Muscle Balance Research Articles

Intervention for Treating Sarcopenia Among Older Residents in a Skilled Nursing Facility

The incidence of sarcopenia, a geriatric syndrome characterized by the progressive and generalized loss of muscle quantity or quality, increases with age and is associated with adverse health and quality of life outcomes. A 12-week strength training intervention program (STIP) was designed to improve measures of muscle mass, muscle strength, physical performance, and quality of life in elderly patients with sarcopenia. Data were collected on these measures at 4-week intervals over 12 weeks. Results showed that the STIP was an effective intervention for reducing the characteristics associated with sarcopenia. Significant gains were made in muscle mass, grip strength, balance, gait speed, chair stand, and quality of life over the 12-week period. Reduction in the incidence of sarcopenia among long-term care residents in skilled nursing facilities may contribute to reduced adverse effects of the disease process, such as falls, morbidity, and mortality, and may help residents achieve an overall higher quality of life.

Effect of Swiss Ball Stabilization Training on Trunk Control, Abdominal Muscle Thickness, Balance, and Motor Skills of Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized, Superiority Trial

ObjectivesTo compare the effects of Swiss ball stabilization training (SBST) and stable surface stabilization training (SSST) on the trunk control, abdominal muscle thickness, balance, and motor skills of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CWSCP). DesignSingle-blind, randomized superiority trial. SettingGeneral Community and Referral Center. ParticipantsThirty CWSCP, aged 6-12 years, with Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-III were randomly assigned to the SBST and SSST groups (N=30). InterventionsThe participants were randomized to receive either SBST or SSST for 5 weeks, 3 days a week. Outcome MeasuresThe Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS), abdominal muscle thickness, Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), standing and walking sections of Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88), and mobility section of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) were assessed. ResultsAfter 5 weeks of the intervention and 9 weeks of follow-up, the SBST group showed statistically significant improvements in the TCMS, GMFM-88, PEDI, thickness of the internal oblique muscle at rest and contraction, and thickness of the transverse abdominis muscle at rest and contraction compared with the SSST group (P<.0001). Contrarily, the thickness of the external oblique muscle increased statistically significantly in the SSST group compared with the SBST group after 5 weeks of the intervention and 9 weeks of follow-up both at rest (P<.0001 and P=.0001, respectively) and contraction (P=.015 and P=.017, respectively). No statistically significant difference was found between the groups regarding the PBS score after 5 weeks of intervention. ConclusionThe SBST could improve the trunk control, balance, and motor skills of CWSCP and increase the thickness of local abdominal muscles. Also, SBST was more effective than SSST for CWSCP.

The hip joint mobilization with movement technique improves muscle activity, postural stability, functional and dynamic balance in hemiplegia secondary to chronic stroke: a blinded randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPeople with stroke generally experience abnormal muscle activity and develop balance disorder. Based on the important role of the proximal joints of the lower extremity in balance maintenance, hip joint mobilization with movement technique can be applied to enhance normal joint arthrokinematics. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of hip joint mobilization with movement technique on stroke patients’ muscle activity and balance.MethodsTwenty patients aged between 35 and 65 years old with chronic stroke were randomly assigned either to an experimental group (n = 10) or to a control group (n = 10). Both groups participated in a 30-minute conventional physiotherapy session 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The experimental group received an additional 30-minute’s session of hip joint mobilization with movement technique on the affected limb. The muscle activity, berg balance scale, time up and go, and postural stability were measured at baseline, 1-day and 2-week follow-up by a blinded assessor.ResultsThe experimental group showed a significant improvement in berg balance scale, time up and go, and postural stability (p ≤ 0.05). The rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, and medial gastrocnemius muscles’ activations of the affected limb during static balance test markedly changed along with the biceps femoris, erector spine, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior muscles during dynamic balance test after hip joint mobilization with movement technique. The mean onset time of rectus abdominus, erector Spine, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior muscles activity significantly decreased in the affected limb after hip joint mobilization with movement technique compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that a combination of hip joint mobilization with movement technique and conventional physiotherapy could improve muscle activity and balance among chronic stroke patients.Trial registration numberThe study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (No; IRCT20200613047759N1). Registration date: 2/08/2020.

