Muscular Membrane Research Articles

ГИСТОСТРУКТУРНЫЕ И ГИСТОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ МАТКИ У КОШЕК ПОРОДЫ МЕЙН-КУН В ПОСТНАТАЛЬНОМ ОНТОГЕНЕЗЕ

The aim of the study is to identify morphometric, histological and histochemical features of the uterus in Maine Coon cats in postnatal ontogenesis. The study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Technology and Veterinary Medicine of the Khakass State University named after N.F. Katanov, as well as at veterinary clinics in the city of Abakan, Republic of Khakassia. The material for the histological study was organ complexes of 95 Maine Coon cats of five age groups: newborns, puberty, physiological maturity (anestrus) and pronounced senile changes. Histological sections were made from the obtained material using the generally accepted technique. Morphometric indices of the uterus in cats in postnatal ontogenesis increase in direct proportion to age until the onset of the period of pronounced senile changes, after which they decrease. The uterine wall of newborn kittens and kittens in the weaning period is characterized by poorly expressed differentiation of the endometrial layers and the absence of uterine glands. During puberty and physiological maturity, the maximum development of the uterine glands and characteristic cyclic changes in the endometrium are observed. In cats during the period of pronounced senile changes, a decrease in the number of uterine glands in relation to the stroma is noted. A small amount of glycogen is detected in the integumentary and glandular epithelium of the uterus. Glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans accumulate in the apical part of the epithelial and glandular cells. A positive reaction to glycogen is noted in the intercellular substance of the proper plate of the endometrial mucosa. Glycosaminoglycans are found in epithelial cells. In the inner layer of the muscular membrane, the reaction to glycogen is positive. Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins are present in the vascular layer. Glycoproteins are detected in the endothelium of blood vessels.

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE GIZZARD OF THE BUDGERIGAR (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS) OF DIFFERENT AGES

The features of the histological structure and morphometric indicators of the microstructures of the gizzard (ventriculus gastris s. pars muscularis) of budgerigars of 9 age groups were determined: 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-day-old, 1-, 2-, 6-month-old and 1-year-old. It was confirmed that the wall of the gizzard consists of four membranes: mucous, submucosa, muscular and serous. The mucous membrane is formed by two layers: the lamina propria and the epithelial layer, the surface of which is covered with cuticle. The lamina propria, formed by loose fibrous connective tissue, contains densely located simple tubular weakly branched glands throughout its depth that produce keratin. The lamina propria is composed of a deep layer containing secretory departments of glands with an expanded base and a superficial layer containing villi that function as excretory ducts, along which liquid secretion moves from the depths of the secretory departments to the surface of the mucous membrane and which has the form of columns that are oxyphilically stained. The epithelial layer of the mucous membrane is represented by a single-layered single-row prismatic epithelium, the cells of which have a weakly oxyphilic cytoplasm and a basally located oval-shaped nucleus. The muscularis mucosae is not found in the composition of the mucous membrane. The submucosa formed by densely arranged bundles of mainly collagen fibers, connects the mucous and muscular membranes. The muscular membrane consists of a single layer, which is built of contractile elements of unstriated muscle tissue and thin fibers of connective tissue. Age-related features of morphometric indicators of microstructures of the budgerigar gizzard were an increase in the thickness of the cuticle, mucous and muscular membranes with age and a decrease in the depth of the glandular portions of the tubular glands. The greatest thickness of the cuticle was in parrots 6 months to 1 year old, and the greatest depth of the glands that produce it was in chicks 1-21 days old.

Numerical study on structural design and mechanical analysis of anti-migration tracheal stent with non-uniform Poisson's ratio

