Rabbit Muscle Research Articles

Changes in PAX7 Positive Satellite Cells in Extraocular Muscle After Strabismus Surgery.

To investigate the effects of recession or re-section surgery on PAX 7 positive satellite cells of the extraocular muscle (EOM) in rabbits. A total of 20 rabbits (40 eyes) were included in this study. The superior rectus muscle of the right eye was either recessed or resected. Recession surgeries were performed at a distance of 5 mm (5 rabbits) and 10 mm (5 rabbits) from the original insertion, whereas resection surgeries were performed at a distance of 4 mm (5 rabbits) and 8 mm (5 rabbits). The superior rectus (operated muscle), inferior rectus (antagonist muscle), and superior rectus of the contralateral eye (control) were extracted 4 weeks after surgery. The number of PAX7 positive satellite cells was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The number of PAX7 positive satellite cells in the operated and antagonist muscles was higher than that in the control muscle after all surgeries (P < .05, all). The number of PAX7 positive satellite cells in operated and antagonist muscles after resection surgery was higher than that after recession surgery (P < .05, all). Howerver, there were no significant differences of PAX7 positive satellite cells in operated and antagonist muscle in recession and resection surgery according to the surgical amount (P > .05, all). PAX7 positive satellite cells in the operated and antagonist muscles showed an increase after resection surgery compared to recession surgery. This suggests that the extent of EOM regeneration may vary depending on the surgical method used for strabismus surgery. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 20XX;XX(X):XXX-XXX.].

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on rabbit ileum motility in comparison with Acetylcholine, Atropine and Ondansetron

Objectives: Gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome can affect the quality of life and increase the risk of psychological problems such as depression. Drugs such as hyoscyamine and metoclopramide and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists such as Alosteron are used nowadays for symptomatic management, but their use is associated with adverse effects leading to decreased patient compliance. Nowadays, natural plant-based medicine is preferred by people due to its fewer adverse effects; therefore, the current study was planned to evaluate the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra on the intestinal smooth muscle of rabbits. Our study aims to define the mechanism of action of G. glabra in promoting or inhibiting gut motility. Materials and Methods: An experimental in vitro study was conducted in the Pharmacology Department of Services Institute of Medical Sciences Lahore in January 2023. Rabbit ileal tissue was used. PowerLab (ADInstruments) was used to record the contractions of ileal smooth muscles. After mounting, the tissue was given to rest for 30 min, after which baseline contractions were recorded. Then, 0.8 mL of acetylcholine (10−5) was added, and contractions were recorded for 30 s. Freshly prepared Tyrode’s solution was used to rinse the tissue three and then given rest for 3 min. Then, ileal tissue was treated with G. glabra 5%, 15% and 20% and their effect was recorded. Acetylcholine served as a positive control, and the action of G. glabra 5%, 15% and 20% solution was compared with it. After that, G. glabra was used in the presence of drugs that inhibit intestinal motility, atropine and ondansetron 0.0036 µM and 0.036 µM, respectively. Results: Results showed that G. glabra 5%, 15% and 20% increased intestinal motility significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) in comparison with acetylcholine. However, when G. glabra was used in the presence of antagonists, atropine and ondansetron, then, it reduced intestinal motility significantly (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: Aqueous extract of G. glabra has a dual effect on gut motility that is a direct muscarinic receptor agonist and indirect modulator of enteric vagus nerve terminal through serotonin 5-HT3 receptors.

Effects of a Diet of Allium Extract on Growth, Biochemistry, Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

The rabbit farming industry is growing due to the rising demand for healthy, sustainable meat. Rabbit meat's nutritional benefits and low environmental impact appeal to health-conscious consumers. To enhance economic sustainability, efforts focus on reducing disease susceptibility and antibiotic use through improved biosecurity and natural additives, such as organosulphur compounds from Allium plants, which have shown promise in studies for boosting productivity and health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PTSO supplementation on farm rabbits. Over and after a 76-day period, various parameters were assessed to measure the impacts on rabbit growth, health, biochemical parameters, muscle metabolism, and intestinal microbiota. The rabbit groups received either a control diet or a diet supplemented with Allium extract. The results showed significant improvements in growth performance for rabbits fed with Allium extract, including higher final weights, increased average daily gain (ADG), and lower mortality rates. A biochemical analysis revealed normal values for the parameters measured in the treated group. A muscle analysis evidenced the presence of a few metabolites of PTSO. A gut microbiota analysis indicated distinct differences between the control and treated groups, increasing the presence of some strains that can influence positively the growth of rabbits. This study highlights the potential benefits of PTSO supplementation for improving growth performance, health parameters, and gut microbiota composition in farm rabbits, suggesting its efficacy as a dietary additive.