The Effect of Leg Muscle Strength, Leg Flexibility and Balance on the Ability to Service Sepaktakraw: Literature Review

To determine the effect of leg muscle strength, leg flexibility, and balance on the ability to serve sepaktakraw. : the method used is to review literature and identify problems with meta-analysis techniques. Identify published articles from 2019 – 2023 related to the influence of leg muscle strength, kick flexibility, and balance on the ability to serve sepaktakraw using relevant databases (Google Scholar Database, Science Direct and Pubmed) with predetermined keywords. Based on 10 research journals that have been conducted previously regarding the effect of leg muscle strength, kick flexibility, and balance on the ability to serve sepaktakraw, it is stated that balance is an influential factor in serving sepaktakraw. Where balance is a big influence in serving sepaktakraw. Balance is the most dominant factor in serving takraw.

Effects of strength training on functional ambulation following knee replacement: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression

Strength training is recommended by the American Physical Therapy Association to improve muscle strength, mobility, and balance following knee replacement. Few studies have focused on the direct effects of strength training on functional ambulation, and potential dose–response relationships between strength training parameters and the effect remain unclear. The aim of this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression was to evaluate the effects of strength training on functional ambulation following knee replacement (KR). We also aimed to explore potential dose–response relationships between strength training parameters and performance in functional ambulation. A systematic literature search of eight online databases was performed on March 12, 2023, for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of strength training on functional ambulation by six-minute walk test (6MWT) or timed-up and go test (TUG) after KR. Data were pooled by random-effect meta-analyses and presented as weighted mean difference (WMD). A random-effect meta-regression was performed for four predetermined training parameters, namely, duration (weeks), frequency (sessions per week), volume (time per session), and initial time (after surgery) separately to explore dose–response relationships with WMD. Fourteen trials encompassing 956 participants were included in our study. Meta-analyses showed an improvement in 6MWT performance after strength training (WMD: 32.15, 95% CI 19.44–44.85) and a decrease in time to complete TUG (WMD: − 1.92, 95% CI − 3.43 to − 0.41). Meta-regression revealed a dose–response relationship only between volume and 6MWT, with a decreasing trend (P = 0.019, 95% CI − 1.63 to − 0.20). Increasing trends of improvement in 6MWT and TUG were observed with increasing training duration and frequency. A slight decreasing trend of improvement was observed in 6MWT with postponed initial time, while an opposite trend was observed in TUG. Based on existing studies, moderate-certainty evidence suggests that strength training could increase 6MWT distance, and low-certainty evidence shows that strength training could decrease the time to complete TUG after KR. Meta-regression results only suggested a dose–response relationship between volume and 6MWT with a decreasing trend.Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42022329006.

Relationship Between Trunk and Lower Extremity Muscles and Balance in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease that causes demyelination of nerve fibers. This neurological process causes physical and mental changes in and to the motor, sensory, and cognitive systems. This study aims to determine the relationship between balance and muscle strength in people with multiple sclerosis. This study included 36 MS patients’ ⩾18 years old who were treated and followed up according to routine clinical practice at a university hospital in Türkiye, which were observational, non-invasive, and a control group of 32 patients whose relatives were voluntarily evaluated without any neurological problems. Muscle strength was measured manually. In balance analysis, computerized balance analysis system was used. The mean age of the MS group was 46.14 (SD±7.14) and the mean age of the healthy group (HG) was 42.25 (SD±10.81). While muscles of abdominal, hamstring, hip flexor and extensor, tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior muscle strength were found to be positively significant with balance in the MS group, P0.05). This study revealed significant correlations between balance and strength parameters of trunk and lower extremity muscles. Our study suggests that rehabilitation protocols for MS patients should include a critical strength training program, especially for trunk and lower extremity muscles.

Relationship Between Physical Performance and Peripheral Arterial Diseases in Different Age Groups of Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical performance and peripheral artery disease (PAD) in different age groups of Chinese older adults. We enrolled 1357 relatively healthy ≥ 65 years old participants of Chinese ethnicity. We classified the participants into two age categories, the pre-old group (65-74 years, n=968) and the old group (≥ 75 years, n=389). We assessed the cross-sectional association of the ankle-brachial index (ABI), which is used for the classification of patients with PAD (ABI ≤ 0.9). Physical performance mainly focused on muscle strength, mobility, and balance, which were measured via hand grip, 4 m walking speed, and the Timed Up and Go Test. A total of 125 (9.2%) patients met the diagnostic criteria and were defined as having PAD. After multivariate adjustment, we found that grip strength and 4 m walking speed were correlated negatively with PAD (odds ratio (OR)=0.953, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.919-0.989; OR=0.296, 95% CI=0.093-0.945) in pre-old participants, whereas balance (OR=1.058, 95% CI=1.007-1.112) was correlated positively with PAD only in older participants. Our study further confirmed the association between physical performance and PAD in community-dwelling older Chinese adults. Muscle strength and mobility correlated negatively with PAD, and balance was positively associated with PAD in older participants. These findings might help with better early screening and management of PAD.

