Muscle Endurance Test Research Articles

Investigation of Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Neck Biomechanics in Healty Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Single Center

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of body mass index above normal limits on forward head posture and deep cervical flexor muscle endurance, which are considered to be predisposing factors of mechanical neck pain. Methods: Twenty-four individuals (mean age of 20.50 ± 2.02 years) with a body mass index (BMI) between 19.9 kg /m2 and 24.9 kg /m2 were included in the Normal Body Mass Index (N-BMI group) and 24 individuals with a BMI over 24.9 kg /m2 (mean age of 24.41 ± 2.90 years) were included in the Owerweight-Obese (OW-O group). Cranicervical Angles (CCA) of individuals was measured digitally to determine forward head posture. Deep Cervical Flexor Muscle Endurance Test (DCFMET) was used for endurance of deep cervical flexor muscles. Results: The CCA values of the OW-O group were less than in the N-BMI group, indicating an increased forward head posture (p = 0.043). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of the endurance of the deep cervical flexor muscles between the groups (p = 0.817). A moderate negative correlation was found between the BMI values and CCA of all individuals participating in the study (p = 0.012, r= -0.503). There was no correlation between BMI and DCFMET (p=0.887, r = 0.031). Conclusion: Knowing that overweight and obese young people are in the risk group for mechanical neck pain and various cervical pathologies, plays a very important role in increasing awareness about preventive approaches such as postural correction exercises and weight management strategies.

Effects of core stability training program on trunk muscle endurance in deaf children: A preliminary study

IntroductionSport participation is an important for deaf children as participants experience physical, psychological and social benefits; however, the beneficial effect of core stability training on core muscle endurance is unclear. The present study aimed to examine the effects of an 8-week core stability exercise training program on endurance of trunk muscles in deaf children. MethodsTwenty male deaf students (age, 16.5 ± 0.65 y; body mass, 62.08 ± 5.39 kg; BMI, 22.33 ± 2.24 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to experimental (EXP, n = 10) and control (CON, n = 10) groups. The subjects in the EXP group performed 3 times a week for 8 weeks period of core stability training program and tested trunk muscle endurance including prone bridge, supine bridge and flexor endurance tests at pre and post 8 weeks intervention. ResultsThe CON group did not show any significant change after training period (p > 0.05). The EXP group showed significantly changes in core stability muscle endurance tests following the 8-week core stability training program (p < 0.05). In addition, the EXP group indicated statistically significant changes than the CON group in truck muscle endurance (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThe results indicated that core stability training program improved trunk muscle endurance. Therefore, this training approach can be recommended in deaf rehabilitation programs to improve trunk muscle endurance.

Comparison of lumbopelvic stability, low back pain and well-being of women who have overactive bladder syndrome to asymptomatic controls: cut-off points

Aims Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome has been associated with core muscles weakness, which is important in aetiology of low back pain (LBP) and affects general well-being. This study aimed to compare the lumbopelvic stability, LBP and well-being of women with OAB to asymptomatic controls and to determine the cut-off points. Methods Women with (OAB group, n = 36) and without OAB syndrome (control group, n = 36) were included. The lumbopelvic stability with the Sahrmann and McGill trunk muscle endurance tests, LBP intensity with the Visual Analogue Scale were assessed. As for general well-being, sleep quality with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), fatigue severity with the Fatigue Severity Index (FSI), anxiety and depression levels with the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS-A, HADS-D) were evaluated. Results In the OAB group compared to the control group, the lumbopelvic stability scores were lower (p < 0.001) while LBP prevalence (p < 0.001), pain intensity (p = 0.020), and PSQI, FSI, HADS-A, and HADS-D scores (p < 0.001) were higher. The cut-off points for trunk extension, flexion, right and left lateral flexion endurance tests and Sahrmann test were ≤9.42 sec, ≤8.62 sec, ≤19.26 sec, ≤5.16 sec, and ≤2 level, respectively. The cut-off points for PSQI, FSI, HADS-D, HADS-A were >5, >5.22, >6 and >6 scores, respectively. Conclusions Women with OAB syndrome had lower lumbopelvic stability, higher LBP prevalence and intensity, lower sleep quality, and more fatigue, anxiety, and depression levels compared to asymptomatic women. The cut-off values were detected between the occurrence of OAB and lumbopelvic stability and general well-being parameters.

