Selenium Concentrations In Muscle Research Articles

Effects of mixed selenium sources on the physiological responses and blood profiles of lactating sows and tissue concentration of their progeny.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium benefits on the physiological responses, litter performance, blood profiles and milk composition of lactating sows and tissue concentration of their progeny when mixed form of selenium was provided in a lactation diet. A total of 45 multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) with similar body weight, backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of three treatments with 15 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design. Organic and inorganic selenium were mixed and added to the diet at 0.15 ppm and 0.25 ppm, respectively. A non-Se-fortified corn-soybean meal basal diet served as a negative control. Treatments were as follows: i) Control: corn-soybean meal based diet, ii) ISOS15: control+ inorganic Se 0.15 ppm+organic Se 0.15 ppm, iii) ISOS25: control+inorganic Se 0.25 ppm+organic Se 0.25 ppm. Serum selenium concentrations of sows and piglets were increased by the supplemental Se mixture at 7 days of lactation compared with the control (p<0.01, respectively). The kidney and muscle selenium concentrations of piglets were increased by the supplemental Se mixture at 21 days of lactation compared with the control (p = 0.03; p = 0.04, respectively). Consequently, supplementation with mixed inorganic and organic selenium in a lactating diet could improve the selenium status of sows and piglets; no differences were observed among the mixing levels.

114 Evaluation of Selenium Source on Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Serum and Tissue Selenium Concentrations, and Serum Antioxidant Status

Abstract A total of 3,888 pigs (337×1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; 6.0 kg at weaning) were used in a 42-d study to determine the influence of Se source on nursery pig selenium status and growth performance. At placement, pens of pigs were weighed and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with blocking structure including sow farm origin, date of entry, and average pen BW. A total of 144 pens were used with 72 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel, fence-line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and the other 27 barrows. There were 24 replicates per treatment. Diets were fed in 3 phases, and all contained 0.3 ppm added Se. A common phase 1 diet contained added Se from sodium selenite and was fed in pelleted form to all pigs for 7 d prior to initiation of treatment diets. Three Se sources [sodium selenite; Se yeast; and hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet)] were used to formulate 3 experimental treatments in meal form for phase 2 (d 7 to 21) and phase 3 (d 21 to 42). During the common phase 1 period, ADFI tended (P &amp;lt; 0.10) to be different (107, 103, and 102 g/d) for sodium selenite, Se yeast, and OH-SeMet, respectively. From d 7 to 42 (treatment period), pigs fed OH-SeMet tended to have decreased ADG (P &amp;lt; 0.10) and had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) serum, liver, and muscle selenium concentration compared with other treatments. There was no difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in antioxidant status as measured by serum GSH-Px or TBARS. In summary, compared with sodium selenite and selenium yeast, OH-SeMet had greater bioavailability as indicated by increased serum and tissue selenium concentration; however, antioxidant status was similar between treatments and OH-SeMet tended to reduce growth performance compared with pigs fed sodium selenite.

Lipid and selenium sources on fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat and muscle selenium concentration of Nellore steers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lipid and selenium sources in diets for finishing Nellore steers on the fatty acid composition and selenium concentration of the longissimus muscle. Fifty Nellore steers (body weight = 458±39 kg) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments: 1) diet containing sunflower seed and inorganic selenium; 2) sunflower seed and organic selenium; 3) whole cottonseed and inorganic selenium; 4) whole cottonseed and organic selenium; 5) soybeans and inorganic selenium; and 6) soybeans and organic selenium. Diets were formulated with the same amount of nitrogen and calories and supplied once daily to steers in collective pens, with three animals per pen, for 120 d. At the end of the trial, steers were slaughtered and samples of the longissimus muscle were collected for fatty acid and selenium analysis. Effect of selenium sources was detected for selenium concentration in the longissimus muscle. Organic selenium had higher concentrations in the meat compared with inorganic selenium. The total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids did not differ between the sources of lipids and selenium. For selenium sources, no differences were observed between the concentrations of polyunsaturated fat. Also, no differences in C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 concentrations were noted; however, steers fed sunflower seed presented greater proportions of this fatty acid in the meat. The results indicated that the use of sunflower seed, cottonseed or soybeans and organic or inorganic selenium in feedlot diets to Nellore cattle does not alter the great part of the fatty acid profile of the longissimus muscle. However, the inclusion of sunflower seed in the diet increases the meat CLA cis-9, trans-11, which is desirable and beneficial for the health of consumers.