Variation of Muscle Activity and Balance of the Lower Extremity by Deformed in Shoe Out-soles during One-leg Stance

Variation of Muscle Activity and Balance of the Lower Extremity by Deformed in Shoe Out-soles during One-leg Stance

Effects of Non-Contact Complex Exercise Program on the Older over 65 Years of Age on Muscle Strength, Falling Efficacy and Balance Ability

Effects of Non-Contact Complex Exercise Program on the Older over 65 Years of Age on Muscle Strength, Falling Efficacy and Balance Ability

The Relationship Between Balance And Leg Muscle Power With The Ability Of T Kick Speed In Pencak Athletes Youth Pledge Unit Bandar Lampung

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Balance and Leg Muscle Power with the ability of T kick speed in pencak silat athletes of Bandar Lampung youth oath unit. The method used in this study is quantitative method. With the research design consists of independent variables and dependent variables. Balance (X1), leg muscle power (X2), and kick speed ability T (Y), a sample of 17 pencak silat athletes from the Bandar Lampung youth oath unit. In this study, the data collection used survey methods with test and measurement techniques. The results showed that: (1) Balance has a significant relationship with the speed of the T kick, with the value of t count = 12.63 &gt; ttable = 2.144. (2) Leg Muscle Power has a significant relationship with T kick speed, with t value = 21.291 &gt; ttable = 2.144. (3) Limb Muscle Balance and Power have a significant relationship with T kick speed, with F count value = 120.273 &gt; Ftable = 3.74. This study concluded that Balance and Power of Leg Muscles have a close relationship with the ability of T kick speed in pencak silat athletes of the Bandar Lampung youth oath unit.

Strength and Balance Improvement with Plank Exercise Variations

This study aims to determine the effect of core stability exercises (Elbow Plank, High Plank, and Elbow Plank With Legs Open) on abdominal muscle strength and balance. Quasi-experimental research and research design using nonequivalent control group design. The purposive sampling technique was used in this study to determine the research subjects where the total research subjects obtained 32 people. The research instruments used were the sit up test (30 seconds) to measure abdominal muscle strength and the standing stork test to measure balance. The results of the manova test showed that there was a significant difference, while the post hoc test showed that the results did not have a significant difference in influencing abdominal muscle strength and balance. The results of plank training showed a significant difference, both in abdominal muscle strength and balance. The conclusion of this study is that the plank core stability variation training method has a more significant effect on increasing abdominal muscle strength and balance.

The impact of the biodex 4 pro system dynamometer in the rehabilitation of ankle sprain in youth football players

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify impact differences in the rehabilitation the second-degree ankle sprain, more specifically the restoration of agonist-antagonist muscle balance, static and dynamic balance, and motor control in junior soccer players will have a different impact on patients who perform the recovery program with the help of Biodex 4 Pro and myofascial therapies compared to those who perform physical therapy using classical methods. (2) Methods: the study included 22 subjects divided into two equal groups in accordance with the agreement to practice modern therapies (MT) and kinesiotherapy (KT): the experimental group that performed the myofascial therapies and exercises with Biodex 4 pro and the control group that performed the KT. The parties' evaluations included: the Biodex 4 Pro for a range of motion assessment and the PodoSmart device for gait assessment. (3) Results: analysis identifies significant improvements for the subjects in the experimental group, respectively for the subjects in the control group, as follows: after completing the therapeutic plan for four weeks, the subjects gained 35.8° of flexion and 36.4° of extension compared to the initial results. In the PodoSmart gait analysis, the experimental group progressed between tests by 14.8% for the foot symmetry parameter, which was 3.8% more than in the control group, whose symmetry progress between tests was 11%. (4) Conclusion: the combined therapeutic plan containing Biodex technology and myofascial therapies is a current effective option in the rehabilitation of athletes.