Isometric Strength Database for Muscle Maximal Voluntary Endurance Field Tests: Normative Data

BackgroundDifferent field tests are used to evaluate muscle capacity, in particular maximal voluntary isometric endurance. However, although there are some normative values for a few muscle endurance tests, these do not consider the weight, height, gender, or age of individuals, which are well-known factors that influence muscle performance.Hypothesis/PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the test–retest reproducibility of eight field tests and establish muscle endurance norms, in a healthy population, based on their anthropometric characteristics, which could allow the optimal evaluation of the entire muscle function in a quick manner.DesignCase series.MethodsThis study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was to check the reproducibility inter- and intra-assessor for eight isometric muscle field tests on 20 volunteer subjects aged 40.9 ± 11.6 years old (age range, 21–58 years). The second part was to establish muscle maximal voluntary isometric endurance norms according to these tests on a total of 400 healthy participants grouped by age (50 males and females in each of the age brackets, 20–29; 30–39; 40–49; 50–59 years old, for a total of 200 males and 200 females).ResultsThe intra- and inter-assessor reproducibility tests are good for all muscle measurements (the intraclass correlation coefficients varied between 0.915 and 0.996 and the coefficient of variation between 3.6 and 11.8%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrates a good sensibility with values greater than 0.7 for each test. Each muscle belt presents same ratio regardless of the age and gender group. The simultaneous multiple regression analyses highlight that the anthropometric characteristics of subjects influence significantly the performance of isometric tests.ConclusionThis study has permitted establishing prediction equations in a healthy population according to their anthropometric characteristics as well as agonist/antagonist ratios for eight muscle isometric field tests after demonstrating a good reproducibility of all tests.

Correlation between scapular muscle endurance and handwriting legibility in school children: Correlational study

Purpose: Handwriting is an important functional task that needs to be performed by children in lower grades of elementary school, and it is an essential ability for academic achievements. To evaluate the ability of handwriting performance in children, various dimensions must be considered including the domain of handwriting, legibility, speed, and ergonomic factors. During the process of handwriting, most of the movements come from the forearm while the shoulder provides the power with minimum movement occurring at fingers and wrist. Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to do repeated contractions against a less-than-maximum resistance for a given period. Fatigue of the Proximal muscles has been reportedly affected the coordination of Distal muscles. This study studies the correlation between scapular muscle endurance and handwriting legibility in school children. Method: In this study, 70 samples were collected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The test was explained to them and their parents in detail and ascent. Handwriting legibility was assessed using a handwriting legibility scale. Scapular muscle endurance was assessed using the Scapular muscle endurance test. Data was collected and analyzed. Results: The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between scapular muscle endurance and handwriting legibility. The statistical analysis showed that the correlation coefficient (r=0.5) which states that there is a moderately positive correlation. The p-value was <0.0001 which is considered extremely significant. Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a positive correlation between scapular muscle endurance and handwriting legibility.

Effect of Smartphone Usage on Neck Muscle Endurance, Hand Grip and Pinch Strength among Healthy College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in global smartphone usage driven by different purposes. This study aimed to explore the effect of smartphone usage on neck muscle (flexors and extensors) endurance, hand grip, and pinch strength among young, healthy college students. In total, 40 male students were recruited for this study; 20 of them belonged to the smartphone-addicted group, while the other 20 were in the non-addicted group based on their smartphone addiction scale—short version (SAS-SV) scores (the threshold for determining smartphone addiction: 31/60). Neck flexor endurance time, the ability to perform a neck extensor muscle endurance test, and hand and pinch grip strength were assessed. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to assess between-group differences in the mean values of neck flexor endurance time, hand grip, and pinch grip. A significant group effect (Wilks’ lambda = 0.51, F (5,34) = 6.34, p = 0.001, partial eta squared = 0.48) was found. A decrease in neck flexor endurance time was observed in the smartphone-addicted group compared with that of the non-addicted group (p < 0.001). However, there was no notable difference in the neck extensor muscle endurance test or in hand grip and pinch grip strength of both hands between groups (p > 0.05). Using a smartphone for a prolonged time might affect neck flexor muscle endurance; however, more research is needed to explore the long-term effects of using smartphones on neck muscle endurance and hand/pinch grip strength and the risk of developing upper limb neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction.

Effect of 10 sets versus 5 sets of resistance training on muscular endurance.

