Muscular Stomach Research Articles

Influence of storage periods of quail eggs of Radonezh breed on the results of incubation and the development of young poultry

The storage period of eggs has a negative influence on the incubation period, embryo development, egg hatchability and hatching of young animals, which ultimately reduces the economic efficiency of the poultry farm. In breeding quail farms, the collection period of hatching eggs can reach 2–3 weeks. Our studies have studied the infl uence of the storage period of hatching eggs on the duration and results of incubation, the development of young quails. These issues have been studied not enough in meat-productive quails. In Russia, similar studies have been conducted on egg-productive quails of Japanese gray breed. However, poultry with meat productivity differs in both the duration of incubation and its results due to differences in metabolism in the body. Research has been carried out at the Siberian Research Institute of Poultry Farming on the eggs of Radonezh quail breed. It has been established that storing quail eggs for more than 7 days reduced the capacity of egg hatchability by 3.3–29.0 abs.%, and the hatching of young animals by 6.2–36.5 abs.%. Extending the shelf life of quail eggs to 14–21 days increased the average incubation hour by 2.5–9.7 hours, had a statistically signifi cant infl uence during embryogenesis on the live weight of day-old quails, the use of nutrients in the yolk sac and the development of the heart, liver and muscular stomach. It is advisable to store the hatching eggs of meat-productive quails of Radonezh breed before incubation for no more than 7 days. The results of these research can be used in breeding, industrial and farm quail farms for planning the sampling time, the number of eggs laid for incubation and places for planting day-old young animals, the population of future layers, and the volumes of necessary feed.

Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

Background: The digestive system is responsible for the intake, conversion and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of wastes from the body in order to provide the necessary energy for the continuation of vitality and functions. The aim of this study was to examine the glandular stomach of the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) by histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic methods. Methods: The glandular stomachs of 12 (6 males and 6 females) healthy adult Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were used in the study. The tissues taken were subjected to routine histological procedures. Result: Gross anatomically, it was seen that the Proventriculus was a fusiform or spindle-shaped organ, extending along the median plane between the esophagus and the muscular stomach. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the glandular stomach surface of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) contained many mucosal folds. Parallel grooves and proventricular gland openings were observed between these folds. Histologically, it was observed that the glandular stomach wall of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) consisted of four layers: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The tunica mucosa was observed to have lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis sublayers. Single layer prismatic cells secreting mucus were found in the lamina epithelialis layer. These cells showed local Alcian Blue (AB) pH:2,5 positive reaction. Lamina muscularis consisted of longitudinal smooth muscle fiber bundles. Compound, branched tubular glands were observed in the submucosal layer. Again, a regional AB positive reaction was observed in the lumen-facing parts of the tubular glands. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was noted in the basal parts of the tubular glands. In Gordon-Sweet (GS) staining method, reticular threads easily distinguished in all areas where connective tissue present.

Fibronectin as a predictor of preeclampsia

Since preeclampsia first emerged a few centuries ago, a substantial portion of humanity has been tormented by this disease, which has jeopardized and disrupted mankind. Numerous biological markers, including ENDOGLIN, PIGF (placental growth factor), SFLT 1(soluble fms like-tyrosine kinase 1), and PAPP-A (pregnancy associated plasma protein-A), suggest preeclampsia. It was beneficial for detecting preeclampsia, even if there was frequent mortality and morbidity among mothers because of the anticipated latency. Then another marker, fibronectin, was added to the picture. A better preeclampsia prognosis leads substantially to an overall decrease in maternal morbidity and mortality. The primary organ that manufactures circulating fibronectin, occasionally referred to as serum fibronectin, is the liver. To enable the extracellular and intracellular matrix to communicate and regulate cell behavior, fibronectin, an extracellular matrix element, primarily interacts with integrin receptors. Fibronectin is a diagnostic marker for a variety of ailments, such as muscular dystrophy, ovarian and stomach cancers, and gestational diabetes. Inflammatory changes result in the release of fibronectin into the bloodstream, and the main triggering factor of preeclampsia is the infiltration of various trophoblasts that injures endothelial tissues and induces inflammation. Therefore, the primary goal of our study was to establish that fibronectin is a biomarker of preeclampsia. To elucidate our perspective and evaluate whether fibronectin is relevant in preeclampsia prediction, we will conduct a qualitative evaluation of prior research and juxtapose it with the findings of the present study. Thus, early detection of preeclampsia could decrease the rate of maternal mortality and morbidity.

