Muscular Movements Research Articles

High-resolution analysis of individual Drosophila melanogaster larvae uncovers individual variability in locomotion and its neurogenetic modulation.

Neuronally orchestrated muscular movement and locomotion are defining faculties of multicellular animals. Due to its simple brain and genetic accessibility, the larva of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster allows one to study these processes at tractable levels of complexity. However, although the faculty of locomotion clearly pertains to the individual, most studies of locomotion in larvae use measurements aggregated across animals, or animals tested one by one, an extravagance for larger-scale analyses. This prevents grasping the inter- and intra-individual variability in locomotion and its neurogenetic determinants. Here, we present the IMBA (individual maggot behaviour analyser) for analysing the behaviour of individual larvae within groups, reliably resolving individual identity across collisions. We use the IMBA to systematically describe the inter- and intra-individual variability in locomotion of wild-type animals, and how the variability is reduced by associative learning. We then report a novel locomotion phenotype of an adhesion GPCR mutant. We further investigated the modulation of locomotion across repeated activations of dopamine neurons in individual animals, and the transient backward locomotion induced by brief optogenetic activation of the brain-descending 'mooncrawler' neurons. In summary, the IMBA is an easy-to-use toolbox allowing an unprecedentedly rich view of the behaviour and its variability of individual larvae, with utility in multiple biomedical research contexts.

Prediction of Upper-Body Power During the Seated Medicine Ball Throw in Older Women.

Parrino, RL, Strand, KL, San Ly, A, Barry, SS, Liscano, JA, Trebotich, L, Martin-Diala, C, Martin, E, and Signorile, JF. Prediction of Upper-body power during the seated medicine ball throw in older women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-Upper-body power, the product of muscular strength and movement velocity, is a core measure used by clinicians and researchers alike, to assess functional independence in older persons. Nevertheless, the evaluation of upper-body power is often impractical due to prohibitive cost, as well as space, equipment, and technical demands. Therefore, this study was designed to establish a predictive equation for upper-body peak power (PPUB) using the seated medicine ball throw (SMBT). Thirty-five older women (75.2 6.4y) completed the SMBT and pneumatic resistance chest press peak power (CPPP) testing. A stepwise multiple regression was used to produce a predictive model using CPPP to assess PPUB. The model included SMBT distance (SMBTD) and medicine ball mass (MBMass) as significant predictors (PPUB[W] = 96.719·SMBTD [m] + 37.164·MBMass [kg]-104.499; r = 0.752; SEE = 41.41 W; p < 0.001). The performance of this model was confirmed through a cross-validation analysis using 70% (n = 23; r = 0.709; p < 0.001) and 30% (n = 12; r = 0.823; p < 0.001) of the sample. Reliability was confirmed using intraclass correlation, coefficient of variation, standard error of measurement, and Bland-Altman analyses for both MBMass. This model provides an easily accessible and reliable tool, using SMBTD and MBMass, for predicting PPUB in older women as a marker of quality of life, functional independence, and ability to complete activities of daily living.

Artificial Intelligence for sEMG-Based Muscular Movement Recognition for Hand Prosthesis

The muscular activities gathered by real-time myoelectric interfaces of surface electromyography (sEMG) can be used to develop myoelectric prosthetic hands for physically disabled people. However, the acquired myoelectric signals must be accurately classified in real time to properly control the operation of the external devices. In this study, we propose methods for detecting and classifying muscular activities using sEMG signals. These methods include outlier removal, data manipulation, data preprocessing, dimensionality reduction, and classification. We use the Ninapro database 1 (DB1) containing sEMG signals from 27 intact subjects while performing 53 hand movements repeatedly. We apply the Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) feature extraction methods for dimensionality reduction. Five machine learning (ML) algorithms and deep learning artificial neural networks (ANN) are applied for the classification of muscular movements. It is observed that for the recognition of 53 muscular movements of 27 subjects with preprocessed raw data, ANN obtains the highest accuracy of 93.92% for inter-subject and 97.73% for intra-subject movement recognition. Among the ML algorithms, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) performs the best with both t-SNE features and the preprocessed raw data in least computational time. With the preprocessed raw data, KNN obtains 93.174% and 97.458% for inter-subject and intra-subject movement classification, respectively while with the t-SNE features, KNN obtains 89.844% accuracy for inter-subject and 95.04% accuracy for intra-subject in reduced computational time.