Stent migration is one of the common complications after tracheal stent implantation. The causes of stent migration include size mismatch between the stent and the trachea, physiological movement of the trachea, and so on. In order to solve the above problems, this study designed a non-uniform Poisson ratio tracheal stent by combining the size and structure of the trachea and the physiological movement of the trachea to improve the migration of the stent, meanwhile ensuring the support of the stent. In this study, the stent corresponding to cartilage was constructed with negative Poisson's ratio, and the stent corresponding to the circular connective tissue and muscular membrane was constructed with positive Poisson's ratio. And four kinds of non-uniform Poisson's ratio tracheal stents with different link lengths and negative Poisson's ratio were designed. Then, this paper numerically simulated the expansion and rebound process of the stent after implantation to observe the support of the stent, and further simulated the stretch movement of the trachea to calculate the diameter changes of the stent corresponding to different negative Poisson's ratio structures. The axial migration of the stent was recorded by applying different respiratory pressure to the wall of the tracheal wall to evaluate whether the stent has anti-migration effect. The research results show that the non-uniform Poisson ratio stent with connecting rod length of 3 mm has the largest diameter expansion in the negative Poisson ratio section when the trachea was stretched. Compared with the positive Poisson's ratio structure, the axial migration during vigorous breathing was reduced from 0.024 mm to 0.012 mm. The negative Poisson's ratio structure of the non-uniform Poisson's ratio stent designed in this study did not fail in the tracheal expansion effect. Compared with the traditional stent, the non-uniform Poisson's ratio tracheal stent has an anti-migration effect under the normal movement of the trachea while ensuring the support force of the stent.

Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activities and Molecular Mechanisms of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extract in Mice on a High-Fat Diet.

We planned to explore the protective activities of extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. (EPE) on insulin resistance and metabolic disorders including hyperlipidemia, visceral obesity, and renal dysfunction in high-fat diet (HFD)-progressed T2DM mice. Mice treatments included 7 weeks of HFD induction followed by EPE, fenofibrate (Feno), or metformin (Metf) treatment daily for another 4-week HFD in HFD-fed mice. Finally, we harvested blood to analyze some tests on circulating glycemia and blood lipid levels. Western blotting analysis was performed on target gene expressions in peripheral tissues. The present findings indicated that EPE treatment reversed the HFD-induced increases in blood glucose, glycosylated HbA1C, and insulin levels. Our findings proved that treatment with EPE in HFD mice effectively controls hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Our results showed that EPE reduced blood lipid levels, including a reduction in blood triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and free fatty acid (FFA); moreover, EPE reduced blood leptin levels and enhanced adiponectin concentrations. EPE treatment in HFD mice reduced BUN and creatinine in both blood and urine and lowered albumin levels in urine; moreover, EPE decreased circulating concentrations of inflammatory NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). These results indicated that EPE displayed antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities but alleviated renal dysfunction in HFD mice. The histology examinations indicated that EPE treatment decreased adipose hypertrophy and hepatic ballooning, thus contributing to amelioration of lipid accumulation. EPE treatment decreased visceral fat amounts and led to improved systemic insulin resistance. For target gene expression levels, EPE enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation expressions both in livers and skeletal muscles and elevated the muscular membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expressions. Treatment with EPE reduced hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expressions to suppress glucose production in the livers and decreased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) expressions to affect hepatic glycogen synthesis, thus convergently contributing to an antidiabetic effect and improving insulin resistance. The mechanism of the antihyperlipidemic activity of EPE involved a decrease in the hepatic phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex C1 (mTORC1) and p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) expressions to improve insulin resistance but also a reduction in hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c expressions, and suppression of ACC activity, thus resulting in the decreased fatty acid synthesis but elevated hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and SREBP-2 expressions, resulting in lowering TG and TC concentrations. Our results demonstrated that EPE improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hyperlipidemia in HFD mice.

Anatomical structure of the stomach of the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Abstract In this article, an analysis of the normal anatomy of the stomach of the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is presented. The material covered 20 female common pheasants from poultry breeding. A necropsy of the deceased animals was performed, and then the stomachs were removed, analyzed, and measured for length, width, thickness of the walls, and characteristic anatomical features. The measurements were made using a caliper. The presented results include the stomach and proventriculus, focusing on their specificity, such as the strongly developed muscular membrane of the type II stomach, characteristic of granivorous birds, which reflects the diet of pheasants. In the discussion, the stomach structure of the pheasant was compared with other birds, emphasizing how diet influences the varied morphology of organs. These studies are preliminary and should be expanded to a larger group of animals, taking into account the aspect of sex. However, they constitute a basis for further development of the normal and comparative anatomy of the common pheasant.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРОЕНИЯ СЕМЯПРОВОДОВ У КРОЛИКОВ