Design and evaluation of an open-source block face imaging system for 2D histology to magnetic resonance image registration

This study introduces a comprehensive hardware-software framework designed to enhance the quality of block face image capture—an essential intermediary step for registering 2D histology images to ex vivo magnetic resonance (MR) images. A customized camera mounting and lighting system is employed to maintain consistent relative positioning and lighting conditions. Departing from traditional transparent paraffin, dyed paraffin is utilized to enhance contrast for subsequent automatic segmentation. Our software facilitates fully automated data collection and organization, complemented by a real-time Quality Assurance (QA) section to assess the captured image's quality during the sectioning process. The setup is evaluated and validated using rabbit muscle and rat brain which underwent MR-guided focused ultrasound ablations. The customized hardware system establishes a robust image capturing environment. The software with a real-time QA section, enables operators to promptly rectify low-quality captures, thereby preventing data loss. The execution of our proposed framework produces robust registration results for H&E images to ex vivo MR images.•The presented hardware-software framework ensures the uniformity and resilience of the block face image capture process, contributing to a more reliable and efficient registration of 2D histology images to ex vivo MR images.

Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Supported Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes on Solid Substrates.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes from rabbit muscle were deposited on silicon substrates and characterized by the combination of spectral ellipsometry (SE), high energy specular X-ray reflectivity (XRR), specular neutron reflectivity (NR), and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Following the optimization of the preparative conditions by SE, the detailed structures in the direction perpendicular to the membrane were probed by XRR. ATR-FTIR data showed strong signals from amide I and amide II bands of the native SR membranes containing a large amount of Ca2+-ATPase, which could not be achieved by the reconstitution in artificial lipid membranes. The treatment with protease led to a significant decrease in the amide peaks, and the XRR data confirmed the modulation of the membrane structures. The obtained data show the potential of the in situ combination of reflectivity and vibrational spectroscopy of native supported membranes in order to unravel both structure and dynamics of complex biological membranes.

Development of Ocular Muscle Stimulation Systems and Optimization of Electrical Stimulus Parameters for Paralytic Strabismus Treatment.

Paralysis of the extraocular muscles can lead to complications such as strabismus, diplopia, and loss of stereopsis. Current surgical treatments aim to mitigate these issues by resecting the paralyzed muscle or transposing the other recti muscles to the paralyzed muscle, but they do not fully improve the patient's quality of life. Electrical stimulation shows promise, while requiring further in vivo experiments and research on various stimulation parameters. In this study, we conducted experiments on rabbits to stimulate the superior rectus (SR) muscles using different parameters and stimulation waveforms. To provide various types of electrical stimulation, we developed the ocular muscle stimulation systems capable of both current controlled stimulation (CCS) and high-frequency stimulation (HFS), along with the chip that enables energy-efficient and safe switched-capacitor stimulation (SCS). We also developed electrodes for easy implantation and employed safe and efficient stimulation methods including CCS, SCS, and HFS. The in vivo animal experiments on normal and paralyzed SR muscles of rabbits showed that eyeball abduction angles were proportional to the current and pulse width of the stimulation. With the decaying exponential stimuli of the SCS system, eyeball abductions were 2.58× and 5.65× larger for normal and paralyzed muscles, respectively, compared to the rectangular stimulus of CCS. HFS achieved 0.92× and 0.26× abduction for normal and paralyzed muscles, respectively, with half energy compared to CCS. In addition, the continuous changes in eyeball abduction angle in response to varying stimulation intensity over time were observed.