A paucity of research exists examining whether resistance training with a greater number of sets per exercise enhances the development of muscular endurance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ten sets versus five sets of resistance training on muscle endurance. Fifteen healthy males (age 23.7±4.6 y) with at least 1 year resistance training experience were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of 10 sets (10-SET) or 5 sets (5-SET) of 10 repetitions at 60-80% one-repetition maximum (1RM) for specific compound resistance exercises with rest intervals between sets of 60-90 s and 60 s between exercises, performed 3 times per week. Relative muscle endurance was assessed via maximal repetitions using 70% 1RM for the bench press, lat pulldown and leg press. There was a significant increase in the number of repetitions to failure in the muscle endurance test for the leg press in 10-SET (40.9%, P=0.04) and 5-SET (27.9%; P=0.03), although no statistical differences between groups in the post-intervention results. Both groups increased volume-load in the muscle endurance test for the bench press (≥14.3%, P<0.05) and leg press (≥36.7%, P<0.05), but there were no statistical differences between groups in the post-intervention results. Findings suggest that performing 10 sets compared to 5 sets of resistance training does not enhance the development of relative muscle endurance. The volume-load accrued within an individual set rather than across sets may be of greater importance when targeting muscular endurance.

초등학교 축구 엘리트 선수와 클럽선수 간 체력 비교를 통한 개선방안 모색

This study was conducted to suggest the importance of providing systematic and specialized physical training for school sports club players when linking them to professional elite trainers in the future by comparing physical strength between elementary school soccer elite trainers and school sports club players in accordance. According to the KISS Sports Science Center Physical Measurement Standards Manual, the differences between groups were derived by measuring body composition, flexibility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, agility, quickness, and cardiopulmonary endurance.<BR> 1. During the physical construction test, elite athletes showed high muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass, while club players showed high body fat and body fat rate.<BR> 2. During the flexibility test, the results of the iliac examination and the posterior examination showed that elite athletes were highly qualified.<BR> 3. During the nimbleness test, the whole body and side step tests showed that elite athletes were high. <BR> 4. In the visual response test, elite athletes completed their tasks quickly.<BR> 5. Among the muscular strength tests, the grip strength test and the back strength test showed that elite athletes were highly qualified.<BR> 6. During the quickness test, the team"s jump test showed that elite athletes were highly qualified.<BR> 7. During the muscle endurance test, sit-ups were high among elite athletes.<BR> 8. During the cardiac endurance test, the 20-meter shuttle run test showed a high number of elite athletes.

등척성 체간 운동이 젊은 성인의 근지구력과 균형능력에 미치는 영향

This study aims to identify the effects of an isometric trunk exercise program on muscle endurance and balance ability in young adults. Fourteen young adults volunteered to participate in this study. Isometric muscle endurance tests (trunk curl in supine, hyperextension of trunk in prone, and arm-supporting side bridge) and one-leg standing test were used to measure muscle endurance and balance of subjects. Isometric trunk exercises were performed for 30 minutes, twice per week for 6 weeks (a total of 12 sessions), including upper and lower abdominal drawing, abdominal bracing, posterior pelvic tilting, supine bridge exercise, and alternating raising of limbs in quadruped position. After the intervention, significant improvements were found for all items of muscle endurance and balance (p<.05). These findings suggest that an isometric trunk exercise program might be favorably used to enhance muscle endurance if the trunk and balance in young adults. Further studies need to support our findings.

Influence of Wearing Ballistic Vests on Physical Performance of Danish Police Officers: A Cross-Over Study.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the influence of wearing a ballistic vest on physical performance in police officers. Methods: We performed a cross-over study to investigate the influence of wearing a ballistic vest on reaction and response time, lumbar muscle endurance and police vehicle entry and exit times. Reaction and response time was based on a perturbation setup where the officers’ pelvises were fixed and EMG of lumbar and abdominal muscles was recorded. We used a modified Biering–Sørensen test to assess the lumbar muscle endurance and measured duration of entry and exit maneuvers in a variety of standard-issue police cars. Results: There was a significant difference of 24% in the lumbar muscle endurance test (no vest: 151 s vs. vest: 117 s), and the police officers experienced higher physical fatigue after the test when wearing a vest. Furthermore, officers took longer to both enter and exit police cars when wearing a vest (range: 0.24–0.56 s) depending on the model of the vehicle. There were no significant differences in reaction and response times between the test conditions (with/without vest). Discussion and Conclusion: Wearing of a ballistic vest significantly influenced the speed of movement in entry and exit of police cars and lumbar muscle endurance, although it does not seem to affect reaction or response times. The ballistic vest seems to impair performance of tasks that require maximal effort, which calls for better designs of such vests.