The aim of the study is to investigate the anatomical and histological structure of the ductus deferens in representatives of the order Lagomorpha. The results of the micromorphology of the vas deferens in representatives of the order Lagomorpha are presented. Histological preparations were prepared and exami¬ned at the Omsk State Agrarian University (Department of Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Pathological Anatomy). The objects of the study were material obtained from five sexually mature male Californian rabbits. For histological examination, pieces of organs were selected using the generally accepted method. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as the Van Gieson method. Morphological, histological, morphometric and statistical methods were used in the study. The ductus deferens in rabbits is a paired tubular organ. The thickness of the mucous membrane of the left ductus deferens varies within 85.77 ± 3.13 μm, of the right ductus deferens was 136.14 ± 3.20 μm. The thickness of the muscular membrane of the left ductus deferens was 287.16 ± 3.48 μm, of the right ductus deferens was 333.79 ± 4.07 μm. The thickness of the adventitia of the left ductus deferens was 246.08 ± 4.75 μm, of the right ductus deferens was 258.56 ± 3.84 μm. During the study, special attention was paid to the adaptation of the muscular layer, which demonstrates a high degree of development and the ability to powerful peristaltic contractions, ensuring the movement of sex cells to the urethra. We can also assume the formation of sphincter systems of the ductus deferens in the indicated anatomical areas.

Morphofunctional and morphometric features of the small intestine in experimental rats with inflammation of the abdominal cavity

The article presents studies of the effect of fecal suspension by introducing into the abdominal cavity at the rate of 0.5 ml of a 10% solution per 100 g of animal body weight. The morpho-functional state and morphometric analyzes of the small intestine were studied in normal conditions and with inflammation of the abdominal organs by introducing fecal suspension. The results showed that inflammation of the abdominal organs led to significant changes in the wall of the small intestine, multiple hemorrhages and fibrin clots were found. In the intestine, there is a change and violation of the structures of the small intestine, the total thickness of the mucous membrane increases. Violation of goblet cells, villus height and crypt depth occur. Analysis of the study showed that the walls of the small intestine, revealed structural changes, mainly in the mucosa, submucosa and muscle membranes. The mean value of the mucosal thickness in the control group was 526.17±17.11 micrometer; submucous layer – 47.21±1.63 micrometer. Phenomena of edema, inflammatory infiltration, and separation of muscle fibers were noted in both layers of the muscular membrane. The average layer of thickness of the muscular membrane was 145.67±6.92 µm. Changes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine, at one time reflected in the structural changes in the villi-crypt of the small intestine. A violation of microcirculation in the tissues of the small intestine after the inflammatory process was revealed, which leads to aggravation of dystrophic and necrobiotic lesions of the overall state of the small intestine and is combined with the severity of the clinical picture in experimental animals.

Influence of autonomous regulation type on the connective tissue content in the muscular membrane of the chickens’ small intestine

The relationship between the small intestine's muscular membrane structure of chickens and the autonomous regulation type was investigated. Based on electrocardiographic and variational pulsometric studies, adult laying hens of the Isa-Brown breed were divided into two groups: sympathotonic (ST) and sympatho-normotonic (ST-NT). The volume of individual layers and the entire muscle membrane, as well as the volume of connective tissue fibers located in it, was determined in the small intestine of the hens. In general, the relationship between morphological parameters and the autonomous regulation type is similar throughout the whole intestine, but it has certain peculiarities in different intestine parts. An increase in the volume of both the circumferential and longitudinal layers of the intestinal muscular membrane accompanies an increase in sympathetic tonus. This pattern is typical for both groups. The ratio between these layers varies along the intestinal wall: the share of the longitudinal layer increases while that of the circumferential layer decreases. Accordingly, the average volume of the entire small intestine's muscular membrane in ST and ST-NT chickens differs by 590.6 mm3, and the total volume by 1771.7 mm3. Increased sympathetic tonus also contributes to a more significant number of collagen fibers in the circular layer of the muscle membrane. In the average values of the small intestine, its superiority over the longitudinal layer is 5.6 % in ST chickens and 3.4 % in ST-NT chickens. Regarding absolute values of elastic fiber volume, no group of birds has a complete advantage along the small intestine. However, the average values of this section are still dominated by ST chickens, which outnumber the other group by 15.3 mm3 in the circumferential layer and by 11.7 mm3 in the longitudinal layer of the muscle membrane. Birds with persistent sympathotonia also have more collagen fibers per 1 mm3 muscle membrane. Regarding average small intestine parameters, ST-NT chickens demonstrate a lower value (0.005 mm3). However, regarding the number of elastic fibers alone, ST-NT chickens already occupy a dominant position, and the difference between the two groups decreases to 0.004 mm3. The established muscle membrane's morphological features indicate its plasticity in adapting the intestinal wall to the autonomous regulation peculiarities.