Changes in rabbit meat texture and calpain system genes expression following dietary supplementation with algae or vegetable oils

Abstract Meat texture is one of the most important parameters of meat quality and it could be improved by lipid sourced from vegetable oils. This study was undertaken to analyze the changes in meat texture, and in the mRNA expression of calpains (CAPN1 and CAPN3) and calpastatin 2 (CAST2) following diet supplemented with 1% algae (A), 3% sunflower (OS) oil, or 3% soybean oil (SO), using Blanc de Termonde rabbits at different age (12 and 18 weeks). Animals in the control group (C) received feed without additives. Animals were randomly sorted (40 rabbits/each group, balanced for sex). The General Linear Model (GLM) procedure was used to analyze the data and the Tukey–Kramer test was used for multiple comparisons. Our results indicate that the texture of rabbit meat depends on the age and algae, sunflower, and soybean oil supplementation, and diet-age interaction. The influence of the diet on CAPN1, CAPN3, and CAST2 expression depends on the rabbit age. In 12-week-old animals, meat shear force was greater following algae and soybean oil supplementation. Moreover, soybean oil decreased CAPN1, CAPN3, and CAST2, and algae supplement decreased CAST2 genes expression in rabbit muscle. In 18-week-old rabbits, supplementation with sunflower or soybean oil improved meat hardness, chewiness, and shear force. Additionally, sunflower oil increased CAPN1 and decreased CAST2 gene expression in the muscle tissue, providing new information about the molecular mechanism of meat texture in rabbits.

Integrated analysis of intestinal microbial community and muscle transcriptome profile in rabbits

Intestinal microbial community plays an important part in maintaining health and skeletal muscle development in livestock. This study is the first of its kind in the world. In order to better understand the relationship between gut microbiota and gene expression in skeletal muscle of rabbits, caecum contents and longissimus dorsi tissues of rabbits at 0 d (S1), 35 d (S2) and 70d (S3) were collected and subjected for 16S rRNA sequencing and transcriptome sequencing. Our results showed that, among three groups of rabbits, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla at the phylum level, while Akmansia, Bacteroides and Ruminobacter were the dominant genera at the genus level, and the relative abundance of Akmansia and Bacteroides increased firstly and then decreased from 0 d to 70 d. By analyzing the transcriptome sequencing data, we identified 2866, 2446 and 4541 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in S1 vs S2, S2 vs S3 and S1 vs S3 groups, respectively. Finally, we performed correlation analysis between gut microbiota and the expression levels of muscle development-related genes of rabbits at 0 d and 70 d. Compared with 0 day old rabbits, in 70 day old rabbits Acinetobacter and Cronbacter with decreased abundance, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and Ruminococcus_1 with increase abundance is beneficial to caecum health in rabbits. These results will lay a foundation for further re-searches about the relationship between caecum microflora and muscle development in rabbits.

Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Glycogen and Glycogen Phosphorylase b Complexes

Glycogen is a natural polysaccharide used as an energy storage macromolecule. The role of glycogen metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus has been under investigation for several years, along with its implication in cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies using pig liver glycogen with rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (RMGPb), which catalyzes the first step of glycogen degradation to glucose-1-phosphate, showed that the surface of an average glycogen molecule is covered by a total of 20 RMGPb dimeric molecules. In this work, we selected oyster glycogen (Glyc) to investigate its interaction with RMGPb by employing biophysical techniques. Dynamic, static, and electrophoretic light scattering were used to investigate the solution behaviors and structures of both the Glyc molecule itself and the formed complexes between Glyc and GPb at different mixing ratios. It was established that the interaction between oyster Glyc and RMGPb is similar to that previously reported for pig liver glycogen. Moreover, the structure of the complexed GPb was monitored by fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy.

Effects of supplementing pistachio skins in the diet on growth performance and the fatty acid profile of Biceps femoris and Longissimus dorsi muscles in rabbits