Spectral Analysis and Validation of Parietal Signals for Different Arm Movements

Brain signal analysis plays a significant role in attaining data related to motor activities. The parietal region of the brain plays a vital role in muscular movements. This approach aims to demonstrate a unique technique to identify an ideal region of the human brain that generates signals responsible for muscular movements; perform statistical analysis to provide an absolute characterization of the signal and validate the obtained results using a prototype arm. This can enhance the practical implementation of these frequency extractions for future neuro-prosthetic applications and the characterization of neurological diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD). To play out this handling method, electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are gained while the subject is performing different wrist and elbow movements. Then, the frontal brain signals and just the parietal signals are separated from the obtained EEG signal by utilizing a band pass filter. Then, feature extraction is carried out using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Subsequently, the extraction process is done by Daubechies (db4) and Haar wavelet (db1) in MATLAB and classified using the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. The results of the frequency changes that occurred during various wrist movements in the parietal region are compared with the frequency changes that occurred in frontal EEG signals. This proposed algorithm also uses the deep learning pattern analysis network to evaluate the matching sequence for each action that takes place. Maximum accuracy of 97.2% and maximum error range of 0.6684% are achieved during the analysis. Results of this research confirm that the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, along with the newly developed deep learning hybrid PatternNet, provides a more accurate range of frequency changes than any other classifier used in previous works of literature. Based on the analysis, the peak-to-peak value is used to define the threshold for the prototype arm, which performs all the intended degrees of freedom (DOF), verifying the results. These results would aid the specialists in their decision-making by facilitating the analysis and interpretation of brain signals in the field of neuroscience, specifically in tremor analysis in PD.

The use of platelet-rich plasma, hyaluronic acid, and botulinum toxin for the treatment of TMJ disorders

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint that connects the mandibular to the skull. Its main function is to facilitate the movement of the jaw and when it suffers any type of damage or injury, it leads to a decrease in mobility and pain in the area. This localized pain is called temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD), and it can be caused by intraarticular or extraarticular disorders. The most common symptoms include acute pain, decreased mouth opening, tightening of the muscle, headache, and loss of joint function. Nowadays, there are treatments for temporomandibular joint dysfunction from surgical procedures up to less invasive methods, such as the use of splints. Platelet rich plasma (PRP), hyaluronic acid (HA) and botulinum toxin (BTX) injections have been categorized as a complement of primary treatment in TMJD, as well as decrease drug excess in patients. Due to their natural origin, PRP and HA can regenerate tissue in cases of cartilage degeneration, inhibit inflammation, slow down the progression of osteoarthritis and increase the production of natural lubricating fluid in the joint. Its intra-articular application reduces pain due to lubrication and nutrition to the avascular areas of the disc and condylar cartilage. Botulinum toxin (BTX) has been used for years in the medical and cosmetic field, but its use in TMJD refers to injections specifically within masseter muscle, with the objective to reduce the muscular tension TMJ overload, therefore, pain decreases, and movement increases. Over the years these less invasive methods have been increasing in the medical area due to the great pain management in the neuro-muscular and articular complex.

Ataxia in children in the practice of a paramedic

The term ataxia includes impaired coordination and balance, and a lack of muscle control over intended movements. The most common signs and symptoms of cerebellar ataxia are ataxic gait (shaky, broad-based), movement disorders resulting from lack of proper muscular coordination, dysmetria, movement decomposition, intention tremor, and dysdiadachokinesia (disorder of alternating movements). Clinical symptoms vary depending on the damaged element: cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar vermis, damage to the deep sensory pathways or damage to the cerebellar-frontal tracts and frontal centers. The most common causes of acute ataxia in children are drug overdoses, poisoning, and post-infectious cerebellitis. It is worth remembering that many causes of ataxia are metabolic and immunological. There are acute ataxias, intermittent and recurrent ataxias, chronic progressive and non-progressive ataxias. It should be remembered that each child with acute ataxia requires diagnosis and hospitalization. It is necessary to conduct a detailed interview regarding the time and circumstances of the onset of ataxia, accompanying symptoms, continuously and temporarily taken medications, possible previous episodes of these the symptoms themselves and the current state of health.

