Muscle Sodium Content Research Articles

Electrolyte metabolism in rhesus monkeys with experimental salmonella sepsis

Prior investigations in the human indicate that alterations occur in electrolyte balance and serum concentration during infectious diseases. In order to explore these alterations in greater detail, electrolyte metabolism has been investigated in rhesus monkeys with a sublethal illness induced by intravenous inoculation with Salmonella typhimurium. The response to this illness was evaluated by a variety of measurements including serum and muscle electrolyte composition and renal function studies. In the animals with ad libitum dietary intake, a loss in muscle and serum potassium concentrations was evident within 24 h after inoculation. This was reflected in increased urinary potassium losses during the febrile phase of illness. Serum and muscle K concentrations returned to normal after 5 days of illness. Sodium and water content of muscle responded to infection in a more complex pattern. During the febrile phase, muscle sodium and water increased and sodium concentrations in serum and urine were elevated. During convalescence, renal retention of sodium was marked and overlapped the period of weight loss and the increased urine volume. This asynchrony in recovery of normal renal function appeared to be the cause of relatively large swings in plasma sodium concentrations during the early convalescent period. These investigations indicate that the altered serum concentrations in infectious diseases are the sum of renal and extrarenal factors controlling electrolyte metabolism, and that some of the most remarkable alterations occur during early convalescence as renal function returns to normal.

The effect of spironolactone on the arterial water, cation, and norepinephrine contents of control and 'one-kidney-one-clip' hypertensive dogs

Spironolactone at 10 mg per kilogram per day was given to control and 'one-kidney-one-clip' hypertensive dogs for 6--7 weeks. Compared with untreated animals the treated animals had a lower arterial water content, a higher arterial, myocardial, and skeletal muscle sodium content, and variable changes in tissue potassium concentrations.

Antihypertensive effect of progesterone in rats with mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension.

Uninephrectomized, saline-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats were given DOCA 5 mg per week alone or together with progesterone 20 mg per week for 6 weeks (phase I). Subsequently, the doses of DOCA and progesterone were doubled and the rats were studied for an additional 6 wk (phase II). Progesterone prevented DOCA-induced hypertension during phase I. Phase II blood pressures were higher in DOCA-progesterone-treated animals than in controls, but remained lower than in animals treated with DOCA alone. At the end of phase II the animals were killed, and blood samples and skeletal muscle samples were taken for analysis of electrolyte content. DOCA-treated animals were found to have an increased rate of potassium excretion, an increase in muscle sodium concentration, and a decrease in muscle potassium concentration compared to the controls. Progesterone treatment significantly blunted the DOCA-induced changes in muscle electrolyte concentrations and increased the rate of sodium excretion. No hypotensive effect was observed when progesterone in doses similar to those of phase I was administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats. Thus, in experimental mineralocorticoid hypertension, the hypotensive effect of progesterone appears to correlate closely with its mineralocorticoid antagonistic properties.

Effects of sex steroids on plasma calcium levels in male killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.

Abstract Injection of 0.5 or 2 μg of estradiol benzoate/g of body wt produced hypercalcemia in male killifish while injection of the same doses of testosterone proprionate had no effect on plasma calcium levels. Injection of these sex steroids had no consistent effect on hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index, percentage hematocrit, or water, sodium, or potassium content of muscle.

Dystrophic and normal mice show age-dependent divergence of muscle sodium concentrations

Dystrophic and normal mice show age-dependent divergence of muscle sodium concentrations

Water and electrolyte balance in adrenalectomized rats with diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) given antidiuretic hormone

Vasopressin [antidiuretic hormone (ADH) as pitressin tannate in oil] was injected daily into male Brattleboro rats with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus before and after adrenalectomy. Body weight increased after ADH treatment. Urine volume, water intake, and excretion of osmotically free water fell as urinary osmolarity increased; all stabilized after 5–6 days. Total solute, sodium, calcium, and magnesium excretory rates also diminished. After adrenalectomy, body weight, food and water intakes, and urine volumes were reduced compared with those of sham-operated ADH-injected animals. The proportion of the dietary intakes of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride appearing in the urine all increased initially after adrenalectomy. Seven days after operation, plasma sodium concentration and muscle sodium content were reduced; plasma potassium concentration and muscle water content were also higher than in sham-operated animals. The pattern of adrenal insufficiency observed in these ADH-injected rats was similar to that previously found in adrenalectomized normal, but not diabetic, rats. Vasopressin clearly influeces some of the characteristic features of adrenalectomized animals.