Ultrastructure of the muscular membrane of the mice gallbladder wall under the influence of ursodeoxycholic acid

Ultrastructure of the muscular membrane of the mice gallbladder wall under the influence of ursodeoxycholic acid

Morphological differences in the isthmus and funnel of the fallopian tubes of women in young and old age

BACKGROUND: Scientific interest in age-related changes of the female organism is invariably increasing, which is caused, first of all, by the increase in life expectancy of modern man.
 AIM: Identification of patterns of age-related morphological changes in the isthmus and funnel of fallopian tubes of women giving birth in old age versus young age using sectional material.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on the sectional material of 70 women who had given birth and were divided into two groups: group 1 included 34 women of young age (22–35 years) and group 2 consisted of 36 elderly women (75–88 years). The external diameter of the isthmus and funnel of the fallopian tubes was determined. For histological examination, fallopian tubes fragments taken at autopsy were stained with Van Gieson picrofuchsin and hematoxylin and eosin.
 RESULTS: There was a decrease in the external diameter of the isthmus and funnel of both fallopian tubes in women from young age to old age (p 0.01). At old age, there was a predominance of external diameter parameters of the isthmus and funnel of the right fallopian tube in comparison with those of the left fallopian tube (p 0.01), while at young age there was only a tendency for the diameter of the isthmus and funnel of the right fallopian tube to predominate (p 0.05). The histological study showed the presence of thickened folds of the mucous membrane and flattened epithelium in the studied areas in older women, thinning of the muscular membrane layers and overgrowth of connective tissue in comparison with the samples taken for the study in younger women.
 CONCLUSIONS: Morphologic restructuring of the isthmus and funnel of the fallopian tubes from young to old age consists in thickening of the mucous membrane folds, flattening of the epithelium, overgrowth of connective tissue in the wall and reduction of their outer diameter with predominant parameters in the right fallopian tube.

Morphology of the colon wall at different stages of chronic constipation

Introduction. Chronic constipation affects 14–16% of the developed countries population, thus remaining an important problem of modern coloproctology. To substantiate an objective treatment, it is elevant to look at not only clinical, laboratory, and instrumental data, but also at morphogenesis of structural colon changes at different stages of chronic constipation. Materials and methods. We studied postoperative material of 30 patients with drug-resistant chronic constipation at subcompensated (SC) and decompensated (DC) stages. The comparison group (CG) included 30 cases of colon resection for non-recurrent colorectal cancer. Morphometry of mucous membrane structural elements and neuromuscular and lymphoid apparatus was carried out. Results. Quantitative analysis of structural colon elements at SC stage indicates reversible atrophic changes and thickening of submucosal and muscular membranes, mainly due to edema and hypertrophy. Simultaneously, atrophic changes at DC stage are irreversible, with sclerotic, dystrophic, and atrophic changes being observed in submucosal and muscular membranes. As chronic constipation progresses, the number of nerve cells in the neuromuscular apparatus of the colon decreases significantly. Morphogenesis of lymphoid formations is limited to the development of a compensatory adaptive reaction as protective hyperplasia at SC stage, without simultaneous increase in the specific proportion of secondary lymphoid follicles. Although at DS stage, the average number and specific proportion of lymphoid formations in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon increase; the average area of lymphoid formations decreases markedly; and no secondary lymphoid follicles are observed. Conclusion. The established patterns of the colon wall morphogenesis in chronic constipation provide us objective causes to confirm the irreversible progression of pathological processes in all its functionally significant structures. This, based on the morphometric criteria obtained, serves as a recommendation for finding the most optimal treatment option for such patients. Keywords: chronic constipation, morphometry