Clinical Presentation and Management of Peripheral-induced Oromandibular Dystonia in Nigeria: A Case Report and Literature Update

Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a rare focal neurological disorder associated with impaired masticatory function, dysphagia, dysphonia, and involuntary abnormal movements of the mandible of varying severity. The peripheral-induced variant among other factors is a common aetiological factor of secondary dystonias, associated with constellations of clinical features and presents with differing responses to various treatment therapies. To report a case of oromandibular dystonia and to add to the body of literature. The case report is of a 33-year-old male who presented with complaints pain on speaking and from the temporomandibular joint area for 8 months which adversely affected patient’s work, social life and psychological well-being. Examination revealed retraction and repetitive but uncoordinated pattern of labial, cheek and masticatory muscular movement on mouth opening and closing. Diagnosis of oromandibular dystonia was made on clinical grounds. Patient was managed with a combination of medications by the oral physician, and physical therapy, which led to a significant improvement in the control of muscle contractions within 5 weeks. OMD though a rare neuromuscular condition can present to the dentist, and effective assessment, diagnosis and collaboration with relevant specialities are key to improved outcome.

Molecular mechanisms of lesion-induced axonal sprouting in the corticofugal projection: the role of glial cells.

Molecular mechanisms of lesion-induced axonal sprouting in the corticofugal projection: the role of glial cells.

Smartphone use and social media addiction in undergraduate students

Background: Children’s use of social media has increased significantly over the past decade. As a result, they are susceptible to smartphone addiction. In particular, parents' and children's well-being and behaviors are negatively affected by smartphone addiction. Such addiction likely affects both physical performance and lifestyle. Adolescents utilize their smartphones while performing other tasks. The secondary task might divert attention away from the primary task. Reaction time is the combination of brain processing and muscular movement. Texting or communicating on a smartphone while performing another task may affect reaction time. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of smartphone use on reaction time in undergraduate students who were addicted to smartphones. Methods: The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) was used to assign 64 undergraduate students to the smartphone addiction group (n = 32) and the control group (n = 32). The reaction time (RT) of an organism is used to determine how rapidly it responds to stimuli. All participants were examined on the RT test under three conditions: no smartphone use (control), texting, and chatting on a smartphone. Participants were questioned by smartphone through text message or chat with the support of a researcher during the texting and conversation conditions. While responding to the questions, the participant was administered an RT test. Results: The results showed that smartphone addiction tends to have a reduced influence on reaction time when compared to the control group. Also, texting or conversing on a smartphone while doing other work had a substantial impact on reaction time in the undergraduates. Conclusions: Combining smartphone use with other activities tends to reduce undergraduate students' reaction time.

Skeletal muscle metabolism and contraction performance regulation by teneurin C-terminal-associated peptide-1.

Skeletal muscle regulation is responsible for voluntary muscular movement in vertebrates. The genes of two essential proteins, teneurins and latrophilins (LPHN), evolving in ancestors of multicellular animals form a ligand-receptor pair, and are now shown to be required for skeletal muscle function. Teneurins possess a bioactive peptide, termed the teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP) that interacts with the LPHNs to regulate skeletal muscle contractility strength and fatigue by an insulin-independent glucose importation mechanism in rats. CRISPR-based knockouts and siRNA-associated knockdowns of LPHN-1 and-3 in the C2C12 mouse skeletal cell line shows that TCAP stimulates an LPHN-dependent cytosolic Ca2+ signal transduction cascade to increase energy metabolism and enhance skeletal muscle function via increases in type-1 oxidative fiber formation and reduce the fatigue response. Thus, the teneurin/TCAP-LPHN system is presented as a novel mechanism that regulates the energy requirements and performance of skeletal muscle.

Motor Imagery Analysis from Extensive EEG Data Representations Using Convolutional Neural Networks.