590-P: Assessment of a Comprehensive Physical Fitness Index to Predict Future Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)

Impaired muscle strength, balance, and flexibility have been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. A physical score (PS), which integrates these physical fitness indices, could be expected to better predict future metabolic diseases. We investigated the longitudinal relationship between the baseline PS and changes in PS and future DM and MetS. Analyzed were 5,718 persons (4,068 men) aged 30 to 69 y without DM who underwent physical fitness tests. Principal component analysis was performed on the correlation matrix of the physical fitness test results according to age and sex. The PS was defined as the first principal component score. Associations between PSs at the start of observation (year −2), change in the PS two years later (year 0) and the incidence of DM at the end of observation (until year 3) were examined by logistic regression analysis. The same analysis was performed for 5,304 persons (3,729 men) without MetS at baseline. Although no significant difference was found in the incidence of DM, a significant difference was found in the incidence of MetS; odds ratio was 1.39 (1.20, 1.61) for each decrease of 1 in the PS in year −2 and 1.51 (1.18, 1.92) for each decrease of 1 in the change in PS from year -2 to year 0. = Results showed that the PS was a simple and non-invasive predictor of MetS. Disclosure T.Sato: None. K.Kato: None. H.Sone: Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Astellas Pharma Inc., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. K.Fujihara: None. M.H.Yamada: None. Y.Yaguchi: None. M.Yamamoto: None. M.Kitazawa: None. H.Ishiguro: None. T.Osawa: None. T.Yamada: None. Funding Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (21K11569)

Combining Physical and Cognitive Functions to Discriminate Level of Gait Independence in Hospitalized Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

Introduction: Both physical and cognitive functions are required to be assessed to determine the level of gait independence in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD); nonetheless, a method to achieve this assessment has not been established. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of an assessment method that combined muscle strength, balance ability, and cognitive function parameters in discriminating the level of gait independence in a real-world setting in hospitalized patients with AD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 63 patients with AD (mean age: 86.1 ± 5.8 years) were classified into three groups according to their gait level: independent, modified independent (independent walking with walking aids), and dependent groups. Discrimination accuracy was calculated for single items of muscle strength, balance ability, and cognitive function tests and for combinations of each. Results: The combined accuracy of muscle strength, balance ability, and cognitive function had a positive predictive value of 100.0% and a negative predictive value of 67.7% between the independent and modified independent groups. The positive and negative predictive values were 100.0% and 72.4%, respectively, between the modified independent and dependent groups. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of assessing the level of gait independence in a real-world setting in patients with AD from the perspective of both physical and cognitive functions and proposes a novel method for discriminating an optimal state.

Latihan Berjalan Meningkatkan Kekuatan Otot dan Keseimbangan pada Lansia dengan Risiko Jatuh: A Scoping Review

Introduction: Falling is one of the most important symptoms and the main etiology of morbidity and mortality for the elderly aged 65 years. In the elderly who are at risk of falling, stretching (flexibility) and balance exercises are recommended in the physical activity program. This literature review aims to identify whether walking exercises are effective in reducing the risk of falling in the elderly and to find out whether walking exercises can train muscles and balance in the elderly.Method: The method used is scoping review. Literature searches were obtained from several databases of Cinahl Plus, Pubmed, and Springer by applying the keywords "elderly, walking exercise, physical mobility improvement" which were developed using the PICO method. Six articles were obtained for analysis according to PRISMA guidelines in the process by setting inclusion criteria.Results: The results of the scoping review showed that all 6 articles had elderly respondents (n= 242) consisting of healthy elderly (n=186) and elderly with a history of illness (n=52). Walking exercises applied to the elderly have proven effective in increasing muscle strength and balance in both healthy elderly and elderly with a history of illness.Conclusion: Walking exercise is effective as a non-pharmacological intervention in the elderly with a risk of falling. Interventions applied in several experiments have been shown to be able to train muscle strength and balance in the elderly

Longitudinal associations of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time with leg muscle strength, balance and falls in middle-aged women

ABSTRACT We examined the longitudinal associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time with leg muscle strength (LMS), balance, and falls in middle-aged women. This was a 5-year cohort study among 308 women aged 36–56 years. We used linear mixed-effects models to examine associations of baseline and change in accelerometer-measured sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with baseline and 5-year change in LMS and balance (timed up and go test [TUG], functional reach test [FRT], lateral reach test [LRT], and step test [ST]), and negative binomial/Poisson and log-binomial regression as appropriate to assess associations with falls after 5-year follow-up. Greater baseline MVPA was associated with better baseline LMS (β = 4.65 kg/SD, 95% CI: 1.37, 7.93) and TUG (β = −0.09 s/SD, 95% CI: –0.18, –0.01) but not with change in them over 5 years. Baseline MVPA was not associated with FRT at baseline but associated with a greater decrease in FRT (β = −0.87 cm/SD, 95% CI: –1.57, –0.17). Increased MVPA over 5 years was associated with less deterioration in FRT (β = 0.88 cm/SD, 95% CI: 0.14, 1.61). Increased sedentary time over 5 years was associated with a larger decrease in FRT (β = −0.82 cm/SD, 95% CI: –1.58, –0.07). Higher baseline LPA was associated with higher falls risk (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.57). Higher baseline MVPA may benefit LMS and balance, while increasing MVPA in the medium term has little effect on change in these outcomes in mid-life. Detrimental association of LPA with falls may be due to greater exposures to environmental hazards. Highlights Our study for the first time examined the longitudinal associations of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time with leg muscle strength, balance and falls in middle-aged women. Higher baseline moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may be beneficial for muscle strength and balance at baseline but increasing MVPA in the medium term has little effect on change in LMS or balance outcomes in middle-aged women. Higher baseline light physical activity (LPA) was associated with an increased risk of falls. The detrimental association of LPA with falls may be due to a greater exposure to environmental hazards in midlife, which needs to be clarified in future research.