Histological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract organs of broilers of the Smena 8 and Cobb 500 crosses

A comparative study of the growth patterns of the layers of the digestive tube was conducted in two broiler crosses, Smena 8 and Cobb 500. Histological studies were performed on days 1, 7 and 42. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The size of the layers was measured on sections of the glandular section of the stomach and intestine, and relative values were calculated. In the Smena 8 cross, by the end of the experiment, compared with the daily age, the relative size of the mucous membrane of the glandular section of the stomach (6.1%) and the villi of the proximal part of the cecum (5.9%) decreased, while the relative size of the submucosa of the stomach (2.3%), villi of the duodenum (1.5%) and the muscular membrane of the proximal part of the cecum (7.5%) increased. In the Cobb 500 cross, changes in these structures were in the opposite direction. The villi of the jejunum and proximal part of the cecum increased by 8.2 and 21.6%. In both crosses, the relative size of the crypt layer and the muscular plate of the mucous membrane in the jejunum and proximal part of the cecum decreased. At the age of one week, the submucosa of the glandular part of the stomach in the Cobb 500 cross increased by 9.9%. We assume that better development of the submucosa of the stomach at the beginning of life together with the development of villi of the jejunum and proximal part of the cecum contribute to more effective formation of productive qualities of broilers of the Cobb 500 cross.

Morphological features of basal laminas of enteral nervous system structures in chronic slow transit constipation

BACKGROUND: Studies on basal laminas in the tissues of the enteric nervous system are few and are carried out on experimental models in vivo and in vitro, performed on animals. The morphological features of the structure and localization of BL, their cellular sources of origin in various tissues of the gastrointestinal tract in normal and pathological conditions remain poorly studied.
 AIM: Study of morphological features and distribution of basal laminas in human colon tissues and their changes in pathology.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fragments of the large intestine, obtained as a result of surgery for chronic slow-transit constipation, performed in S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy were studied. The selective marker of basal laminas, type IV collagen, as well as neuronal and glial immunohistochemical markers (PGP 9.5, GFAP, S100 proteins) were used in the work
 RESULTS: It has been shown that the greatest immunoreactivity within the intestinal wall is observed in the myenteric membrane, weak in the vessels of the submucosa, locally expressed in the subepithelial region of the mucous membrane (in the upper sections of the crypts). In smooth muscle, basal laminas were found around the smooth muscle cells of the longitudinal and concentric layers of the muscular membrane, mucous membrane, veins and arteries, as well as in the endothelium. It has been shown that the ganglionic Auerbachs plexus is delimited from closely adjacent muscle layers of a continuous basal lamina, similar to the basal plate (glia limitans) of the brain and spinal cord of the CNS. It is clearly defined by its appearance it has the form of a continuous hollow tubular structure. The sources of the formation of the basal plate around the ganglia of Auerbach and Meissners plexuses are various glial elements: in the first plexus, astrocyte-like and non-myelinated Schwann cells (both types located in the neuropil), and in the second plexus, glia of the autonomic nervous system (satellite cells of neurons and neurolemmocytes of postganglionic nerve fibers).
 CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, the transition of basal lamina from the Auerbachs plexus to numerous basal plates of neurolemmocytes of the Remakov fibers of the main terminal nerve plexus, which are involved in the innervation of the smooth muscle cells of the muscular membrane, is shown. Signs of dystrophic changes in the basal lamina structure associated with pathological changes in chronic slow transit constipation (tissue edema, inflammatory reactions, manifestations of agangliosis, gliosis, focal denervation of muscle cells, degeneration of nerve endings of neuromuscular and ganglionic plexuses) are shown in the work.