Effect of saluretic therapy on muscle content of water and electrolytes in relation to hemodynamic variables.

Muscle content of water and electrolytes (needle biopsy), intraarterial BP and cardiac output (dye dilution technique) were measured in 12 patients with essential hypertension before and after 4 months of mefruside therapy (25 mg/day). Before therapy there were no significant differences in muscle tissue electrolyte and water content compared with normotensive subjects. No correlation was found between central hemodynamic variables and the electrolyte and water content of muscle tissue either before or after therapy. After 4 months of mefruside therapy, muscle tissue water showed a mean decrease which was not significant. Serum potassium and muscle potassium content decreased significantly but there was no significant change in intracellular potassium concentration. Intracellular sodium concentration increased significantly, while muscle sodium content showed a mean increase which was not statistically significant. The change in intracellular sodium concentration showed a significant negative correlation with the decrease in mean arterial BP. The change in total cellular water content showed a significant negative correlation to the changes in total peripheral vascular resistance. Saluretic therapy seems to induce counterregulatory mechanisms that interfere with the hypotensive effect.

The effects of starvation on the sodium, potassium, water and free amino acid content of parietal muscle from Agonus cataphractus

1. 1. The levels of the individual free amino acids, K, Na and water present in parietal muscle were measured in fish starved for periods of 3–115 days. 2. 2. The Na and water content progressively increased relative to dry weight of tissue during the starvation period whereas an initial increase in the K content up to 67 days was followed by a decrease to near the normal fed level by 115 days. The ammonia content remained essentially stable over the same period. 3. 3. The essential free amino acid content tended to follow the muscle sodium pattern while the non-essential amino acids and taurine gave results somewhat similar to those of potassium. 4. 4. The net result of these changes is that the Na, K and total free amino acid concentration is maintained within fairly narrow limits relative to the tissue water content during 11–67 days of the starvation period under the experimental conditions used.

Muscle water and electrolytes following varied levels of dehydration in man.

In an effort to assess the effects of dehydration on the content of water and electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg2+) in plasma and muscle tissue, eight men exercised in the heat (39.5 degrees C, 25%). Blood urine, and muscle biopsy samples were obtained before exercise and after the subjects had reduced their body weight by 2.2, 4.1, and 5.8%. On the average, plasma and muscle water (H2Om) contents were found to decline 2.4 and 1.2% for each percent decrease in body weight. Muscle sodium (Na+m) and chloride (Cl-m) content remained unchanged with dehydration, while muscle magnesium (Mg2+m) declined 12% as a result of the 5.8% dehydration. In terms of intracellular concentrations, K+i increased 7.2 and 10.6% at the 2.2 and 4.1% dehydration levels, respectively. Calculations of the resting membrane potential suggest that the water and electrolyte losses observed in these studies do not significantly alter the excitability of the muscle cell membrane.

Modifications in fluid compartments, electrolytes and intracellular proteins of muscle in uremic children

Water, electrolytes (Na,K,Cl,P) and intracellular proteins were determined on muscle sampled by needle biopsies in 50 chronic uremic children. Their creatinine clearance was below 30 ml/mn/l.73 m2 and seven patients were already in chronic haemodialysis. Total water was increased in all cases. The increase was due to an excess of ECW and ICW in moderate chronic renal failure, while at the terminal stage, only ECW was augmented. BP were positively correlated with ECW. Muscle sodium (Nam) content increased with the renal failure. ECW and Nam were in direct relation, however the Nam was increased less than the expansion of ECW. Muscle chloride, normal in many cases, was very high (>2 Cl−) in 9 terminal cases. Intracellular K+ was increased in half of the patients especially dialysed and terminal uremic patients. Total phosphorus was slightly increased only in terminal renal failure. These modifications in muscle electrolytes cannot be assumed by their plasma values. Total intracellular proteins were below the normal range in more than half the cases. These results suggest that there is a correlation between alteration of renal functions and changes in muscle milieu. However these disturbances appear obvious only when renal function is really reduced (cl. creat. < 5 ml/mn/1.73 m2).

