspid (1.7%) valve. The prosthesis was mechanical in 53.3% and biological in 45.3% of procedures. All patients were symptomatic with heart failure, haemolytic anaemia, and the association of both conditions in 48.9%, 7.8% and 43.3%. One, two and three PVL were addressed during the same procedure in 69.6%, 26.6% and 3.8% respectively. Mitral and aortic PVL were severe in 35.3% and 13.8% (p&amp;lt;0.001). PVL was punctiform or extended to 1/8 or 1/4 of valve circumference in 18.6%, 52.4% and 28.1% of cases. A total of 331 devices were implanted. More than one device (up to 5) was implanted in 34.2% of procedures. Vascular plug 3, muscular ventricular septal defect occluder, vascular plug 2 and paravalvular leak device were the most frequently used devices, implanted in 45.0%, 16.0%, 14.2% and 13.6%, respectively. Successful device(s) implantation(s) within the leak and leak reduction ≤ grade 2 occurred in 85.0% and 91.4% of patients with mitral and aortic procedures, respectively (p=0.164), with major intra-procedural adverse event rates of 3.3% and 1.2%, respectively (p=0.371). The clinical success rates were 77.8% and 88.9% following mitral and aortic procedures, respectively (p=0.01). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, technical failure, mechanical valve and haemolytic anaemia were independently associated with absence of clinical success (odds ratios [95% CIs]: 7.7 [2.0–25.0], p=0.002; 3.6 [1.1–11.1], p=0.036 and 3.7 [1.2–11.9], p=0.025; respectively). Conclusion Transcatheter PVL closure is efficient and safe in symptomatic patients but is more challenging and associated with an increased risk of clinical failure when performed in patients with hemolysis and/or on a mechanical valve. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private hospital(s). Main funding source(s): The study is promoted and financially supported by Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph

Transcatheter Closure of a Paravalvular Leak Guided by Transesophageal Echocardiography and Three-Dimensional Printing

BackgroundClosure of a percutaneous paravalvular leak (PVL) is a technically challenging procedure because of the specific anatomy postoperatively and the complex catheter techniques required. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and three-dimensional (3D) printing might be helpful in identifying complex anatomical structures and the procedural design.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to review our experiences with transcatheter closure of PVL guided by TEE and 3D (TEE&3D) printing.MethodsA total of 166 patients with PVL after surgical valve replacement underwent transcatheter closure, from January 2015 through December 2020. Among these patients, 68 had preoperative guidance from TEE&3D printing. We reviewed the catheter techniques, perioperative characteristics, and prognosis. The median follow-up period was 36 (3–70) months.ResultsAcute procedural success was achieved in 154/166 (92.8%) patients; of these, 64/68 (94.1%) had TEE&3D guidance and 90/98 (91.8%) had transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) guidance. No hospital deaths occurred. All patients having percutaneous procedures were given local anesthesia, while 13 patients having transapical procedures were given general anesthesia. Multiple approaches were used, including transfemoral, transapical, and transseptal via the arteriovenous loop. We also deployed multiple devices, including the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II (AVP II), the Amplatzer duct occluder II, the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occluder, and the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder. Those cases guided by TEE&3D printing had shorter procedural times compared with those guided by TTE [(61.2 ± 23.4) vs. (105.7 ± 53.9) min, p < 0.05]. The fluoroscopic time was also shorter for operations guided by TEE&3D printing compared with those guided by TTE alone [(18.5 ± 11.4) vs. (27.3 ± 5.6) min, p < 0.05]. The complications included recurrent hemolysis, residual regurgitation, acute renal insufficiency, and anemia. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the 2 groups.ConclusionTransesophageal echocardiography and 3D printing show advantages compared with standalone TTE in guiding the transcatheter closure of PVL with shorter procedural and fluoroscopic times. This minimally invasive treatment could provide reliable outcomes in selected patients.Clinical Trial Registration[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT02917980].

Esophagopleural fistula treated with muscular ventricular septal defect occluder

Esophagopleural fistula treated with muscular ventricular septal defect occluder

Transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus closure: what have we learned after over 25 years? A single--center experience with 1036 patients.

Transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure has become the first‑choice method of treatment in the majority of patients. However, device selection poses a challenge. This study aimed to analyze periprocedural and 1‑year outcomes of PDA transcatheter closure performed with different devices throughout a 25‑year time period in a single center. All 1036 patients who underwent transcatheter PDA closure between 1993 and 2020 were included in retrospective analysis. Various devices were used: the Rashkind device (RD; n = 25), coils (n = 469), nitinol duct occluders type I (DO I; n = 300), type II (n = 32), type II additional sizes (ADO II AS; n = 209), as well as off‑label devices: vascular plugs and atrial septal and muscular ventricular septal defect occluders (n = 17). Data on 24‑hour and 1‑year follow‑up were available for 100% and 78.9% of the study patients, respectively. The procedure was successful in 98.6% of the study patients, with a major complication rate of 0.2%. Complete PDA closure after a year was observed in 81.8% of the patients treated with RD, 93.7% of those with coils, and 100% of those with duct occluders. There were no differences between Amplatzer DO I (n = 159) and its DO I copies manufactured in China (n = 141) with regard to success, efficacy, and complication rates. Recently, ADO II AS has replaced coils and become the preferred device to close small‑to‑moderate PDA. Transcatheter PDA closure with all types of nitinol duct occluders is safe and effective, with no residual shunting at 1‑year follow‑up. Due to higher efficacy, ADO II AS has replaced coils in the treatment of smaller PDA.

Outcomes of transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus with the off-label use of large occluders (≥16 mm)

ObjectiveTranscatheter closure is the first-choice strategy for the management of appropriate patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The management of large PDAs is challenging due to the limited available sizes of approved devices and the inherent risks of surgical ligation, especially in adults with calcified PDAs. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of the off-label use of large occluders at a tertiary center. MethodsThis retrospective review included patients who underwent transcatheter PDA closure with large occluders (≥16 mm) over 16 years. The baseline patient data, procedural details, angiograms, and immediate outcomes were recorded and patients were followed up at 3, 6, 12 months after the intervention and annually thereafter. ResultsOf the 685 patients who underwent transcatheter PDA closure, 36 patients (mean age 16.6 ± 12.5 years) needed occluders ≥ 16 mm in size. Cocoon duct occluder, Cera duct occluder, Amplatzer atrial septal occluder (ASO), and Cera muscular ventricular septal defect occluders were used for PDA closure. There was no device embolization, one patient in whom ASO was used had residual shunt with intravascular hemolysis requiring surgery, and one patient had mild left pulmonary artery narrowing after the intervention, which was managed conservatively. No patient had residual shunt and one patient had persistent pulmonary hypertension at an intermediate duration of follow-up. ConclusionTranscatheter PDA closure with the use of large devices, which are available in Asia and Europe, is an effective and safe method, especially in adolescents and adults. However, a close follow-up of these patients is mandatory.

P714 Contradicting the most basic tenet of black holes: light can, indeed, escape