Comparison of gut microbiota immunity and pathology in specific-pathogen-free chickens with glandular and muscular gastritis using different methods.

The objective of this study is to review different methods to screen for the optimal model for preventing and treating chicken glandular and muscular gastritis syndrome. Twenty-four 40-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were randomly allocated into four groups (N = 6): polyethylene glycol + ammonium chloride group (M1 group), acetic acid + rhubarb group (M2 group), polyethylene glycol + rhubarb group (M3 group), and control group. The control group had free access to water, while the remaining groups received different doses of molding reagents added to their drinking water. The animal models were assessed based on clinical manifestations, histopathology findings, serological analysis, and composition of intestinal microbiota to establish an optimal approach for constructing an avian model of glandular and muscular gastritis. The SPF chickens in each model group exhibited typical symptoms of glandular and muscular gastritis, poor spirit, yellow loose stools with undigested feed, and enlargement and ulceration of the glandular and muscular stomach. Among these groups, the M3 group had the highest incidence rate of 100%. Compared to the control group, the body weight and body temperature of the chicken in the three model groups were reduced, and the glandular and muscular stomachs and duodenum showed different degrees of bleeding, mucosal abscission, and other pathological injuries. Additionally, the levels of serum IL-2 and α-amylase activity decreased while the content of IL-4 increased. After conducting 16s rDNA sequencing, it was observed that the abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 was significantly increased in the model group compared to the control group. Conversely, there was a notable decrease in the levels of Megamonas and Lactobacillus, which are speculated to be associated with arachidonic acid metabolism, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathways. The combination of polyethylene glycol and rhubarb emerged as the most effective method for establishing the glandular and muscular gastritis model in SPF chickens. This constructed chicken model displayed distinct signs of damage to the glandular and muscular stomach, inflammatory response, and disturbance in the intestinal flora, thereby providing a foundation for future research on the prevention and treatment of this syndrome.

Morphology of the digestive canal of broilers under the influence of Reasil® Humic Health

The introduction of new technologies for keeping and feeding poultry, shortening the growing time of modern poultry crosses, often lead to various stress conditions, which makes them highly sensitive to diseases of various etiologies, due to an insufficiently formed immune system. In most cases, this manifests itself in the form of gastrointestinal diseases and, as a result, an increase in poultry mortality. Currently, this problem is being solved by introducing feed additives into diets that contribute to increasing natural resistance and positively affect metabolic processes in general. One of these is the feed additive Reasil® Humic Health, which improves the condition of the digestive tract, which directly affects the acceleration of growth and development of the body, an increase in average daily weight gain, and obtaining safe meat products from broilers.The object of the study was a control and experimental group of 21-day-old Cobb-500 cross broilers, with 18,000 heads each. The broilers of the control group received the basic diet. In addition, Reasil® Humic Health feed additive at a dose of 2 g/ kg of feed was included in the main diet of the poultry of the experimental group. The selection of poultry for control slaughter at the ages of 22, 36 and 41 days, 60 individuals from each group, was carried out by random sampling. Thus, it can be concluded that Reasil® Human Health had a positive effect on the dynamics of weight and organometric parameters in broilers of the experimental group: the mass of the muscular stomach - by 11.4%, intestines - by 12% and liver - by 8% was higher compared with intact poultry.