The effect of propranolol and quinidine on 22Na- and 42K-exchange in the cat papillary muscle

The present investigation was undertaken to determine if the anti-arrhythmic activity of the β-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, is related, at least in part, to a quinidine-like action. For this reason the effect of propranolol was compared to that of quinidine on sodium and potassium fluxes in cat papillary muscle. The actions of propranolol on sodium and potassium exchange were for the most part qualitatively similar to those of quinidine except that propranolol did not affect the total sodium content of papillary muscles. Thus, propranolol like quinidine, caused a decrease in K-efflux, an increase in K-influx and in total potassium content of papillary muscle while it reduced sodium uptake. It did, however, seem to require more propranolol than quinidine to produce these effects. In addition, the action of propranolol on potassium influx and sodium uptake was of shorter duration than that of quinidine. The similarity in the actions of propranolol and quinidine is further indicated by the observation that both of these agents in concentrations which affected potassium and sodium exchange, caused a loss of excitability, i.e., it required a greater intensity of stimulation to cause the muscle to contract in the presence of these agents. The similarity in the effects of quinidine and propranolol on sodium and potassium transmembrane exchange in the present experiments, indicates that the β-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, does have the capacity to directly depress cardiac tissue. The role of this action in its anti-arrhythmic effects is discussed.

Potassium and sodium content of guinea-pig ureteral muscle

1. 1. Guinea-pig ureteral smooth muscle showed the following figures (per kg wet tissue): water content, 0·835 ± 0·007. ( n = 10); inulin space, 0·461 ± 0·271. ( n = 10); K + content, 59·3 ± 2·0 m-mole ( n = 10); and Na + content, 81·3 ± 2·2 m-mole ( n = 20). Estimated intracellular concentrations were K +, 154 m-mole/1 and Na +, 33 m-mole/1. 2. 2. Resting potentials determined under normal and modified conditions were less than the values which would be expected from a pure potassium electrode. 3. 3. Radioisotope studies confirmed the ionic distribution and inhibitory action of ouabain on K + uptake.

Water, sodium, potassium, and chloride content of skeletal muscle in fit and ill subjucts.

Biopsies of deltoid, gastrocnemius, or rectus abdominis taken under general anaesthesia from each of 15 subjects have been analysed for fat, water, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Some 110 samples were analysed for each muscle, and all the estimations were made on each sample. Standards have been constructed for the normal composition of these three muscles, and their reliability is discussed. Data from subjects with peptic ulcer, hyponatraemia, and sustained weight loss must be excluded from standards. It seems likely that standards could be improved by taking age and sex into account.

Potassium and Sodium Content of Muscle from Sheep with High and Low Blood Potassium

Potassium and Sodium Content of Muscle from Sheep with High and Low Blood Potassium

Sodium and potassium metabolism in the newt ( Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur.) : VI. Effects of cortisol, and cortisol and aldosterone injected simultaneously

Female newts ( Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur.) have been injected with aldosterone, cortisol, and cortisol + aldosterone. Sham-treatment consisting of injections of distilled water was also performed. Sodium retention by, and potassium loss from the muscles were consistently observed after treatment with the hormones, confirming previous findings with aldosterone. Similar, though weaker effects, as with aldosterone, were also obtained with cortisol. When aldosterone and cortisol were simultaneously administered the effects were slightly enhanced. Under the experimental conditions used there seemed to be no antagonism between mineralo- and glucocorticoids with regard to the effect on muscle sodium and potassium content in Triturus. The results obtained were analyzed by means of discriminant analysis on the basis of three variables: (a) muscle water content; (b) muscle sodium, and (c) muscle potassium content, in reference to wet weight. The analysis demonstrated good discrimination between: (a) normal newts and newts injected with either aldosterone or cortisol, or with cortisol + aldosterone; (b) newts treated with these hormones and controls (i.e., newts injected with distilled water); (c) newts treated with the two hormones simultaneously and newts injected with either aldosterone or cortisol. Discriminant analysis of the results showed not only that sodium and potassium metabolism were affected by the hormones, but also that the variation in muscle sodium content was almost invariably the most discriminative parameter.

Sodium and potassium metabolism in the newt ( Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur.) : VIII. Effects of injections of sodium and potassium chloride and distilled water

Female newts ( Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur.). have been injected with distilled water, or solutions of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Sham-injection (skin puncture) was also performed. The results were as follows: (1) The treatments did not produce any effect on the water content of muscles (except in the skin-punctured newts); (2) injections of distilled water and sodium chloride increased the sodium content of muscles; (3) the sham-injections produced a decrease in muscle sodium content; (4) the sham-injections and loading with distilled water increased muscle potassium; (5) potassium chloride injections caused a decrease in muscle potassium content; (6) all the treatments (particularly sodium loading) increased sodium excretion into the surrounding water; and (7) potassium excretion increased in water- and potassium-loaded newts. The results obtained were analyzed by means of the discriminant analysis on the basis of five variables: muscle water content; muscle sodium content and potassium content, both in reference to wet weight; sodium loss; and potassium loss into the surrounding water. There was good discrimination between: normal newts and sham-injected ones; intact newts and water-, sodium-, and potassium-loaded animals; sham-injected newts and animals loaded with either distilled water or sodium or potassium chloride; and water-loaded newts and sodium- or potassium-loaded animals. The discriminant analysis made it possible to distinguish between effects due to stress from skin puncture and effects produced by the vehicle or effects produced by the salts injected, and to arrive at the following conclusions: (a) in Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. skin puncture inhibits interrenal function; (b) administration of distilled water causes sodium retention by muscle, probably due to increased release of hormone(s) with effects similar to those of aldosterone; (c) sodium loading enhanced sodium excretion; (d) potassium loading caused potassium loss from muscles by an unknown mechanism.