Mercury and selenium concentrations in muscle tissue of different species of predatory freshwater fish and correlation between these elements

Concentrations of total mercury and selenium were determined in 49 and 42 muscle tissue samples, respectively, of six species of predatory freshwater fish, dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), pike perch (Sander lucioperca), pike (Esox lucius), European catfish (Silurus glanis), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and asp (Aspius aspius). Muscle selenium concentration did not correlate with the corresponding total mercury concentration (R 2 < 0.198) in all examined predatory fish species. There was an inverse correlation between the ratio Se/Hg content and the total mercury content in the muscle tissues of dace, pike perch, pike, European catfish and asp. The muscle tissue of rainbow trout exhibits a linear correlation between the ratio Se/Hg content and the total mercury content. The total mercury concentration of all examined samples did not exceed the hygienic limit for Hg for predatory fish.

Long-term selenium supplementation of humans: Selenium status and relationships between selenium concentrations in skeletal muscle and indicator materials

Supplementation with elevated doses of l-selenomethionine (SeM) or selenium-enriched yeast that contains SeM as the main selenium species is frequently used as a protective or therapeutic measure. Information on the effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the body selenium status is, however, rather scarce. We therefore investigated fifteen male test persons who had taken selenium yeast and/or SeM supplements in medium doses of 62.5–125 μg Se/day or high doses of 200–262.5 μg Se/day for periods ranging from 1 year to 24 years. Seven non-supplemented men served as controls. As skeletal muscle is the main selenium pool, thigh muscle biopsy samples were taken. The selenium concentrations in these biopsies and in samples of the indicator materials blood, blood plasma, blood cells, head hair and toenails were determined by neutron activation analysis. Compared with the controls, the muscle selenium level was raised with additional selenium supplementation, but the relative increase in the mean muscle selenium concentration (by factors of about 1.6 and 2 for the medium and high doses, respectively) was lower than that in the selenium intake. Highly significant correlations found between the selenium concentrations in muscle and whole blood ( R=0.90), red blood cells ( R=0.91), blood plasma ( R=0.87), head hair ( R=0.89) and toenails ( R=0.85) show that in humans supplemented in this way the selenium status can be assessed in a relatively easy way by analysis of the selenium retention in these indicator materials.

The effect of selenium source on performance, carcass traits, oxidative status of the organism, and meat quality of turkeys

The aim of the present study was to verify the assumption that supplementation of the diet for turkeys with selenium, especially in an organic source of Se, improves the antioxidative status of the organism and the stability of the meat. Seven hundred and twenty 1-d-old BUT9 female turkeys were randomly assigned into three experimental groups (8 pens with 30 turkeys in each) and fed a diet without Se supplementation (Se-0) or a diet containing 0.3 mg/kg Se in the form of sodium selenite (SeS) or Se-enriched yeast (SeY). The trial was conducted for 112 days. The growth performance of turkeys was not affected by the dietary Se source. Dietary supplementation with 0.3 mg/kg SeS caused no significant changes in blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) or superoxide dismutase activity. GPx activity was significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds fed a diet containing 0.3 mg/kg of organic selenium, compared with groups Se-0 and SeS, both in week 8 and 16. Dietary supplementation with Se-enriched yeast instead of sodium selenite significantly (P<0.05) increased the crude fat content of breast muscles and breast muscle selenium concentration (0.468 vs 0.224 mg/kg). However, the selenium concentration in meat from group SY turkey hens was twofold higher than in group SeS, and threefold higher than in the control treatment. Dietary supplementation with 0.3 mg/kg of inorganic or organic selenium resulted in a significant (P<0.05) decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in raw and stored meat. A tendency towards lower drip loss (11.1-12.7%) and cooking loss (5.5%) was observed in meat from turkeys fed a diet with the addition of Se-enriched yeast, compared with turkeys given sodium selenite. In conclusion, both 4