The Relationship Between Functional Movement Screening With Fitness Factors in Female Athlete Students

Objective: The study examines the relationship between Functional Movement Screening (FMS) tests with fitness factors in female athlete students. Methods: The study population includes 30 female athlete students (Mean±SD of age: 23.36±3.10; height: 163.45±5.06; and 57.40±6.43). FMS test was used for measuring movement patterns. Sargent test was used to measure lower limb power, Y-test was used to measure dynamic balance, Stork test was used to measure static balance, and flexor/extensor muscle endurance tests were also used to measure trunk muscle endurance. In addition, Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between scores of functional motion screening and fitness factors. Multivariate regression was used to solve the linear regression equation. The data analyzed in SPSS software, V. 22 at significance level of P≥0.05. Results: Our results showed no significant relationship between FMS test with fitness factors (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between total score of FMS test with fitness factors. It seems that FMS addresses the quality of basic motor activities while fitness factors determine sport skills; thus, FMS scores can’t explain fitness factors.

Muscle endurance and cervical electromyographic activity during submaximal efforts in women with and without migraine

BackgroundDespite previous reports supporting cervical muscle weakness and altered motor control in migraine, the endurance under standardized submaximal loads has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the endurance and muscle activity of the cervical musculature during submaximal isometric contractions in women with migraine and those without headache. MethodsCervical muscle endurance tests were performed for flexors and extensors at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the output force during maximal isometric contraction using the Multi-Cervical Rehabilitation Unit with customized biofeedback. Initial values and relative rates of changes in root mean square and median frequency were calculated using cervical muscle superficial electromyography. FindingsWomen with chronic migraine presented significantly shorter flexor endurance time in all load tests than controls (25%, P = .001, 50%, P = .005; 75%, P = .013), while episodic migraine only differed from controls at 75% (P = .018). The frequency of neck pain and/or pain referred to the head after the endurance test was up 12% in the control group, 40% in the episodic migraine group and 68% of the chronic migraine group. Few differences between groups were observed in the electromyographic variables and none of them was related to a worse performance in the endurance tests. InterpretationCervical flexor endurance was reduced in women with chronic migraine when independent of the load, whereas it was reduced to 75% of the maximal force in those with episodic migraine. No difference in the electromyographic variables could be related to this reduced flexor endurance. Also, no differences were detected in extensors endurance.

Comparison between the Classical Symphony and Self Selected Music on Muscle Endurance in Young Obese Males

Introduction: Music captures attention, triggers a wide range of emotions, regulates mood and arousal,increases work output, induces states of higher functioning, reduces inhibitions and encourages rhythmicmovement. Music has ergo-genic effect as well.Aim: To evaluate the comparison between classical symphony music and self selected music on muscularendurance levels in young obese males.Materials and Method: BMI assessment was performed for all participants and the 30 individuals fallingunder obese category were recruited in the study (BMI ›30 Kg/m2). The participants were asked to listen toclassical symphony music 15 min for 20 days, the muscle endurance test was done by Mosso’s ergographyand hand dynamometry. After a month the same participants were recalled. The participants were asked tolisten to any music of their choice and were grouped under self-selected music. Muscle endurance test wasdone by hand dynamometry and Mosso’s ergography method. Both the values of muscle endurance werecompared by using independent paired t test and SPSS software statistical assessment tools were used.Result: After using self-selected music the muscle endurance significantly increased using hand dynamometry(p<0.005) and Mosso’s ergography (p<0.05).Conclusion: There may be an improved functioning of neural system due to the influence music. Therefore,music may be used as an additional aid for obese individuals to maintain their skeletal muscle enduranceduring any physical activity and aerobic exercise

Changes and differences in functional fitness among older adults over a four year period