Comprehensive characteristics of rectal morphology in chickens with different types of autonomous regulation

The influence of typological features of autonomous regulation on the dimensions, structure, and blood supply of the rectum in chickens has been studied. The experimental group consisted of clinically healthy adult chickens of the Isa-Brown breed, divided into two groups using electrocardiography and variation pulsometry methods: chickens with sympathetic-tonic regulation and chickens with sympathetic-normotonic regulation. In each group, the length and diameter of the rectum, the branching of its arterial vessels, and the microscopic structure of the intestinal wall were examined. The corresponding artery provides the blood supply to the rectum, the branching of which showed no significant differences between the poultry groups. The peculiarities of autonomous regulation significantly influence the morphological structure of the intestinal wall’s mucous and muscular membranes. The serous membrane does not respond to these features. Chickens with sympathetic-tonic regulation (ST chickens) are characterized by a greater thickness of all indicated membranes and, consequently, the entire intestinal wall. Chickens with sympathetic-normotonic regulation (ST-NT chickens) have a greater thickness only in the muscular plate of the mucous membrane and its longitudinal layer. Regarding the quantity of collagen and elastic fibers, ST chickens dominate the mucous membrane’s crypt area, while ST-NT chickens dominate the muscular membrane. However, the density of connective tissue fibers in the mucous membrane is much lower than in the muscular one. The quantity and distribution of plasma cells have similar patterns in both groups. Specific morphometric compensation between two functionally related indicators is also an important aspect. In this case, larger values of one indicator are combined with smaller values of another. For example, a smaller diameter of the rectum in ST chickens is associated with its greater length; a smaller number of goblet cells on one villus corresponds to a larger area of their secretory section; a larger area of the nerve node of the intramuscular nerve plexus is combined with a smaller number of these nodes per 1 cm² of the intestinal wall. Thus, the structure of the rectum in chickens, adapting to the corresponding type of autonomous regulation, maintains the balance at the level of individual membranes and the entire intestinal wall.

Comparative morphometric characteristics of the dolichocolon decompensated stage

Introduction. Chronic constipation is one of the most actual problems in modern coloproctology and found in 14–16% of developed countries population. The causes of chronic constipation vary widely from functional to organic. The latter include dolichocolon, different variants of which occur in 16% cases.Aim: To give a morphological and quantitative characteristic of the decompensated stage of dolichocolon based on the morphogenesis of changes in comparison with the histologically normal colon.Material and Methods. Colon tissue samples from 16 people were used and divided into two groups. The first, control group, included 8 sectional cases of a morphologically normal colon wall. The second, the study group, was represented by surgical material from 8 patients with dolichocolon decompensated stage. Observation groups were comparable by sex and age.Results. In average, in patients with the decompensated dolichocolon stage, in comparison with the control group, statistically significantly (p ˂ 0.05), the thickness of the mucous and muscular membranes decreases by 1.07 and 2.26 times, respectively. The thickness of the submucosa increases by 1.17 times. However, the maximum and minimum values of this parameter change only by 1.35 times, while in the control group – by 7.21 times, as a consequence of the development of insufficiency of the evacuation-motor function of the colon which indicates the maximum smoothness of the colon wall, and is a consequence of its functional insufficiency. The specific proportion of neuro plexuses in the muscular membrane is 1.45 times higher than in the control group. However, the number of nerve cells decreases by 2.98 times, as a result of the development of insufficiency in the evacuation-motor function of the colon. The average area of lymphatic follicles decreases by 1.49 times, and secondary follicles disappear altogether, meaning the depletion of the compensatory-adaptive reactions of the lymphoid apparatus.Conclusion. Morphological and morphometric signs of irreversible changes, such as dystrophy, atrophy and sclerosis of all structural elements of the thick wall in the stage of decompensated dolichocolon, suggest surgical treatment, as well as prevention of the development of decompensation of the general condition of patients.

Morphology of the bladder wall in idiopathic feline cystitis

In feline idiopathic cystitis, morphological changes were found mainly in the mucosa and submucosal layer of the bladder wall. They are characterized by hyperplasia and congestion of blood vessels. Morphometric assessment of the main structures of the bladder wall in cats with idiopathic cystitis revealed an increase in the thickness of the mucous membrane due to a decrease in the thickness of the submucosal layer and muscular membrane. When using anti-stress therapy on the 14th day from the start of treatment, a decrease in a similar indicator was observed due to an increase in the thickness of the submucosal layer and muscle membrane. In control cats, after the application of the generally accepted treatment regimen, the processes of regeneration of the bladder wall were insignificantly expressed.