Motor imagery is a complex mental task that represents muscular movement without the execution of muscular action, involving cognitive processes of motor planning and sensorimotor proprioception of the body. Since the mental task has similar behavior to that of the motor execution process, it can be used to create rehabilitation routines for patients with some motor skill impairment. However, due to the nature of this mental task, its execution is complicated. Hence, the classification of these signals in scenarios such as brain–computer interface systems tends to have a poor performance. In this work, we study in depth different forms of data representation of motor imagery EEG signals for distinct CNN-based models as well as novel EEG data representations including spectrograms and multidimensional raw data. With the aid of transfer learning, we achieve results up to 93% accuracy, exceeding the current state of the art. However, although these results are strong, they entail the use of high computational resources to generate the samples, since they are based on spectrograms. Thus, we searched further for alternative forms of EEG representations, based on 1D, 2D, and 3D variations of the raw data, leading to promising results for motor imagery classification that still exceed the state of the art. Hence, in this work, we focus on exploring alternative methods to process and improve the classification of motor imagery features with few preprocessing techniques.

The Effect of Thermally Robust Ballistic Mechanisms on Climatic Niche in Salamanders.

SynopsisMany organismal functions are temperature-dependent due to the contractile properties of muscle. Spring-based mechanisms offer a thermally robust alternative to temperature-sensitive muscular movements and may correspondingly expand a species’ climatic niche by partially decoupling the relationship between temperature and performance. Using the ballistic tongues of salamanders as a case study, we explore whether the thermal robustness of elastic feeding mechanisms increases climatic niche breadth, expands geographic range size, and alters the dynamics of niche evolution. Combining phylogenetic comparative methods with global climate data, we find that the feeding mechanism imparts no discernable signal on either climatic niche properties or the evolutionary dynamics of most climatic niche parameters. Although biomechanical innovation in feeding influences many features of whole-organism performance, it does not appear to drive macro-climatic niche evolution in salamanders. We recommend that future work incorporate micro-scale environmental data to better capture the conditions that salamanders experience, and we discuss a few outstanding questions in this regard. Overall, this study lays the groundwork for an investigation into the evolutionary relationships between climatic niche and biomechanical traits in ectotherms.

FPGA-Based Hardware Accelerator on Portable Equipment for EEG Signal Patterns Recognition

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of comprehensive reflection of physiological brain activities. Because of many reasons, however, including noises of heartbeat artifacts and muscular movements, there are complex challenges for efficient EEG signal classification. The Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is considered a promising tool for extracting data features. A deep neural network can detect the deeper-level features with a multilayer through nonlinear mapping. However, there are few viable deep learning algorithms applied to BCI systems. This study proposes a more effective acquisition and processing HW-SW method for EEG biosignal. First, we use a consumer-grade EEG acquisition device to record EEG signals. Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) methods will be used for data preprocessing. Compared with other algorithms, the CWT-CNN algorithm shows a better classification accuracy. The research result shows that the best classification accuracy of the CWT-CNN algorithm is 91.65%. On the other side, CNN inference requires many convolution operations. We further propose a lightweight CNN inference hardware accelerator framework to speed up inference calculation, and we verify and evaluate its performance. The proposed framework performs network tasks quickly and precisely while using less logical resources on the PYNQ-Z2 FPGA development board.

Outcomes of Autologous Blood Injection for Treatment of Tennis Elbow

Introduction: Lateral tendinosis of the elbow, sometimes called tennis elbow, refers to the degenerative process in the common source of the extended group of forearm muscles. In orthopedic clinics, it is the most prevalent cause of elbow discomfort and pain. The condition caused by repeated muscular motions is a typical cause of elbow discomfort.&#x0D; Objectives: To assess the clinical and functional outcomes of autologous blood injection for the treatment of tennis elbow.&#x0D; Methodology: This is a hospital based cross-sectional study, conducted in Birat Medical College teaching hospital. Here, the patients diagnosed with a Tennis elbow in orthopedic OPD during the study duration of September 2020 to August 2021 were included in the study. Total 93 samples were studied. Two ml of the patient's blood has withdrawn from the right antecubital vein and has been injected around the affected common extensor tendon origin. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.&#x0D; Results: Total Ninety Three (59% females, 41% male) patients were treated with the diagnosed concerned disease. The mean age of the patients was 45.39 ± 10.109 years. At the end of the trial, 90% of the patients were satisfied fully with the treatment. The overall performance of the regression model is significant in all scenarios.&#x0D; Conclusion: Given the satisfactory results, the blood injection in question can be deemed a suitable medication alternative to the conventional therapy.

Ergonomic risk assessment of musculoskeletal discomforts among young Indian rowers.