Pistachios, a delicacy food product produced mostly in Sicily, generate significant amounts of skins during processing. This by-product has been incorporated in growing/finishing rabbit diet formulations. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 6% pistachio skin inclusion in rabbit grower/finisher diets on the meat characteristics. One hundred and fifty healthy Martini rabbits (male and female) were weaned at 30 d of age and body weight (IBW) of 0.82±0.05 kg. The animals were assigned to one of the two treatment groups to be homogeneous for weight and sex. Diets were as follows: (1) a treatment diet (TRMT) with a 6% incorporation of pistachio skin meal, and (2) a control diet (CTRL) without the integration of pistachio skin meal. During the experimental period (from 30 to 63 d of age), rabbits were weighed individually on day 30, day 42 and day 63 of the trial. Weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were calculated. The loin and hind leg were carefully deboned and the Biceps femoris (BF) and Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles were minced and homogenised. The treatment group fed a diet with 6% pistachio skins showed no adverse effects on the growth performance or carcass characteristics and did not trigger any physiological or clinical changes or show deleterious effects on the rabbits. Overall, while the total fat quantity did not register as significant in any of the muscles from either diet, significance was recorded with regard to the quality of the fatty acids profile between the two diets and between both muscles. The analysis of the BF and LL muscles of the TRMT group showed a significant increase in monounsaturated fatty acids (3.2, and 3.0%, P=0.008 and 0.041, respectively) and in the polyunsaturated fatty acids groups (4.8 and 3.8%, P=0.032 and 0.023, respectively), and a decrease in the saturated fatty acids group (–7.2 and –6.1%, P=0.014 and 0.020, respectively) compared with the CTRL group. In particular, both linoleic and α linolenic fatty acids registered a significant increase in the BF muscle, while only the linoleic acid registered a significant increase in the LL muscle of TRMT compared with the CTRL group (P&lt;0.05). Although rabbit meat offers excellent nutritional and dietetic properties in itself, this study confirms that it can be further enhanced to be considered as functional through diet manipulations.

Synthesis of Chiral Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues from DHAP-Dependent Aldolases.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)-dependent aldolases catalyze the aldol addition of DHAP to a variety of aldehydes and generate compounds with two stereocenters. This reaction is useful to synthesize chiral acyclic nucleosides, which constitute a well-known class of antiviral drugs currently used. In such compounds, the chirality of the aliphatic chain, which mimics the open pentose residue, is crucial for activity. In this work, three DHAP-dependent aldolases: fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle, rhanmulose-1-phosphate aldolase from Thermotoga maritima, and fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli, were used as biocatalysts. Aldehyde derivatives of thymine and cytosine were used as acceptor substrates, generating new acyclic nucleoside analogues containing two new stereocenters with conversion yields between 70% and 90%. Moreover, structural analyses by molecular docking were carried out to gain insights into the diasteromeric excess observed.

Rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase activators: Synthesis, molecular docking and theoretical studies of N-substituted sulfonamide derivatives

Pyruvate kinase (PK) activators have potential therapeutic applications in diseases such as sickle cell anemia. In this study, N-Substituted sulfonamide derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridines were synthesized and evaluated as PK activators in vitro and using molecular docking studies. The compounds were synthesized by reacting dicarbonyl compounds with ammonium acetate, 5-nitrobenzaldehyde, and alumina sulfuric acid (ASA), followed by reduction and sulfonylation. The structures of the compounds were analyzed using spectroscopic techniques. DFT calculations provided insights into the electronic properties. Molecular docking of the compounds into the active site of PK showed favorable binding interactions. ADME evaluation indicated suitable solubility, BBB permeation, and lack of CYP450 inhibition. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of new hybrid 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted sulfonamides as PK activators for further development. According to AC50 values, the compound (DTSF7, 0.97μM) is about 100-fold higher affective than the clinically used sulfonamide compound (AC50 = 90μM) for PK.

Elements in Serum, Muscle, Liver, and Kidney of Rabbits Fed Macroalgae-Supplemented Diets.

The addition of marine macroalgae to animal feed has garnered interest due to the demonstrated benefits of gut health in many livestock species. Most macroalgae have a higher mineral content than terrestrial vegetables, making them an attractive, sustainable source of minerals. However, some macroalgae contain elevated concentrations of iodine and arsenic, which may be transferred to the meat of livestock fed with macroalgae. This study evaluated the mineral profile of rabbit serum, muscle, liver, and kidney of rabbits fed diets supplemented with different marine macroalgae, with the goal of improving post-weaning gut health and reducing reliance on antibiotics. We found increased deposition of iodine in muscle, liver, and kidney due to macroalgae supplementation, which is particularly promising for regions with low iodine endemicity. Higher, though relatively low arsenic concentrations, compared to those in other animal meats and food sources, were also detected in the muscle, liver, and kidney of macroalgae-fed rabbits. The absence of apparent interactions with other micronutrients, particularly selenium, suggests that the inclusion of macroalgae in rabbit diets will not affect the overall mineral content. Enhanced bioavailability of elements such as phosphorus and iron may provide additional benefits, potentially reducing the need for mineral supplementation.