Age features of the microscopic structure of the intestines of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Information about the morphology of the budgerigar intestines is a necessary condition for the preparation of diets for feeding, prevention and treatment of diseases of the digestive system, the state of which determines the intensity of growth and development of the bird’s body. The features of the histological structure of the intestines of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) of 9 ages: 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 180 and 365 days of age were studied. Histological preparations were made according to the classical method with hematoxylin and eosin staining of sections, according to Mallory and Grimelius. Morphometric parameters of microstructures were determined on preparations from a transverse section of the middle section of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and rectum. In the intestinal wall of the budgerigar, three membranes were identified: mucous, muscular and serous. Three layers were found in the mucosa: epithelial, lamina propria, and muscular lamina. The predominant type of epitheliocytes were rim enterocytes, goblet cells were found in a smaller number, the number of which increased towards the rectum, as well as enteroendocrine cells, which were located mainly in the crypts. The muscularis mucosa consists of several layers of cells of smooth muscle tissue, which delimits the lamina propria from the muscle membrane, encircles the crypts, and accompanies the blood capillaries of the villi. The submucosa was not found. The muscular coat consists of two layers formed by smooth muscle tissue: the inner circular and the outer longitudinal. The enteric nervous system is represented by two nerve plexuses: the submucosal, located between the muscularis mucosa, and the myenteric, located in the outer layer of the muscular membrane. There was a general pattern of increase in changes in most parameters with age : the diameter of the intestine, wall thickness, mucous membrane and muscle membrane, height, width and surface area of the villi, the depth of the crypts. Changes in the size of the microstructures of the intestines were asynchronous. The most intensive changes in the size of microstructures occurred in the first month after hatching, especially in the first week. They corresponded to the values of an adult bird mainly at 21–30 days of age. A decrease in the thickness of the wall, mucosa, height of the villi, and their surface area in the direction from the duodenum to the rectum was established.

Comparative morphometric characteristics of the dolichocolon decompensated stage

Introduction. Chronic constipation is one of the most actual problems in modern coloproctology and found in 14-16% of developed countries population. The causes of chronic constipation vary widely from functional to organic. The latter include dolichocolon, different variants of which occur in 16% cases.Aim. To give a morphological and quantitative characteristic of the decompensated stage of dolichocolon based on the morphogenesis of changes in comparison with the histologically normal colon.Material and Methods. Colon tissue samples from 16 people were used and divided into two groups. The first, control group, included 8 sectional cases of a morphologically normal colon wall. The second, the study group, was represented by surgical material from 8 patients with dolichocolon decompensated stage. Observation groups were comparable by sex and age.Results. In average, in patients with the decompensated dolichocolon stage, in comparison with the control group, statistically significantly (p ˂ 0.05), the thickness of the mucous and muscular membranes decreases by 1.07 and 2.26 times, respectively. The thickness of the submucosa increases by 1.17 times. However, the maximum and minimum values of this parameter change only by 1.35 times, while in the control group – by 7.21 times, as a consequence of the development of insufficiency of the evacuation-motor function of the colon which indicates the maximum smoothness of the colon wall, and is a consequence of its functional insufficiency. The specific proportion of neuro plexuses in the muscular membrane is 1.45 times higher than in the control group. However, the number of nerve cells decreases by 2.98 times, as a result of the development of insufficiency in the evacuation-motor function of the colon. The average area of lymphatic follicles decreases by 1.49 times, and secondary follicles disappear altogether, meaning the depletion of the compensatory-adaptive reactions of the lymphoid apparatus.Conclusion. Morphological and morphometric signs of irreversible changes, such as dystrophy, atrophy and sclerosis of all structural elements of the thick wall in the stage of decompensated dolichocolon, suggest surgical treatment, as well as prevention of the development of decompensation of the general condition of patients.