Sodium and potassium metabolism in the new ( Triturus cristatus carnifex L.). IV. Investigations on hypophysectomized males bearing an adenohypophysial heterotopic chronic autograf

Changes in electrolyte metabolism and in renal alkaline phosphatase activity have been investigated in hypophysectomized male newts bearing an adenohypophysial heterotopic chronic autograft. After 4 months the neurohypophysis had regenerated and the interrenal glands showed conspicuous alterations as compared with control animals. In addition the following results were obtained in the operated animals: a significant increase in muscle water content; a significant increase in muscle sodium content; a decrease in muscle potassium content, which was statistically significant only when related to wet weight; no significant changes in total net sodium and potassium exchange; a significant decrease in renal alkaline phosphatase activity. These findings suggest that the release of neurohypophysial hormones in the hypophysectomized newts with an adenohypophysial autograft was almost normal, that glucocorticoid secretion decreased and that mineralocorticoid secretion may have increased. Normal release of mineralocorticoids, inadequately counterbalanced by glucocorticoids, is also a possibility.

WATER AND ELECTROLYTE CONTENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN ACROMEGALY.

ABSTRACT Measurements of the fat, water, sodium, potassium and chloride content of muscle were performed in biopsies obtained from nine unselected acromegalic patients. The water, sodium and chloride contents were normal, while the potassium content was significantly increased (P &lt; 0.01) by eight per cent. These results were interpreted as showing that the intracellular sodium content of the muscle is normal in acromegaly and that there is no extracellular oedema in this disease.

VARIABILITY IN THE WATER, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE CONTENT OF HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE.

Muscle from 47 individuals was analysed for water, sodium, chloride, potassium, and fat In 35 patients, samples were taken from three sites in one muscle, and in five from several muscles The average composition of different muscles differed, even in the same individual and the composition of samples varied considerably. Variability is the larger the more diverse the material. Coefficients of variation of muscle constituents are given for material from a biopsy, a muscle, a subject, or a given muscle in any subject. Some of these are large. Variability in the composition of samples is shown to be largely orderly. Water is closely correlated with tissue content of sodium plus potassium; sodium and chloride contents of samples show a positive correlation; potassium and sodium contents are strongly negatively correlated. Residual stochastic variability is small. Thus, when account is taken of the sodium content of a biopsy, the coefficient of variation for a potassium estimate falls from to about 6%. Some practical implications are deduced.

Observations on the excretion of water and electrolytes in the desert rat (Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis M.) and in the laboratory rat.

SUMMARY A comparison was made between two species of rodent, the banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis M., a desert rat) and the laboratory rat. The sodium and potassium content of blood and muscle and the water content of muscle were similar and were affected in the same way by adrenalectomy. Antidiuretic activity of the blood and urine of the desert rat was higher than the published figures for the laboratory rat. Reference is made to unpublished work showing the capacity of the adrenal gland of the desert rat to synthesize cortisol and corticosterone (ratio 10:7) and aldosterone. Loads of water or saline or potassium chloride solution were given by stomach tube together with drugs and hormones (acetazoleamide, cortisone, anti-aldosterone compounds, vasopressin). The rate of excretion and the amount and composition of the urine were determined. Estimates were made of the rates of absorption from the gut and of glomerular filtration and these were of the same order in both species. The desert rat showed a characteristic delay in the excretion of water and saline, called the diuretic lag. Only potassium chloride was excreted promptly and the diuretic lag supervened when anti-aldosterone was also administered. In general, the desert rat is able to reabsorb water in situations which demand water excretion in the laboratory rat. In similar circumstances the desert rat reabsorbs proportionately more sodium and excretes more potassium than the laboratory rat. The factors which occasion the diuretic lag and its termination are discussed and the possible contribution of aldosterone considered.