Selenium distribution in tissues and monitor materials after long-term selenium supplementation investigated by neutron activation analysis

The effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the selenium body status were investigated in humans and rats. Selenium was determined in human muscle biopsies and monitor materials and in rat tissues by neutron activation analysis. The results showed that the body selenium load is raised by additional supply of selenomethionine or selenomethionine-containing yeast but not proportionally to the intake. The surplus selenium can serve as an endogenous source to maintain the selenoprotein levels during insufficient supply. Highly significant correlations between the muscle selenium concentrations and those in blood, blood fractions, hair and nails indicate that the selenium status can be assessed by analysis of these monitor materials.

Total and organic mercury, selenium and α‐tocopherol in some deep‐water fish species

AbstractBACKGROUND: Mercury is a well‐known toxic element present in seafood. Nevertheless some antioxidants, like selenium, as an integral component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, and α‐tocopherol having a protective role against it, are present as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of total mercury (HgT), organic mercury (HgOrg), Se and α‐tocopherol in some adult deep‐water fish species caught off Portuguese waters.RESULTS: Levels of HgT were above EU limits in 6% of Lophius spp. and Aphanopus carbo, 2% of Lepidorhombus spp. and 70% of Helicolenus dactylopterus. HgOrg represented the major fraction (more than 84%) of HgT in all studied muscles. The selenium concentration in muscle was similar in all species (about 0.4 mg kg−1 wet weight) and the highest level of α‐tocopherol (70 mg kg−1 wet weight) was found in Aphanopus carbo.CONCLUSION: The muscle of all species studied is a good source of selenium, but only can give a small contribution of α‐tocopherol. Attending to the provisional tolerable weekly intake established by the WHO/FAO for methylmercury, it appears that the species studied should be consumed sparingly. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Bioaccumulation Potential of Dietary Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Selenium in Organs and Tissues of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) as a Function of Fish Growth

The distribution and potential bioaccumulation of dietary arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium in organs and tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss Walbaum, 1792), a major aquaculture species, was studied in relation to fish growth over a period of >3 years. Fish were reared under normal farming conditions, that is, fed a standard fish food and exposed to negligible levels of waterborne trace elements. The age-related variations in the content of each trace element in gills, kidney, liver, muscle, and skin were studied through nonparametric regression analysis. A buildup of all elements in all tissues and organs was observed, but due to dilution with growth, the concentrations did not increase, except in a few cases such as cadmium and mercury in liver and kidney. In muscle tissue, the concentrations of mercury, lead, and selenium did not alter significantly with growth, whereas cadmium increased but remained at exceedingly low levels. The concentration of arsenic in muscle tissue peaked at 14 months and then decreased in adult specimens. Arsenic speciation by high-performance liquid chromatography--inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that arsenic in muscle was almost exclusively present in the form of nontoxic arsenobetaine. Application of a mercury mass balance model gave predicted concentrations in agreement with measured ones and showed that in farmed rainbow trout the ratio of mercury concentrations in feed and in fish is about 1:1. Therefore, rainbow trout does not approach the limits established for human consumption even when reared with feed at the maximum permitted levels. These findings highlight the low bioaccumulation potential of toxic trace elements such as cadmium, lead, and mercury in rainbow trout following dietary exposure. On the other hand, selenium concentrations in muscle (about 0.2 microg g (-1) of fresh weight) show that rainbow trout may be a good source of this essential element.