Влияние кормовой добавки на микроморфометрию и микробиом кишечника бройлеров

Abstract. Poultry farming makes a significant contribution to the country's economy, to the stability of the food market and ensures food security. The increase in the rate of poultry production directly depends on the feeding and maintenance of poultry. Various domestic manufacturers offer a large number of different feed additives with improved feed conversion. At the same time, some additives provoke an exacerbation of reactions to stress factors and a decrease in immunity in poultry. Therefore, one of the main tasks in the development of poultry farming is the use of feed additives with the least negative impact on the body, increasing the safety of livestock and ensuring maximum productivity. One of these is a feed additive based on humic acids. The scientific novelty lies in obtaining new data on micromorphometric indicators and microbiocenosis of the intestines of broilers when using the Reasil® Humic Health feed additive. The aim of the work was to determine the effect of a feed additive based on humic acids on micromorphometric parameters and microbiome of the digestive canal organs. Materials and methods. The production experience was carried out at the poultry farm of “Vremya-91”. According to the principle of analogues, 2 groups were formed: a control and an experienced one of Cobb 500 cross broilers with 18,000 heads each. Results. The analysis of the results showed that in the broilers of the experimental group, in comparison with the intact one, there was an increase in the thickness of the mucous membrane and submucosal base in the glandular stomach by 319 and 378 microns, and in the muscular one - the mucous and muscular membranes by 844 and 481 microns, respectively. In the small intestine, an increase in the size of villi by 702 microns and their number was observed. The thickness of the mucous membrane in the colon was greater by 733 microns. When using a feed additive, the amount of conditionally pathogenic microflora did not exceed the norm, while the number of lactobacilli increased by 103 CFU/g.

Histological changes in the uterine and ovarian walls in pyometra

In recent years, the number of small domestic animals, which have become cohabitants of people both in cities and in rural areas, has increased significantly. Keeping cats indoors with the use of artificial lighting has led to the fact that anestrus falls out of their sexual cycle, and the stages of arousal are manifested in them throughout the year. This phenomenon is the cause of various inflammatory processes in the uterus. The most common gynecological diseases in cats are pyometra, endometritis, and vaginitis. Violation of the hormonal status in the hypothalamus-pituitary chain in the absence of contact with natural partners is accompanied by a disorder of the function of the ovaries and uterus. A change in the hormonal balance, manifested by a violation of the ratio of estradiol and progesterone concentrations in the blood, affects the function of the endometrium and provokes an increase in the secretory activity of the uterine glands. Initiated in the arousal stage of the sexual cycle, it does not fade away but progresses even more. This is how the conditions for the emergence of an inflammatory process in the uterus are created and maintained. The course of the disease is accompanied by persistent morphological changes in the state of the uterus and all organs and their systems. Diagnosis of the disease is well-developed and does not present any difficulties in veterinary clinical practice. However, the approaches to substantiating the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease and the effectiveness and expediency of a conservative or operative treatment method are controversial. There are also limited reports on the histostructure of certain areas of the fallopian tubes and uterus, depending on the functional state of the cat’s body. The research aimed to investigate the histological structure of the uterus and ovaries of cats with pyometra. Ten explanted uteri and ovaries were subjected to histological examination in 10 cases of surgical treatment of cats with pyometra. In this research, it has been established that the pathohistological changes of the uterine wall due to pyometra are characterized by endometrial hypertrophy, the basis of which is hyperplasia with the formation of various forms of outgrowths covered with epithelium, followed by their dystrophy and the formation of detritus, which locally sticks to the endometrium and fills the uterine cavity, local desquamation of the serous mesothelium membrane, compaction of the muscular membrane, loosening of the vascular membrane, and dilatation of veins. The surface parts of the endometrial glands undergo dystrophic changes and cystic degeneration, manifested by hyperplasia of their walls and the formation of cavities filled with detritus of desquamated epithelium and cavities of “empty cysts” filled with remnants of detritus. Deep sections of the endometrial glands are reduced, but their histostructure is not transformed. Changes in the ovaries are manifested by focal desquamation of the mesothelium, the formation in the depth of the cortical substance of mainly one voluminous corpus luteum, atresia of follicles, and the presence of full-fledged tertiary follicles.