Rowing requires synchronized, forceful and repetitive muscular movement to propel the boat towards the finish point. This makes rowers prone to musculoskeletal discomfort. The etiology of such musculoskeletal discomfort is multifactorial in nature. Therefore, risk assessment is essential for encouraging enhanced performances. The present study was undertaken to decipher the prevalent areas of discomfort, identify risk factors contributing to discomforts among young Indian rowers and propose a model for the causative factors of discomfort to monitor their performances. A self-constructed questionnaire was framed and administered at state level competition. To identify the likely commonalities, the response matrix was subjected to Factor Analysis (FA). Subsequently, Principal Component Regression (PCR) was carried out to identify the influence of ergonomic risk factors with rowing performance parameters. The study identified three major factors: Imprecision Related Factors' (ImRF), 'Occupation Related Factors' (ORF) and 'Individual Related Factors' (IRF). The study suggests changes to the training strategies for reducing discomforts from ergonomics risk factors. The study quantifies major risk factors with the highest loading and proposes an interpretive model. This will be beneficial for formulating the training frameworks and to prepare guidelines for rowers to refrain from discomforts consequently, enhancing performance.

Active filaments I: Curvature and torsion generation

In many filamentary structures, such as hydrostatic arms, roots, and stems, the active or growing part of the material depends on contractile or elongating fibers. Through their activation by muscular contraction or growth, these fibers will generate internal stresses that are partially relieved by the filament acquiring intrinsic torsion and curvature. This process is fundamental in morphogenesis but also in plant tropism, nematic solid activation, and muscular motion of filamentary organs such as elephant trunks and octopus arms. Here, we provide a general theory that links the activation of arbitrary fibers at the microscale to the generation of curvature and torsion at the macroscale. This theory is obtained by dimensional reduction from the full anelastic description of three-dimensional bodies to morphoelastic Kirchhoff rods. Hence, it links the geometry and material properties of embedded fibers to the shape and stiffness of the rod. The theory is applied to fibers that are wound helically around a central core in tapered and untapered filaments.

Comparison of Intubating Conditions in Patients Induced with Succinylcholine, Atracurium and Priming with Atracurium

Background: This was a comparative observational study to compare the intubating conditions in patients posted for elective surgeries under general anaesthesia using succinylcholine, atracurium or priming with atracurium. Depolarizing muscle relaxant, frequently used for rapid sequence endotracheal intubation, has serious complications that occur intermittently, such as, hyperkalemia, increased intraoccular pressure and sudden cardiac arrest. So the priming principle, i.e., the administration of a subparalyzing dose of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant (priming dose) prior to the intubating dose, was developed for rapid sequence endotracheal intubation with nondepolarizing muscle relaxant. This study compares the intubating conditions using a depolarizing muscle relaxant, a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant and priming with a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant. Methodology: Total 114 patients scheduled for elective surgeries were allocated into 3 groups. We assessed the intubating conditions with jaw relaxation, position of vocal cords, response to intubation (coughing, straining or muscular movements), haemodynamic response to intubation and number and strength of twitches to train of four stimuli just before intubation. Results: All the patients in different study groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, ASA status. The mean SBP, DBP was statistically significantly higher in Group B as compared to Group C group and Group A from 1 minute after intubation till after extubation. Good jaw relaxation was most commonly observed in group A (100%) as compared to group C (31%) and group B (17.5%) and the difference was statistically significant. Open vocal cord was most commonly observed in group A (100%) as compared to group C (75%) and group B (23%) and the difference was statistically significant. Severe coughing was most commonly observed in group B (17.5%) as compared to group C (0%) and group A (0%) and the difference was statistically significant. Severe muscular movements was most commonly observed in group B (21%) as compared to group C (0%) and group A (0%) and the difference was statistically significant.1,2,3 twitch was most commonly observed in group B (100%) as compared to group C (77.5%) and group A (56%) and the difference was statistically significant. Increase in BP and pulse &gt; 20% of basal values was most commonly observed in group B (42%) as compared to group C (0%) and group A (0%) and the difference was statistically significant. Excellent to good scoring was most commonly observed in group A (100%) as compared to group C (92.5%) and group B (25%) and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Succinylcholine is still the ideal choice for rapid sequence induction. Priming with atracurium can be used as an efficient alternative when succinylcholine is contraindicated.