Morphological features of the feral pigeon’s (Columba livia f. urbana) digestive system

Peculiarities of the morphological structure of the feral pigeon’s (Columba livia f. urbana) digestive system have been established. In the process of evolution, the digestive system has acquired certain anatomical changes that perform adaptive mechanisms for flying and egg-laying. In pigeons, the rostral part of the skull is represented by a beak consisting of an upper bill (maxilla) and gnathotheca (mandible) part. Due to the absence of a palatal fold, the digestive tract begins with the oropharynx, which lacks lips, teeth, and gums. The gorge is present in both sexes, consists of the right and left parts, and performs the function of accumulating fodder and secreting gorge milk, which is fed to the young through regurgitation. The mucous membrane of the esophagus forms longitudinal folds. There is a large number of digestive glands in the proventriculus. The cavity of the muscular stomach contains gastroliths, which act as teeth, ensuring grinding of food mass. The small intestine consists of the duodenum and ileum, which are joined by the mesentery and form three loops. The mucous membrane is developed, represented by numerous crypts that ensure the absorption of nutrients. The large intestine is represented by the paired rectal cecum and the rectum. The mucous membrane of the thick intestine is represented by leaf-like villi. The muscle layer is the most developed, myocytes are located in circular and longitudinal directions, forming folds

Bisphenol A and selenium deficiency exposure induces pyroptosis and myogenic differentiation disorder in chicken muscle stomach

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is commonly found in the environment due to its release from the use of plastics and food overpacks, has become a major stressor for environmental sustainability and livestock and poultry farming health. Selenium (Se) deficiency causes structural damage and inflammatory responses to the digestive system and muscle tissue, and there is a potential for concurrent space-time exposure to nutritional deficiency diseases and environmental toxicants in livestock and poultry. The mechanisms of damage to chicken muscular stomach from BPA or/and Se deficiency treatment are still not known. Here, we established a chicken model of BPA (20 mg/kg) or/and Se deficiency (0.039 mg/kg) exposure, and detected histopathological changes in the muscular stomach tissue, the levels of iNOS/NO pathway, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway, pyroptosis, and myogenic differentiation by H&E staining, immunofluorescence staining, real-time quantitative PCR, and western blot methods. The data revealed that BPA or Se deficiency exposure caused gaps between muscle fibres with inflammatory cell infiltration; up-regulation of the iNOS/NO pathway and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway; up-regulation of NLRP3/Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis related genes; down-regulation of muscle-forming differentiation (MyoD, MyoG, and MyHC) genes. The combination of BPA and Se deficiency was associated with higher toxic impairment than alone exposure. In conclusion, we discovered that BPA and Se deficiency caused myogastric pyroptosis and myogenic differentiation disorder. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the co-occurrence of animal nutritional deficiency diseases and environmental toxicant exposures in livestock and poultry farming, and may provide important insights into limiting the production of harmful substances.

Anatomy, histology and ultrastructure of the digestive tract in Andean fish (Trichomycterusbogotensis) and ecological implications

Trichomycterus bogotensis is one of the three species of fish that inhabit the Colombian Andes. However, several aspects of its basic biology, including its digestive system, are unknown. The morphology and histology of the digestive system are of great importance for understanding a species’ feeding habits and food preferences. Thus, this study aimed to perform a morphological description of the digestive tract of T. bogotensis. The gastrointestinal tract of seven specimens was processed for paraffin histology, high-resolution optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Anatomically, T. bogotensis exhibits a terminal mouth with villiform teeth, a narrow esophagus, a large and muscular stomach, and a short intestine. Histology and ultrastructure revealed a tissue organization similar to that reported for other Silurids, composed of four layers: mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serosa. The anatomical and histological characteristics suggest that T. bogotensis is a benthic species with a tendency to carnivory.