Concentration of selected biogenic and risk elements in liver, kidneys and muscle of domestic rabbit and wild brown hare

In the present study the concentration of selected elements in tissues of domestic rabbits and of wild brown-hares (kidneys, liver, and muscle – m. quadriceps femoris) in Slovakian habitats were determined. After mineralization the elements examined were detected using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry/graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. For rabbits, Fe in the liver was correlated with essential (Mn, Cu) (R 2 = 0.94, p < 0.05; R 2 = 0.96, p < 0.05 respectively) or toxic (Pb) elements (R 2 = −0.93, p < 0.05). For hares, significant correlations were found between Cd and Cu or between Cd and Mn in the kidneys (R 2 = −0.96, p < 0.05; R 2 = 0.92, p < 0.05 respectively), which is the target organ for Cd. Higher concentrations of the elements were found in hare tissue, and this may be linked to pollution of their wild habitats. The xenobiotic elements as well as the essential elements were accumulated in the kidneys of the hares than rabbits. For liver, differences were less pronounced and significance was only for Fe and Cu. Muscle of hares was more contaminated than of rabbits for both biogenic and toxic elements. These results show that detectable concentrations of inorganic elements. These levels may be linked to contamination of the natural habitats of wild biota due to industry, traffic, agriculture, and urban sprawl.

Microbiological and Physicochemical Changes in Rabbit Meat During Ambient Storage

This study aimed to evaluate the changes in rabbit meat during storage at ambient temperature (30 ± 1ºC) for nine hours. The study focused on two rabbit muscle parts: the hind leg and the saddle, investigated in terms of microbiological parameters such as aerobic plate count (APC) and total coliform count (TCC); and physicochemical parameters such as pH, color, total myoglobin concentration, and lipid oxidation. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis at a 5% significance level (p &lt; 0.05). Results revealed that the pH of both portions of rabbit muscle decreases over time during storage. This decrease is attributed to the growth of acid-producing microorganisms, which ultimately leads to spoilage in rabbit meat. On the contrary, color values (L*, a*, and b*) showed an increasing trend in both muscle portions, indicating a discoloration of rabbit meat during storage. Both lipid oxidation and total myoglobin content of rabbit meat did not change significantly during storage, but lipid oxidation varied between muscle parts. Based on the microbiological analysis of rabbit meat, both aerobic plate count (APC) and total coliform count (TCC) increased significantly during storage in both muscle portions. Results of the study suggest that freshly slaughtered rabbit meat must remain at ambient storage for the shortest time, as this storage condition will cause spoilage of meat, making it unfit for human consumption.

Acupotomy ameliorates knee osteoarthritis-related collagen deposition and fibrosis in rabbit skeletal muscle through the TGF-β/Smad pathway

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of acupotomy on skeletal muscle fibrosis and collagen deposition in a rabbit knee osteoarthritis (KOA) model. MethodsRabbits (n = 18) were randomly divided into control, KOA, and KOA + acupotomy (Apo) groups (n = 6). The rabbits in the KOA and Apo groups were modeled using the modified Videman's method for 6 weeks. After modeling, the Apo group was subjected to acupotomy once a week for 3 weeks on the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and anserine bursa tendons around the knee. The behavior of all animals was recorded, rectus femoris tissue was obtained, and histomorphological changes were observed using Masson staining and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Smad 3, Smad 7, fibrillar collagen types I (Col-I) and III (Col-III) was detected using Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ResultsHistological analysis revealed that acupotomy improved the microstructure and reduced the collagen volume fraction of rectus femoris, compared with the KOA group (P = .034). Acupotomy inhibited abnormal collagen deposition by modulating the expression of fibrosis-related proteins and mRNA, thus preventing skeletal muscle fibrosis. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis revealed that in the Apo group, Col-I, and Col-III protein levels were significantly lower than those in the KOA group (both P < .01), same as Col-I and Col-III mRNA levels (P = .0031; P = .0046). Compared with the KOA group, the protein levels of TGF-β1 and Smad 3 were significantly reduced (both P < .01), as were the mRNA levels of TGF-β1 and Smad 3 (P = .0007; P = .0011). Conversely, the levels of protein and mRNA of Smad 7 were significantly higher than that in the KOA group (P < .01; P = .0271). ConclusionAcupotomy could alleviate skeletal muscle fibrosis and delay KOA progress by inhibiting collagen deposition through the TGF-β/Smad pathway in the skeletal muscle of KOA rabbits.