Effect of dietary selenium and omega-3 fatty acids on muscle composition and quality in broilers

BackgroundHuman health may be improved if dietary intakes of selenium and omega-3 fatty acids are increased. Consumption of broiler meat is increasing, and the meat content of selenium and omega-3 fatty acids are affected by the composition of broiler feed. A two-way analyses of variance was used to study the effect of feed containing omega-3 rich plant oils and selenium enriched yeast on broiler meat composition, antioxidation- and sensory parameters. Four different wheat-based dietary treatments supplemented with 5% rapeseed oil or 4% rapeseed oil plus 1% linseed oil, and either 0.50 mg selenium or 0.84 mg selenium (organic form) per kg diet was fed to newly hatched broilers for 22 days.ResultsThe different dietary treatments gave distinct different concentrations of selenium and fatty acids in thigh muscle; one percent linseed oil in the diet increased the concentration of the omega-3 fatty acids 18:3, 20:5 and 22:5, and 0.84 mg selenium per kg diet gave muscle selenium concentration at the same level as is in fish muscle (0.39 mg/kg muscle). The high selenium intake also resulted in increased concentration of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA (20:5), DPA (22:5) and DHA (22:6), thus it may be speculated if high dietary selenium might have a role in increasing the concentration of EPA, DPA and DHA in tissues after intake of plant oils contning omega-3 fatty acids.ConclusionModerate modifications of broiler feed may give a healthier broiler meat, having increased content of selenium and omega-3 fatty acids. High intakes of selenium (organic form) may increase the concentration of very long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in muscle.

Níveis de vitamina E e de selênio para pós-larvas de Macrobrachium amazonicum

The objective of this study was to determine the best dietary level of vitamin E and selenium on diets for Amazon prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Crustacea). Thus, post-larvae of 280mg average weight and 20.60mm average length were kept in 28 aquaria (12.00L) supplied with water. They were maintained in automatic control of temperature, in a completely randomized factorial experiment 3x2 design, plus an additional treatment, with four replications each treatment. The post-larvae were fed with purified diets supplemented with three vitamin E levels (100.00; 200.00 and 400.00mg/kg), two levels of selenium (0.50 and 1.00mg/kg) and an additional treatment (without vitamin E and selenium supplementation). After 30 days, the weight gain, apparent feed conversion, survival rate and muscle selenium concentration were evaluated. results indicated that diets supplemented with 200.00mg of vitamin E/kg and 0.50 selenium/kg provided the best weight gain and apparent feed conversion; 100.00mg of vitamin E/kg and 0.50mg of selenium/kg supplementation provided the best survival rate; and diets supplemented with 200.00mg of vitamin E/kg and 1.00mg of selenium/kg determined the highest muscle selenium concentration. The results indicated that diets supplemented with 200.00mg of vitamin E/kg and 0.50 selenium/kg can be recommended in diets to post larvae of Amazon prawn.

Retention of methyl mercury and inorganic mercury in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (W): effect of dietary selenium

The effects of dietary selenium on the retention of intraperitoneally injected organic and inorganic mercury in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated in the laboratory. Trout fed a selenite-supplemented (approximately 10 μg Se g −1) diet augmented the elimination of organic mercury from muscles, liver, kidney, bile and erythrocytes, but not from blood plasma, compared with trout fed a non-supplemented diet (approximately 1.5 μg Se g −1). Dietary selenium augmented the elimination of inorganic mercury in muscles and kidney, whereas liver, erythrocytes, blood plasma and bile were not affected. A total of 8 weeks exposure to food containing 10 μg Se g −1 increased the selenium concentration in the liver from 1 to 26 μg Se g −1. The selenium concentration in muscle was not affected by this exposure. Growth rate of the trout was not affected by the selenium exposure.