Protein hydrolysate as a source of bioactive peptides in diabetic food products

Protein hydrolysates are a promising active component in specialized food products. Due to the presence of bioactive peptides with enzyme inhibiting activity in their composition, protein hydrolysates exert different physiological effects. The aim of the research was to establish the potential hypoglycemic activity of the protein hydrolysate of broiler chicken stomachs in whey and to develop a beverage on its basis for patients with diabetes mellitus. Protein hydrolysates obtained from microbial fermentation of muscular stomachs of broiler chickens in whey were assessed by UHPLC coupled to mass-spectrometry. Using the BioPEp database, the molecular weight distribution of peptides in the hydrolysates was determined. In addition, bioactive peptides showing the inhibitory activity toward enzymes dipeptidyl peptidase‑4 and amylase were revealed. Based on the obtained hydrolysates, recipes of beverages for patients with diabetes mellitus were modeled in the Excel software program with regard to the recommendations for nutrition of this population group. According to the obtained recipes, beverages were produced in the laboratory conditions and their taste was assessed. An effect of the beverage on glucose reduction in the blood of laboratory animals was assessed upon single peroral administration with a dose of 1.3 ml before the main meal. The results of the investigation of the peptide composition of protein hydrolysates showed the presence of bioactive peptides (SY, VW, SW) in them with the inhibitory activity toward enzymes dipeptidyl peptidase‑4 and amylase confirmed by the BioPep database. The highest amount of the above indicated bioactive peptides (37.1 mg/100 g hydrolysate) was in the protein hydrolysate produced by fermentation of raw materials with propionic acid bacteria. The beverage produced on the basis of the protein hydrolysate and lemon juice was more acceptable for consumers in terms of taste than the beverage with the taste of cacao. The results of the in vivo trials showed that the beverage based on the protein hydrolysate was effective in reducing sugar in blood of both healthy rats and rats with diabetes mellitus. The blood sugar level in the healthy animals of the G1 group (without using the beverage) increased by 151% relative to the initial values, which was a higher value compared to the G2 group (with the use of the beverage), where an increase was 87%. A more significant growth in the blood sugar level (61% relative to the initial values) was also observed in the ill animals in the G3 group (without using the beverage), while this increase was 46% in the G4 group (with the use of the beverage). Thus, the results of the study show the prospects of using the protein hydrolysates from broiler chicken stomachs in whey as an active hypoglycemic component in beverages for patients with diabetes mellitus. However, more profound research is necessary including studies on the representative group of patients.

The effect of antioxidants on the productivity and enzymatic activity of the gastrointestinal tract of quails while reducing the risk of T-2 toxicosis

Purpose: to study the effect of antioxidants santoquine and vitamin E, included in the composition of wheat-sorghum-rapeseed type feed with a tolerant level of T-2 toxin, on the productivity and digestive processes of meat quail.Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on meat quails of the Pharaoh breed. At one day of age, according to the principle of analogous groups, 4 groups of 40 animals each were formed. Raised for meat until 42 days of age. Quails were individually weighed weekly to determine live weight gain and calculate feed costs per unit of production. After control slaughter at the age of 42 days, the activity of digestive enzymes: proteinases, amylases and cellulases was studied in the contents of the muscular stomach and duodenum of 5 animals from each group.Results. In the course of the studies, new experimentally substantiated data were obtained on the effectiveness of reducing the risk of T-2 toxicosis in the body of meat quails due to the rational joint use of santoquin antioxidant drugs in the composition of mixed feeds of the wheat-sorghum-rapeseed type with a tolerant level of T-2 toxin at a dose of 150 g/ t and vitamin E at a dose of 25 thousand IU/t. Thanks to this, in the quails of the 3rd experimental group, there was an increase in the survival rate of the livestock by 7.8 %, and an increase in live weight by 13.19 % (P<0.05). The meat poultry of the 3rd experimental group had the best pay for feed in terms of live weight gain, having spent 12.01 % less feed to obtain 1 kg of gain compared to the quails of the control group. Combined additions of the tested antioxidants contributed to a significant (P<0.05) increase in the activity of proteinases, cellulases and amylases in the contents of the muscular stomach by 24.15, 33.30 and 18.18 % and in the duodenum - by 13, compared to the analogues of the control group. 58, 13.93 and 15.02%, respectively.

Latrodectus envenomation in Ethiopia.