Background and objective: Functional fitness is an important task in the health of the older adults. The present study investigated the changes and differences in functional fitness of young and middle older adults by a 4 years age increase. Methods: We performed a longitudinal and cross-sectional study of 261 male older adults who were working as school guardians at elementary schools in Seoul, Korea and had their yearly functional fitness for four years from 2014 to 2017. Participants were young-older adults (n = 98), early middle-older adults (n = 100), and late middle-older adults (n = 63). Functional fitness was measurement by muscle strength (grip strength), muscle endurance test (30-seconds chair stand up), cardiorespiratory endurance test (2-minutes step), flexibility test (sit &amp; reach), agility test (20-seconds side step), and dynamic balance (3-m Up &amp; Go) over a 4 year period. Results: Our study showed that grip strength (P &lt; 0.001), 30-seconds chair stand (P &lt; 0.001), 2-minutes step (P &lt; 0.001), sit &amp; reach (P &lt; 0.001), 20-seconds side step (P &lt; 0.001) were found to decrease with aging in all groups. By contrast, 3-m Up &amp; Go was found to increase (P &lt; 0.001). For each measurement year, middle-older adults on grip strength (P &lt; 0.001), 30-seconds chair stand (P &lt; 0.001), 2-minutes step (P &lt; 0.001), 20-seconds side step (P &lt; 0.001) were lower, whereas that on 3-m Up &amp; Go (P &lt; 0.001) was higher compared with young-older adults. Conclusion: The functional fitness of older adults was found to decrease with aging, and that between young-older adults and middle-older adults was found to be different.

Changes in muscle strength and endurance of professional cyclists due to PycnoRacerTM.

[Purpose] Changes in the muscle performance of professional motorized athletes using pycnogenol-containing supplements have not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in muscle strength and endurance of professional cyclists during 4 weeks of training with the use of PycnoRacerTM. [Participants and Methods] Eight professional cyclists were requested to consume PycnoRacerTM twice/day for 4 weeks. The muscle endurance test consisted of 50 consecutive knee flexion and extension exercises at 180°/sec using an isokinetic torque machine before and after PycnoRacerTM administration. The athletes’ body composition, including leg muscle mass, was also measured. [Results] The maximum flexor muscle torque and 41st–50th flexion muscle torque values significantly improved after supplement consumption (average improvement of 8.5%; range, 13.3–67.2%). The leg muscle mass and body composition did not differ significantly between the two conditions. The participants showed an average improvement of 31.8% (range, 0.9–67.8%) in their total work with cycling training. No adverse events were observed. [Conclusion] The use of PycnoRacerTM may improve training, muscle strength, and endurance, but not muscle mass.

BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE KEY PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF HIKING PERFORMANCE IN LASER SAILORS

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the physiological basis of hiking performance, which is the determinant of performance in laser class sailors. Method: This research was conducted with 16 male athletes between the ages of 15-25 who actively attend laser class races held by Turkish Sailing Federation. The participants were classified as High Performance (HP) and Low Performance (LP) according to their race results and the number of attended international races (as a member of national team). Physical and anthropometric measurements, performance measurements (isometric muscle endurance test during hiking position in simulator) of these volunteers were obtained. During the simulator test, heart rate per minute, systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were monitored and recorded as well. Mann Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences statistically among the groups. Result: Statistically significant differences were observed in the parameters of body mass index, isometric muscle endurance(time to exhaustion),diastolic blood pressure and heart rate during and after the test, and recovery heart rate in the FP and DP groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study show that changes in the blood pressure parameters during the Hiking performance are an important indicator of performance. Monitoring blood pressure in the hiking position in competition-based training can contribute to the determination of the sailor's performance level and training needs. also shows that extensive researches with higher numbers of athletes are needed for future studies.

The Effect of Lumbar Erector Spinae Muscle Endurance Exercise on Perceived Low-back Pain in Older Adults

This study investigates changes in lumbar erector spinae (LES) muscle endurance, perceived low-back pain (LBP), and perceived exercise fatigue in older adults, and analyzes the trends of these changes during a 5-week lumbar exercise. Sixteen older adults with LBP were equally and randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group with incline-standing and the control group with the level-standing positions. They were separately treated with lumbar exercise tasks and 10 seconds of muscle endurance tests using surface electromyography (sEMG). There was a trend of changes in both groups. The exercise tasks led to increase LES muscle endurance in the experimental group (53.7%) and the control group (45.4%) and decrease perceived LBP score significantly with the incline-standing position. There was no significant difference between the two groups in perceived exercise fatigue (p&gt;0.05). Trunk flexion and extension with an incline-standing position can be an effective method to increase LES muscle endurance and reduce LBP in older adults.

Effects of Combined Strength and Endurance Training on Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Serum Hormones During a 6-Month Crisis Management Operation.