Abstract A 69-year-old man with history of non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and mixed dyslipidemia presented to the emergency department with chest pain lasting for four days. Immediate twelve-lead electrocardiogram unveiled an inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), prompting emergent coronary angiography, which, in turn, revealed two-vessel disease, specifically proximal ramus intermedius 60-70% stenosis and proximal right coronary artery acute occlusion. Culprit lesion was successfully managed with balloon angioplasty and a single drug-eluting stent implantation. Still, clinical course was noticeable for deterioration, under the form of cardiogenic shock, which required invasive ventilation and intravenous vasopressor support with norepinephrine. Despite biventricular systolic function relative preservation, transthoracic echocardiography disclosed inferior akinesis, right ventricle dilation, mild circumferential pericardial effusion and, particularly, a 2.3cm posteroinferior ventricular septal defect (VSD), in the setting of a 4.4cm2 pseudoaneurism, resulting in left-to-right shunting, quantified through maximal/mean trans-VSD pressure gradients of 84/44mmHg. Further imaging with transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography angiography allowing the conception of a 3D-printed model was performed. Surgical correction of the defect followed, achieving partial anatomic success, namely with residual shunting, as of a left ventricular systolic pressure of 80mmHg and a right ventricular systolic pressure of 25mmHg. Patient survived, recovered and got discharged three weeks later. At one-year follow-up, he was hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (hemodynamic profile C) twice, with medication non-adherence reported as the main precipitating factor. In addition to a significant remaining left-to-right shunt (maximal velocity 3m/s), adverse cardiac remodeling was recognized, featuring left ventricular ejection fraction of 30-35%, severe functional mitral regurgitation, severe postcapillary pulmonary hypertension and de novo left bundle branch block (QRS duration of 197ms). Having been deemed clinically unsuitable for another surgical correction, patient underwent percutaneous VSD closure with both AmplatzerTM septal and muscular VSD occluders, with a suboptimal result. He is now on New York Heart Association class III heart failure and on the waiting list for both MitraClip and cardiac resynchronization therapy implantation. Reflecting numerous breakthroughs in the management of acute myocardial infarction, incidence of mechanical complications is on the decline. Nevertheless, when they occur, morbidity and mortality remain high. Acquired ventricular septal defects are no exception, demanding the best care from a tertiary hospital heart team. Abstract P714 Figure.

Long-term results of transcatheter closure of large patent ductus arteriosus with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in pediatric patients

Aims:Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most commonly seen congenital heart diseases prevalent today. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter closure of hypertensive ductus at long-term follow-up.Materials and Methods:Transcatheter closure was attempted in 52 patients with hypertensive ductus arteriosus. A lateral or right anterior oblique view aortogram was done to locate and delineate PDA. All the patients underwent clinical examination, electrocardiography, chest X-rays, and echocardiography before discharge and at 1, 6, and 12 months after the procedure and yearly thereafter.Results:The mean age of patients at procedure was 7.98 ± 4.79 (11 months–17 years), and the mean weight was 17.72 ± 10.81 (4–47) kg. Transcatheter closure of hypertensive ductus was successful in 50 (96.15%) patients. The mean preprocedural pulmonary artery pressure was 81.38 ± 17.31 (range: 55–113) mmHg which decreased to 29.65±8.63 (19-38) mmHg at follow up. The most commonly used device was Amplatzer duct occluder in 63% of the patients followed by Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder in 37% of the patients. There were two procedural failures, namely aortic obstruction and left pulmonary artery stenosis, which were managed uneventfully. There were no procedural deaths or device embolization. At median follow-up of 86 months, all the patients are well with no complications.Conclusion:The long-term results suggested that transcatheter closure of PDA with severe pulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients is safe and effective with minimal complications.

Fermeture des fuites para-prothétiques des TAVI

Literature concerning transcutaneous symptomatic para valvular cardiac leaks closure (PVLC) after trans aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is relatively scarce. Hereby we present 2 clinical cases, one on an Edwards® Sapien 3 valve and the other one on a Medtronic® Evolut R valve. We present also the preliminary results of the 7 PVLC on TAVI included in our prospective FFPP registry during the 2 first years of enrolment (2017–2018), for a total of 158 inclusions for all valves. Seven procedures were performed on 8 leaks, using a majority of vascular plugs (3 Abbott® Amplatzer Vascular Plugs 2 (AVP2), 3 AVP3, 1 AVP4, and 1 muscular Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) occluder). All procedures were successful without complication. At 1-month follow-up, all patients became asymptomatic. One-year follow-up was already available for 4 patients: 3 of them were symptoms free, and one–who had a second leak not suitable for PVLC-, underwent a « TAVI in TAVI » procedure 2 months after PVLC. This short experience demonstrates the feasibility, the efficacy and the safety of PVLC on TAVI. We expect to be able to offer more in depth information at the end of our prospective ongoing study.