Harnessing Cascading Dominoes for Peristaltic Wave Motion

Organisms have evolved many simple yet effective muscular movements. Of these, peristaltic wave motion is among the most prolific and can be found across organism scales and in a variety of organs that transport objects or provide locomotion. Several robotic platforms have mimicked peristaltic movement, which resembles soliton propagation; however, the complexity of integrating multiple sequential actuators and the fragility of these systems have limited their practical application. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of cascading dominoes to realize soliton-like wave movements that can transport objects and locomote with only two actuators. Unlike conventional domino series where falling dominoes produce a soliton at the collapsing frontier, we added a revolute joint on each domino to ensure all the dominoes stack continuously, which inherently changes the soliton wave shape. We show how domino geometry determines the wave shape of the soliton, both analytically and experimentally, and how actuator speed affects the wave speed. Inspired by peristaltic wave motion in living organisms, we used the cascading dominoes to move objects through an artificial esophageal conduit and build a “mantis shrimp” crawler. Cascading dominoes enable a new type of actuator mechanism and provide new opportunities for robotic motion.

Effect of Sensory Integration, Neurodevelopmental Therapy and Behavioral Therapy on Overall Development in a Child with Cerebral Palsy: An Interesting Case Report

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a collection of conditions that impact a person's ability to move, balance, and maintain posture. Cerebral palsy is a disorder that affects the motor portion of the brain's outer layer, which controls muscular movement. The cerebral motor cortex hasn't formed normally in some situations throughout fetal development. In certain cases, the impairment is caused by a brain injury that occurred before, during, or after delivery. In either situation, the damage is irreversible, and the resulting disabilities are permanent. The nature and intensity of CP symptoms vary from one person to the next, and they can even alter over time. Depending on whether areas of the brain have been affected, symptoms might vary widely from person to person. Cerebral palsy affects mobility and posture in all persons, and some people may have intellectual disabilities, seizures, odd bodily feelings or perceptions, and other medical issues. People with CP may also have vision or hearing impairments, as well as language and speaking issues. The present case report is of a child of 2.5 years old. She came with complaints of difficulty in sit to stand, standing with maximum assistance, very minimal standing balance, requires total assistance in walking. She was also having some sensory and behavioral issues reported by parents like trying to catch her own shadow, blabbering among herself. She was assessed, treatment including Sensory integration and Neurodevelopmental therapy was given to her for a period of 6 months. Baby improved profoundly well.

Mind-body interventions involving a home-based component to improve functional fitness outcomes in adults: A scoping review

Introduction: Home-based physical activity has several advantages, considering the barriers that adults encounter to site-based studies (i.e., travel, time, weather). Mind-body interventions (MBIs) have the potential to not only improve cognitive and emotional regulation, but also affect functional fitness via gentle muscular movements and exercises. The purpose of this scoping review was to review the evidence for MBIs that incorporated a home-based component to improve functional fitness outcomes (FFO). Given the variety of populations studied, varied structure and style of the interventions, and various FFOs tested, a scoping review was identified as the most appropriate approach. Methods: For this scoping review, we searched the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, SportDiscus, PsycInfo and Cochrane Library using keywords related to MBIs with a home-based component, FFOs, and adults from inception to May 2021. Results: Of the 1,569 results identified, 14 studies met our inclusion criteria - 5 on Tai-chi, 5 on Yoga, 3 on Dance and 1 on Tai-chi and Yoga. Of these studies, 10 measured balance, 9 mobility, 4 fall risk, 4 strength and 2 flexibility. Study participants included healthy and clinical samples. The interventions ranged from 6 to 17 weeks with home exercise from 1 to 5 days/week. Home instruction was delivered via video (10), handouts (4), and live instruction (3). On-site MBIs were supplemented by home-based exercise instruction in 12 studies. Twelve of the 14 studies observed significant improvements in FFOs. Conclusion: Only 4 of the 14 studies included a fully-home based MBI. Although each one showed significant effects on their respective FFOs, more studies are needed to compare the efficacy of fully home-based MBIs to on-site MBIs. Future research on fully home-based MBIs is needed as they could offer advantages over in-person interventions in terms of fewer barriers, accessibility, cost-effectiveness and potential sustainability over time.