Influence of Gender on Selenoprotein W, Glutathione Peroxidase and Selenium in Tissues of Rats

After feeding a commercial rodent chow for 8 weeks, tissues from male and female rats were collected and examined for selenium content, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and selenoprotein W (Se-W) levels. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between plasma selenium content, plasma GPX activity, whole blood selenium content, or whole blood GPX activity between male and female rats. There was also no gender effect on selenium concentration in muscle, brain, spleen, and skin, but selenium concentration in liver was higher (P < 0.05) in female than in male rats. Western blots indicated that the tissue distribution of Se-W was similar in male and female rats. Se-W protein level was high in testes of male rats but very low in ovaries of female rats. Muscle and skin from female rats had significantly higher (P < 0.05) Se-W levels than from male rats. Consistent with Se-W content, the Se-W mRNA levels from female skins were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than from male rats. The expression of Se-W was different in various tissues and gender influenced this regulation in some tissues.

Selenium Occurrence, Distribution and Speciation in the CockleAnadara trapezia and the MulletMugil cephalus

Data on the factors affecting the accumulation of selenium in the cockle Anadara trapezia and mullet Mugil cephalus are presented, together with the distribution and speciation of selenium in tissues. Selenium concentration in whole cockles showed a small but significant decrease with weight. No further decrease in selenium concentration was apparent once an organism reached 0.25 g dry weight. Selenium concentration in cockles was not dependent on sex. The tissue distribution of selenium concentration in cockles was in the order gill > intestine > adductor > mantle > foot. Selenium concentrations in liver tissues of mullet increased with the whole weight of the fish. In contrast, selenium concentrations in muscle, stomach, heart and kidney tissues were fairly low and constant in fish weighing less than 200 g (20 cm in length). Fish of greater weight and size ( > 250 g and > 30 cm) had higher and more variable selenium concentrations. No differences in selenium concentration between male and female fish occurred; however, the sex of many of the fish could not be distinguished. The tissue distribution of selenium concentration in mullet was in the order liver > stomach > heart > muscle > kidney. Most of the selenium recovered from both the cockle tissues and the mullet muscle tissues was found to be associated with proteins and to be present as selenocysteine. A conceptual model is presented for selenium transformations in marine organisms based on the formation of selenoamino-acids and subsequent incorporation into proteins. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of dietary selenite or selenomethionine on tissue selenium levels of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar)

A feeding experiment was carried out to compare the effects of supplementing a fish meal based diet with selenium as selenite or selenomethionine on Atlantic salmon. Five duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon parr (mean weight 4.5 g) were given a basal diet either unsupplemented or supplemented with 1 and 2 mg Se/kg as selenite or selenomethionine respectively, for 8 weeks. Weight gains were similar in all groups. Selenium concentrations in the liver were highest in the groups given selenite whereas muscle and whole-body selenium concentrations were highest in the groups given selenomethionine. Only a minor increase in muscle selenium concentration was observed by supplementing selenite. There were no significant differences in activity of the selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, between the dietary groups, indicating a sufficient selenium status in all groups.

Dietary Toxicity of Selenium-Contaminated Red Shiners to Striped Bass

Abstract Red shiners Notropis lutrensis (weight, about 1 g each) from the selenium-affected areas of Belews Lake, North Carolina, a cooling reservoir for an electric power plant, were fed to striped bass Morone saxatilis (about 250 g each) in a laboratory experiment. Consumption of red shiners (whole-body selenium concentration, 9.6 μg Se/g wet weight) by striped bass was followed by modified behavior, little increase in weight, a reduced condition factor (105·weight/length3), an elevated selenium concentration in muscle (3.8 ug Se/g wet weight), histological damage to the liver and trunk kidney, and the death of all fish within 78 d. Striped bass fed a comparable, uncontaminated diet of golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas (about 1 g each) gained weight, increased their condition factor, had muscle selenium concentrations averaging 1.1 μg Se/g wet weight, and exhibited no histological abnormalities or reduced survival during the 80-d experiment. Toxicity and death induced by selenium-contaminated prey ...