Pihlainen, K, Kyröläinen, H, Santtila, M, Ojanen, T, Raitanen, J, and Häkkinen, K. Effects of combined strength and endurance training on body composition, physical fitness, and serum hormones during a 6-month crisis management operation. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2361-2370, 2022-Very few studies have examined the impact of training interventions on soldier readiness during an international military operation. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of combined strength and endurance training on body composition, physical performance, and hormonal status during a 6-month international military deployment consisting of typical peacekeeping tasks, e.g., patrolling, observation, and on-base duties. Soldiers ( n = 78) were randomly allocated to a control group (C) or one of 3 combined whole-body strength and endurance training groups with varying strength-to-endurance training emphasis (Es = 25/75%, SE = 50/50% or Se = 75/25% of strength/endurance training). Body composition, physical performance (3000-m run, standing long jump [SLJ], isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the lower [MVC lower] and upper extremities [MVC upper ], muscle endurance tests), and selected serum hormone concentrations were determined prior to training (PRE), and after 9 (MID) and 19 (POST) weeks of training. Within- and between-group changes were analyzed using linear regression models. The average combined strength and endurance training frequency of the total subject group was 3 ± 2 training sessions per week. No changes were observed in physical performance variables in the intervention groups, whereas SLJ decreased by 1.9% in C ( p < 0.05). Maximal voluntary contraction lower increased by 12.8% in the combined intervention group ( p < 0.05), and this was significantly different to C ( p < 0.05). Testosterone-to-cortisol ratio increased in SE and Se ( p < 0.05), whereas no change was observed in C. The intervention groups maintained or improved their physical performance during deployment, which is beneficial for operational readiness. However, the high interindividual variation observed in training adaptations highlights the importance of training individualization during prolonged military operations.

Muscle endurance training of the neck triggers migraine attacks.

Most migraine patients report neck pain as part of their migraine symptomatology, but it is unknown whether triggering neck pain would induce migraine attacks. Our aim was to assess the occurrence of headache and/or neck pain after an endurance test of the neck muscles among migraineurs and controls. Sixty-five patients with migraine and 32 headache-free participants underwent a manual examination of the cervical spine by an assessor blinded towards the diagnosis and were sub-classified according to the appearance or absence of neck pain. Subsequently, the endurance of the neck flexors and extensors was tested three times, in a random order. The maximum sustained duration was recorded and the test was terminated when the subject was unable to maintain the position or reported pain. On the day after the assessment, participants were asked to report the potential occurrence of headache or neck symptoms. None of the controls reported headache after assessment, while migraine-like headache was reported by 42% of the patients with migraine (p < 0.001) after 15.8 h (SD: 10.0). Neck pain was more prevalent in migraineurs compared to controls (45% vs. 16%, p = 0.006). When considering the neck pain subtype, there were no differences among the three profiles regarding neck pain but participants with referred pain to the head reported a migraine attack more often (45%, p = 0.03). Patients with migraine are more likely to report neck pain and migraine attacks following a neck muscle endurance test. Participants with neck pain referred to the head during manual examination had a greater prevalence of migraine attacks than those without or with only local pain.

Reliability of shoulder abduction muscle endurance measured using isokinetic dynamometry

Summary Objective To evaluate reliability of performance and metabolic expenditure during a shoulder abduction endurance test with isokinetic dynamometer. Methods A total of 28 healthy adults participated in 4 sessions (Orientation, Familiarization, Test and Retest). The muscle endurance test was performed using 50% of the individual maximal isometric voluntary contraction strength (21.9 ± 5.8 Nm). Participants performed repeated 0–90° shoulder abductions until exhaustion in the isokinetic dynamometer at a velocity of 60°/s. Values of time, repetition, rhythm and total work were analyzed. Results For test and retest, respectively, time to fatigue (seconds) was 95.5 ± 37.6 and 91.1 ± 32.8 (P = 0.27), and repetitions were 31.4 ± 12.1 and 29.9 ± 10.6 (P = 0.23). Reliability was satisfactory [Time: ICC = 0.83 (95% CI = 0.66; 0.92); Repetition: ICC = 0.83 (95% CI = 0. 67; 0.92); Rhythm: ICC = 0.55 (95% CI = 0.24; 0.77); Total work: ICC = 0.85 (95% CI = 0.69; 0.93)]. Conclusion The isokinetic test for shoulder muscle endurance at 50% of maximal muscle strength has good reliability.