Device closure of ventricular septal defect: Initial experience in Nepal

Background: Device closure is an attractive alternative in the management of Ventricular Septal defect (VSD).&#x0D; Aims and Objective: The aim of the study was to access the safety and early outcome of VSD device closure at Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Nepal.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The study was single center, retrospective study. All the VSD cases who were attempted for VSD device closure during December 2016 to February 2019 were included. Catheterization laboratory records for VSD type and size, Device type and size were retrospectively reviewed. Hospital records were reviewed for in-hospital complications. &#x0D; Results: Sixty-one VSD cases were attempted for device closure. VSD was successfully closed in 55 (90.1%) patients. The mean age of the patient was 11.1 years. Twenty-nine (52.7%) were female and 26 (47.3%) were male. Perimembranous VSD in 49 (89 %) and muscular VSD in 6 (11 %) patients. The size of VSD ranged between 2 and 12mm (Mean 5.4mm). The VSD was closed with Amplatzer duct occluder I, Amplatzer duct occluder II, Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder and Memopart PDA device in 24 (43.7%), 26 (47.3%), 4 (7.2 %) and one patient (1.8%) patients respectively. The postoperative complications were insignicant residual leak across device in 2 (3.6%) patients, mild pericardial effusion in one (1.8%) patient. None of the patient had new onset tricuspid regurgitation, aortic regurgitation and complete heart block. One patient developed Right bundle branch block, one developed Left bundle branch block, one developed Junctional rhythm. There was no mortality.&#x0D; Conclusion: VSD device closure can be safe and effective if patients are selected properly.

Characteristics and transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus in patients living at moderate-to-high altitude in Eastern Anatolia

The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is greater among patients living at high altitude. In this po-pulation, the ductal diameter is often larger and pulmonary hypertension is more frequent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and morphological features of PDA and transcatheter closure procedures performed with various devices in a group of patients living at high altitude in Turkey. The data of 327 patients who lived at an altitude of at least 1600 m above sea level and who had undergone cardiac catheterization for isolated PDA between May 2010 and July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age was 7.33±7.67 years, and 62.4% of the patients were female. The mean ductal diameter was 3.74±2.14 mm. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 57.8%. Transcatheter closure was performed in 322 patients, with a 97.3% success rate. The Amplatzer duct occluder I (ADO I) was used most often, as well as off-label use of the Amplatzer vascular plug II (AVP) and the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder (AMVSDO). Pulmonary artery pressure decreased immediately in the vast majority after percutaneous closure. Transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction after ductal closure was seen only rarely. Follow-up was uneventful. Transcatheter PDA closure can be performed with high success rate in highlanders. Off-label devices may be required for these procedures. Pulmonary hypertension is frequent but regresses after ductal closure. Transient left ventricular dysfunction after transcatheter closure is rarely seen in these patients and resolves without any medication.

Transesophageal echocardiography-assisted transcatheter device closure of apical muscular ventricular septal defect.

Transesophageal echocardiography-assisted transcatheter device closure of apical muscular ventricular septal defect.

Recent advances in managing septal defects: ventricular septal defects and atrioventricular septal defects.

This review discusses the management of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs). There are several types of VSDs: perimembranous, supracristal, atrioventricular septal, and muscular. The indications for closure are moderate to large VSDs with enlarged left atrium and left ventricle or elevated pulmonary artery pressure (or both) and a pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio greater than 2:1. Surgical closure is recommended for large perimembranous VSDs, supracristal VSDs, and VSDs with aortic valve prolapse. Large muscular VSDs may be closed by percutaneous techniques. A large number of devices have been used in the past for VSD occlusion, but currently Amplatzer Muscular VSD Occluder is the only device approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. A hybrid approach may be used for large muscular VSDs in small babies. Timely intervention to prevent pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVOD) is germane in the management of these babies. There are several types of AVSDs: partial, transitional, intermediate, and complete. Complete AVSDs are also classified as balanced and unbalanced. All intermediate and complete balanced AVSDs require surgical correction, and early repair is needed to prevent the onset of PVOD. Surgical correction with closure of atrial septal defect and VSD, along with repair and reconstruction of atrioventricular valves, is recommended. Palliative pulmonary artery banding may be considered in babies weighing less than 5 kg and those with significant co-morbidities. The management of unbalanced AVSDs is more complex, and staged single-ventricle palliation is the common management strategy. However, recent data suggest that achieving two-ventricle repair may be a better option in patients with suitable anatomy, particularly in patients in whom outcomes of single-ventricle palliation are less than optimal. The majority of treatment modes in the management of VSDs and AVSDs are safe and effective and prevent the development of PVOD and cardiac dysfunction.

Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with muscular VSD occluder after infective endocarditis in a patient with previous primum atrial septal defect closure, prosthetic aortic and mitral valves replacement. (RCD code IV-2B.3)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart defect at birth but is relatively rare in adult population. Apart from congenital, VSD may also be acquired. It can be caused by trauma, myocardial infarction or previous cardiac surgeries such as valvular replacements or VSD closure attempts. Surgical closure of VSD remains the treatment of choice while transcatheter closure could be considered in selected patients. Herein, we present a case of a 53-year-old man with symptomatic perimembranous VSD after infective endocarditis and a history of previous primum atrial septal defect closure and prosthetic aortic and mitral valves replacement. The VSD was successfully percutaneously closed across the prosthetic aortic valve. JRCD 2017; 3 (2): 59–64

Transcatheter device closure of postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect

BackgroundTranscatheter device closure of postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect (PMIVSD) is less invasive than surgical repair. However, its feasibility, timing, outcome, and prognostic factors remain unclear. MethodsThis was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Between February 2012 and July 2015, a total of 10 (8 male and 2 female) patients with PMIVSD undergoing attempted device closure were enrolled retrospectively. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia with fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. ResultsThe patients enrolled in the study were in the age range 50–85 years (median age of 76.5 years). The interval from infarction to device closure ranged from 6–147 days, with the median of 12 days. A total of 13 devices were implanted in 10 patients. There were five Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluders, four Amplatzer septal occluders, three Amplatzer PMIVSD occluders and one Amplatzer vascular plug II. Complications included transient ventricular tachycardia in three patients, device embolization in one patient, and tracheal bleeding in one patient. No procedure-related death, stroke, or cardiac tamponade was noted. During follow-up, two patients died of heart failure and two patients died of sepsis. Overall, subjects with age ≥ 80 years, systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mmHg, and procedure time ≥180 minutes were significant predictor factors for mortality. All patients with the interval of infarction to device closure >12 days survived. ConclusionOur findings indicate that transcatheter device closure of PMIVSD is technically feasible, safe, and effective to reduce the shunt. The crucial prognostic factors were ascertained to be age ≥ 80 years, systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mmHg, and procedure time ≥180 minutes.

Transcatheter Treatment of Large Aortopulmonary Window: A Case Report

Aortopulmonary window (APW), a large aortopulmonary septal defect (APSD), is a serious and rare defect within congenital heart diseases. In this study, we reported an APW case with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. This patient was successfully treated by transcatheter closure with a muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) occluder. We had a successful experience with transcatheter closure of a large APW using a muscular VSD occluder. There was no residual shunt or complications during the 6-month follow-up.

Iatrogenic embolization and transcatheter retrieval of a ventricular septal defect occluder in a dog

A 7-month-old Irish Setter underwent transcatheter therapy of a muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonary valve stenosis. Standard devices for muscular VSD closure could not span the interventricular septum due to right ventricular hypertrophy, and an Amplatzer post-infarction muscular VSD occluder with a wider waist was successfully implanted. Following VSD closure, inflation of the balloon dilation catheter during balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty resulted in iatrogenic embolization of the VSD occluder to the left ventricular outflow tract. Retrieval and reimplantation of the device was achieved using a snare catheter. This report describes a potential complication and management during intracardiac device implantation in a dog. Additionally, the case illustrates that the Amplatzer post-infarction muscular VSD occluder holds potential value in animals with a hypertrophied interventricular septum that cannot be spanned using a conventional device.