Synthesis, In Silico and Kinetics Evaluation of N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-2-arylimidazole-4(5)-carboxamides and N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-4(5)-arylimidazole-2-carboxamides as Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors.

Recently studied N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-3-aryl-1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxamides have proven to be low micromolar inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), a validated target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Since in other settings, the bioisosteric replacement of the 1,2,4-triazole moiety with imidazole resulted in significantly more efficient GP inhibitors, in silico calculations using Glide molecular docking along with unbound state DFT calculations were performed on N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-arylimidazole-carboxamides, revealing their potential for strong GP inhibition. The syntheses of the target compounds involved the formation of an amide bond between per-O-acetylated β-d-glucopyranosylamine and the corresponding arylimidazole-carboxylic acids. Kinetics experiments on rabbit muscle GPb revealed low micromolar inhibitors, with the best inhibition constants (Kis) of ~3-4 µM obtained for 1- and 2-naphthyl-substituted N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-imidazolecarboxamides, 2b-c. The predicted protein-ligand interactions responsible for the observed potencies are discussed and will facilitate the structure-based design of other inhibitors targeting this important therapeutic target. Meanwhile, the importance of the careful consideration of ligand tautomeric states in binding calculations is highlighted, with the usefulness of DFT calculations in this regard proposed.

Shift from Pro- to Anti-Inflammatory Phase in Pelvic Floor Muscles at Postpartum Matches Histological Signs of Regeneration in Multiparous Rabbits.

Background and Objectives: Pelvic floor muscles (PFM) play a core role in defecation and micturition. Weakening of PFM underlies urogynecological disorders such as pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Vaginal delivery damages PFM. Muscle trauma implies an inflammatory response mediated by myeloid cells, essential for subsequent recovery. Molecular signaling characterizing the pro-inflammatory phase shifts M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages, which modulate muscle repair. The present study aimed to evaluate histological characteristics and the presence of M1 and M2 macrophages in bulbospongiosus (Bsm) and pubococcygeus muscles (Pcm). Materials and Methods: Muscles from young nulliparous (N) and multiparous rabbits on postpartum days three (M3) and twenty (M20) were excised and histologically processed to measure the myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and count the centralized myonuclei in hematoxylin-eosinstained sections. Using immunohistochemistry, M1 and M2 macrophages were estimated in muscle sections. Kruskal-Wallis or one-way ANOVA testing, followed by post hoc tests, were conducted to identify significant differences (p < 0.05). Results: The myofiber CSA of both the Bsm and Pcm of the M3 group were more extensive than those of the N and M20 groups. Centralized myonuclei estimated in sections from both muscles of M20 rabbits were higher than those of N rabbits. Such histological outcomes matched significant increases in HLA-DR immunostaining in M3 rabbits with the CD206 immunostaining in muscle sections from M20 rabbits. Conclusions: A shift from the pro- to anti-inflammatory phase in the bulbospongiosus and pubococcygeus muscles of multiparous rabbits matches with centralized myonuclei, suggesting the ongoing regeneration of muscles.

Novel tetrazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives synthesis, molecular docking, ADME, potential activator for rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase

Novel tetrazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives synthesis, molecular docking, ADME, potential activator for rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase

Structural variations of pectinate muscles across sheep and rabbit atria.

The right and left atria play important roles in overall cardiac performance, both at rest and during exercise. Atrial dysfunction due to congenital or acquired heart diseases can result in significant disability or death. The prevalence of such conditions has been rising due to the increasing age of the population as well as the progressively larger number of patients with Grown-up congenital heart disease (GUCH). Left and right atria were collected from rabbits and juvenile sheep, and pattern recognition and image analysis were used to illustrate the microstructure and orientation of the pectinate muscles. The aim of this study is to observe the differences in the structure of the pectinate muscles in both rabbits and sheep. Through image analysis and pattern recognition, we were able to identify the orientation of the patterns that can help produce off-the-shelf patches that are capable of mimicking and/or reproducing most of the functions of normal atrial tissue. The microstructure of the pectinate muscles is unique and provides remarkable functionality to the atria.