Black widows, one of the few spiders that can sting humans with poison, are members of the spider genus Latrodectus and are well-known for the extraordinary potency of their neurotoxic venom. Latrodectism, a symptom marked by excruciating muscular pain, stomach pain, and diaphoresis after envenomation, is very typical. We described a black widow envenomation case that produced a significant reaction, including diaphoresis and excruciating pain throughout the left thigh that later spread to the lower leg, lower back, belly, and chest. Because of the patient's description of the spider that bit him and his typical clinical state, it was assumed that Latrodectus envenomation was the cause of his symptoms. The patient received 3days of observation in the ED while receiving opioid analgesic pain management and muscle relaxant treatment with diazepam. The patient's pain and symptoms were satisfactorily managed, and he was sent home. This case report will help further research be done in the area where it was reported to see if there are cases with similar presentations misdiagnosed as other illnesses. Finally, immediate pain relief is the most critical goal for all patients.

Histology and histochemistry of the stomach of an Asian schilbeid, Clupisoma garua (Hamilton)

Abstract The cellular peculiarities and histochemical nature of the stomach in the freshwater catfish Clupisoma garua (Hamilton) were explored with light microscopic analysis. The pouch shaped muscular stomach was distinguished into the anterior cardiac and posterior pyloric regions. Histologically, the wall of stomach consisted of four distinct layers of the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and very thin serosa. The mucosa contained two kinds of epithelia: the superficial epithelium lined with columnar epithelial cells and the glandular epithelium crowded with numerous gastric glands that open through gastric pits. The vascularized submucosa was made up of loose connective tissues that extended into the mucosa forming lamina propria. The well-developed muscular layer was composed of an inner thick layer of circular muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal muscle bands. The detection and localization of mucopolysaccharides, glycogen, protein, and tryptophan in the various cells bounded in the stomach were described with the feeding behavior of the fish concerned.

Tissue-specific transcriptomes reveal potential mechanisms ofmicrobiome heterogeneity inan ancient fish.

The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) is an ancient, octoploid fish faced with conservation challenges across its range in North America, but a lack of genomic resources has hindered molecular research in the species. To support such research, we created a transcriptomic database from 13 tissues: brain, esophagus, gill, head kidney, heart, white muscle, liver, glandular stomach, muscular stomach, anterior intestine, pyloric cecum, spiral valve and rectum. The transcriptomes for each tissue were sequenced and assembled individually from a mean of 98.3 million (±38.9 million SD) reads each. In addition, an overall transcriptome was assembled and annotated with all data used for each tissue-specific transcriptome. All assembled transcriptomes and their annotations were made publicly available as a scientific resource. The non-gut transcriptomes provide important resources for many research avenues. However, we focused our analysis on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) observations in the gut because the gut represents a compartmentalized organ system with compartmentalized functions, and seven of the sequenced tissues were from each of these portions. These gut-specific analyses were used to probe evidence of microbiome regulation by studying heterogeneity in microbial genes and genera identified from mRNA annotations. Gene set enrichment analyses were used to reveal the presence of photoperiod and circadian-related transcripts in the pyloric cecum, which may support periodicity in lake sturgeon digestion. Similar analyses were used to identify different types of innate immune regulation across the gut, while analyses of unique transcripts annotated to microbes revealed heterogeneous genera and genes among different gut tissues. The present results provide a scientific resource and information about the mechanisms of compartmentalized function across gut tissues in a phylogenetically ancient vertebrate. Database URL: https://figshare.com/projects/Lake_Sturgeon_Transcriptomes/133143.

Growth and development of the replacement young chickens of the parent herd of the meat direction of productivity