Effects Of Core Stabilization Exercise Program on Trunk Muscle Endurance, Balance, And Athletic Performance in Artistic Gymnast Children

Effects Of Core Stabilization Exercise Program on Trunk Muscle Endurance, Balance, And Athletic Performance in Artistic Gymnast Children

Effect of Scapular Retraction on Lower Trapezius, Infraspinatus, and Deltoid Muscle Electromyographic Activity During the Side-Lying Abduction Exercise.

The lower trapezius (LT) muscle, which stabilizes the scapula posteriorly during arm elevation, has been interesting to both clinicians and researchers for its importance in throwing-related shoulder rehabilitation and injury prevention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the electromyographic activity of the LT and other relevant muscles during scapular and shoulder activities in the side-lying position. Twenty collegiate baseball players volunteered to participate in this study. Electromyographic (EMG) output of the lower trapezius, infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, middle deltoid, serratus anterior, and upper trapezius muscles were collected. All the subjects performed isometric resistance exercises in four arm positions: 0° horizontal abduction from the coronal plane (NEUT) with protraction (NEUT-PRO), 15° horizontal adduction from the coronal plane (HADD) with protraction (HADD-PRO), and NEUT with retraction (NEUT-RET), and HADD-RET in a side-lying isometric abduction exercise with two external loads: a 9.1 kg dumbbell and 40% of the manual muscle test (MMT). The subjects also performed two more isometric resistance exercises: supine protraction and side-lying external rotation (ER) of the glenohumeral (GH) joint in GH adduction at 90° of GH ER or with as much ER as possible. All raw EMG data were normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (% MVIC) of the corresponding muscle. LT activity was significantly greater in HADD-RET with 9.1 kg than that of HADD-PRO (p < 0.001) (55 vs 21% MVIC) while middle deltoid muscle activity was significantly decreased in both NEUT and HADD-RET compared to that of NEUT and HADD-PRO (p < 0.001). In contrast, IS muscle activity was significantly increased in HADD-RET with 9.1 kg compared with that 40% MMT (p < 0.001) (41 vs 22% MVIC). LT activity was modulated by changes in scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joint positioning during a side-lying isometric abduction exercise. These findings may help clinicians to select exercises to improve scapular muscle balance ratios during rehabilitation of the shoulder complex. Level 3b, Controlled laboratory study.

12주간 코어트레이닝이 대학축구선수의 신체조성, 등속성근기능 및 균형성에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12week core training on body composition, isokinetic muscle function and balance in college soccer players. The training group(TG) exercised 60min, 3times/week for 12weeks, and control group(CG) were usual training. Data analyses were conducted two way ANOVA, paired t-tests for between and within group changes using the SPSS 26.0 program, results are as follows. First, within group, TG was no difference in body composition, but CG was decrease in muscle mass, body fat percentage. Between groups results indicated significance differences in body weight. Second, isokinetic muscle decreased trunk extensor at 60˚/sec, and increased trunk flexor at 60˚/sec, 120˚/sec, only within the TG. There was also a difference between groups. Finally, balance was no difference between groups, but there was a difference between groups in plantar pressure for the posterior in standing. In conclusion, core training can prevent the decline of body composition in college soccer players and we expected to improve soccer technical skill by resolving imbalance between trunk flexor and extensor strength.

Effect of Smart-phone Use According to Types of Carrying a Bag on Muscle Characteristics and Balance Ability in Adults in Their 20S with Chronic Ankle Instability

Effect of Smart-phone Use According to Types of Carrying a Bag on Muscle Characteristics and Balance Ability in Adults in Their 20S with Chronic Ankle Instability