The purpose of the research was to study the growth and development of the replacement young chickens of the parent herd of meat production and compare the eff ectiveness of the use of two complex feed additives Sorbitox and Probitox. When rearing the replacement young chickens of the cross Ross-308, the use of feed additive Sorbitox at a dose of 0,50 kg/t of feed made it possible to obtain in comparison with the control group the livability of livestock higher by 1,5 abs.%, with a similar dosage of Probitox additive by 2,1 abs.%. Analysis of the causes of culling of the replacement young chickens showed that the use of Sorbitox and Probitox additives reduced culling after two weeks of age, while in the control group it was observed throughout the entire rearing period. The average live weight of poultry of the control and experimental groups at 18 weeks of age had no signifi cant diff erences, but at the same time the uniformity of the group with Probitox additive exceeded the control by 8,7 abs.%, with Sorbitox by 5,3 abs.%. Analysis of the development of the main organs and departments of the gastrointestinal tract showed that the studied feed additives stimulated the development of the liver, heart, muscular stomach, intestines. The weight of the ovary and the length of the oviducts in the group of chickens receiving Sorbitox exceeded the control group by 20,3 and 9,7 %, with Probitox the diff erence was 27,8 and 11,4 %. Feed additives of sorption and probiotic action in the body of poultry stimulated metabolism of an anabolic nature. In the blood of the chickens receiving Sorbitox, the total protein was by 4,5 % higher than the control group, with Probitox by 5,6 %. At the same time, the level of urea decreased by 26,0 and 33,1 %. The highest glucose content was in the blood of poultry receiving Probitox additive (12,5 mmol/l), which exceeded the control group by 20,7 %, in the group with Sorbitox the diff erence was 7,3 %. The tested feed additives contributed to a greater retention of calcium in the poultry body, and also reduced expenditures of feed for rearing replacement young chickens. The use of Sorbitox additive reduced expenditures of feed by 6,9 %, and Probitox by 12,8 %.

Lung fusion with the liver in chick and quail embryos.

Even in mammals with the diaphragm, the lung and liver are likely to attach mutually without separation by any structure in embryos. The aim of this study was to examine whether or not the lung attaches to the liver in embryonic development of birds without diaphragm. First, we ensured the topographical relation between the lung and liver in 12 human embryos at 5 weeks. After the serosal mesothelium was established, the human lung sometimes (3 embryos) attached tightly to the liver without interruption by the developing diaphragm in the pleuroperitoneal fold. Second, we observed the lung-liver interface in chick and quail embryos. At 3-5 days' incubation (stages 20-27), the lung and liver were fused at bilateral narrow areas just above the muscular stomach. Therein, mesenchymal cells, possibly derived from the transverse septum, were intermingled between the lung and liver. The interface tended to be larger in the quail than the chick. At and until 7 days' incubation, the fusion of the lung and liver disappeared and, instead, a membrane connected them bilaterally. The right membrane extended caudally to attach to the mesonephros and caudal vena cava. At 12 days' incubation, bilateral thick folds, containing the abdominal air sac and pleuroperitoneal muscle (striated muscle), separated the dorsally located lung from the liver. Therefore, the lung-liver fusion occurred transiently in birds. Rather than the presence of the muscular diaphragm, whether the lung and liver were fused seemed to depend on a timing and sequence of development of the mesothelial coverings of these viscera.

Безопасность мяса цыплят-бройлеров при применении антибиотика нового поколения

The article presents the results of studies of the effect of a new generation antibiotic on the safety indicators of poultry products. The experimental part of the work was carried out in the vivarium of the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, at Mayskiye Prostory LLC, 140 broiler chickens of the Ross-308 cross were purchased at the age of one day. The drug was fed to broiler chickens in a therapeutic dose: 0,3 ml/l of water per day, watering was carried out from the 16th to the 20th day (5 days). In the carcasses of broiler chickens, we did not find pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora, the studied samples comply with the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union «On the safety of poultry meat and products of its processing» TR EAEU 051/2021. Analyzing the results of studies of residual amounts of antibiotics in muscle tissue, fat, skin, muscular stomach, heart and liver, we found that the detection of the minimum amount of florfenicol was on the 3rd day after the end of the drug drinking, and azithromycin on the 11th day.

Morphometrical and Histochemical study of glandular stomach (Proventriculus) in local domestic male ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos)

The present work explores morphometric and histochemical foundations of the wall of proventriculus in adult domestic male ducks. To achieve this study, six healthy adult ducks were purchased from local vendors in Mosul province. All birds were sedated. Their stomachs were removed after being dissected to achieve the gross description and measurements of the proventriculus, including the length and diameter of cranial, middle, and caudal regions of the proventriculus. Small tissue pieces 6-8 mm in length from three regions of proventriculus were processed for histomorphological studies using hematoxylin and Eosin stain, combined PAS-AB pH 2.5, toluidine blue, and Masson's trichrome stains. The finding showed that the proventriculus connects with the esophagus from the cranial side and the muscular stomach from the caudal side. It was a thin elongated oval tubular organ. Histologically, the mucosa of the proventriculus revealed the presence of folds and sulci-like structures covered by simple columnar epithelium. The tunica submucosa consisted of many signs of profound and straightforward sub-mucosal glands supported by connective tissue septa and extended from the basal part of the diverged gland through the lamina propria, which was organized in a conical manner (adenomere). Tunica Muscularis appeared as a double-layer coordinated in the form of inner longitudinal and outer circular ones. Finally, serosa consists of fibrous tissue, vessels, fatty tissue, and nerve plexuses studded by the mesothelial cells. The highest thickness of the four layers of mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serosal layers in the distal part of ‎the proventriculus. Histochemical PAS staining positively reacted with epithelial tunica mucosa and wall of proventricular glands.

MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AT PRE AND POST HATCH PERIOD IN BROILER CHICKS (Gallus gallus domesticus)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological development and growth of different segments of the digestive tract at pre and post hatch period of broiler chickens. A total sixty birds divided into: thirty of embryos at the days 10th , 15th and 20th of incubation period and thirty of chicks at the days 1st , 15th , 30th of post hatch period were used, as ten for each age. The live body weight taken of each bird and after careful evisceration, their digestive tracts segments (esophagus with crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, small intestine and large intestine) were dissected. The location, shape and weight of the collected organs were recorded. Morphological results showed that esophagus divided into two regions by crop cervical esophagus and thoracic esophagus. Stomach was divided into two parts, glandular stomach (proventriculus) and the muscular stomach (ventriculus). Small intestine divided into three parts these are represented by duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Large intestine represented by cecum and colon. Data of the absolute weight of each organ separately, showed increasing with age, were the increasing significantly different between ages (p≤0.05), while the data of the weight of each organ separately relative to body weight showed increasing at pre hatch period and at hatch day, but these values decrease at 15th day of post hatch period.

The effect of the biologically active additive betaine-aldehyde on the meat productivity of quails

The experimental results of betaine-aldehyde additive use in young quail diets rations have been provided. To conduct the experiment, two groups of Phoenix quails at the age of 10 days fed with complete compound feed were formed. Poultry of the second group received betaine-aldehyde additionally with drinking water (Sumus LLC, Kazan). It has been established that in the second group receiving the experimental supplement, live weight and average daily gains were significantly greater in males than in control groups by 2.6 % (P≤000.1) and 7.9 % in females, by 4.5 % (P≤0.01) and 12.7 % (P≤0.001), respectively. In the second group of quails, the slaughter weight increased by 7.8 %, the mass of the ungutted carcass by 8.8 %, the half-gutted and the gutted carcass ‒ by 8.7 %, the yield of edible parts ‒ by 11.3 % and muscles by 13.5 % (P≤0.01), as well as the relative and absolute mass of the liver and muscular stomach. The use of betaine-aldehyde had no negative effect on the organoleptic indicators of the experimental poultry meat.

Molecular characterization, expression pattern and genetic variant of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 gene in goose (Anser cygnoides)

ABSTRACT As a member of the insulin-like growth factor mRNA binding proteins (IGFBPs) family, IGF2BP3 plays important role in skeletal muscle development by regulating IGF2, which has been considered a key gene related to growth and reproductive traits in many agricultural animal species. However, study on the goose IGF2BP3 gene is still scarce. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of goose IGF2BP3 gene was cloned and characterized. The goose IGF2BP3 cDNA is 1825 bp in length, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1755 bp that encodes a protein of 584 amino acids, which consists of two RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs) and four K-homologous (KH) domains. RT-qPCR analysis indicates that the IGF2BP3 mRNA expression level is the highest in ovary tissue, followed in hypothalamus, spleen, leg muscle and liver, and low level in breast muscle and muscular stomach of the adult Zhedong White goose. Meanwhile, 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 5 insertions/deletions (InDels) variants were identified in about 10,764 bp of goose IGF2BP3 genomic DNA sequence. These results serve as a foundation for further investigations of the function of IGF2BP3 gene in geese.