Musa Paradisiaca Research Articles

Jenis Tumbuhan Obat Yang Dikonsumsi Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis) Di Goa Kreo

Kreo Cave is one of Macaca fascicularis habitats in Central Java Province. Kreo Cave has been used as a natural tourist spot in the city of Semarang since 2014. One of the attractions for visitors is the presence of monkeys in the area, especially around the cave. Macaca fascicularis is a type of non-human primate whose distribution is very wide. Macaca fascicularis have an important role for an area, one of which is as a eater of fruits and seeds found in the area, thus helping in the distribution of seeds in order to maintain the balance of nature. The purpose of this research is to describe the types of food eaten and can be used as medicine for Macaca fascicularis. The results showed that Macaca fascicularis in the Kreo Cave Tourism Area ate several plants in the area such as Tamarindus indica, Musa paradisiaca, Psidium guajava, Mangifera indica, Nephelium lappaceum, Leucaena leucocephala, and Morinda citrifolia. When visitors brought bananas, several monkeys came closer and then the visitors threw them at the monkeys. The faster monkey will get the bananas. After the banana is in his hand, Macaca fascicularis takes him to a quiet place or away from their friends.

Evaluation of drying kinetics, electric and emission study of Musa paradisiaca L. leaves using microwave-assisted drying method

Indonesia is one of the most important countries in Asia for banana agriculture (Musa spp.). Some parts of the banana tree are widely utilized by humans, especially the leaves. Even the dried banana leaves also have many advantages, such as can be used in producing biogas. Appropriate and environmentally friendly drying methods are needed to minimize process energy consumption and remove moisture from biological products economically. Microwave-Assisted Drying can be an alternative to achieve high efficiency, low carbon, and good quality control in drying Musa paradisiaca L. leaves. In order to optimize the drying process, mathematical models of drying kinetics, electric consumption, and environmental impact can also be investigated. Therefore, this study is to evaluate the best kinetics model for the drying behavior of Musa paradisiaca L. leaves by MAD and to determine the electric consumption and CO2 emission parameters of the drying process through a comparison of two drying methods (MAD and oven drying). The best model generated is Jena-Das model (264 W of microwave power) as indicated by R2, SSE, RMSE, MSE, X2 with a value of 0.998994, 0.001036, 0.010728, 0.000115, and 0.009298, respectively. Meanwhile, the electric consumption (Ec) for drying Musa paradisiaca L. leaves using MAD with 136 W of microwave power, 264 W of microwave power, and oven drying resulted in values of 0.0193, 0.0198, and 8.100 kW h, respectively. And CO2 emission produced on drying Musa paradisiaca L. leaves using MAD with 136 W of microwave power, 264 W of microwave power and oven drying are 0.0154, 0.0158, and 6.4800 kg, respectively.

ANALYSIS OF ATTRACTANT COMPOUND FROM PHYTOTELMATA AS BREADING SITE Aedes albopictus

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has still one of the problem diseases in Indonesia. There has increased in dengue cases in several parts of Indonesia since January 2020 and in the midst of the COVID-19. Very little information about natural breeding sites of Aedes especially of the phytotelmata such as Bambusa sp., Neoregelia spectabilis, Musa paradisiaca, and Cocos nucifera. Other than physical factors of plants, it is suspected that there are attractive compounds produced by these plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical compounds that are attractants from plants used as breeding sites for Ae. albopictus. The research method was started by observation of the presence of Neoregelia spectabilis, Musa paradisiaca, Bambusa sp., and Cocos nucifera plants which contained Ae. albopictus on one of the plant body parts found. Then macerated, purified and analyzed for chemical content using GCMS. The results showed that there were differences in the chemical compounds of plants. The dominant chemical compound is tetracosane. Tetracosane is a chemical compound from the Alkane group. The alkana is an important role in plant interactions such as attractants in the oviposition of certain insects or as attractants for insect feeding activities.

Trace Elemental and Heavy Metal Levels in Frequently Consumed Local Vegetables of Three Chronic Kidney Disease-Prevalent Villages.

The present study reports the trace elemental and heavy metal (24 elements) levels in six (Capsicum frutescence L., Carica papaya L., Momordica charantia L., Moringa oleifera Lam., Musa sapientum L., and Solanum melongena L.) vegetables. The vegetable samples are collected from the three villages and are subjected to ICP-MS analysis, to test a group of 24 elements, viz., Li, Be, Al, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, TI, Rb, and U, for their levels. The obtained levels of each element were compared with the WHO/FAO permissible values. Out of the tested 24 elements, 16 elements may cause kidney problems and the remaining 8 (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, and TI) may cause other health problems when they are in high concentration (FAO/WHO, 18; ATSDR, 19; Drake and Hazelwood in Ann Occup Hyg 49:575-585, 20; US EPA, 21; FAO/WHO, 22; Choudhury et al., 23; Food Safety and Standards, 24). The results reveal that Ba is in high concentration (2.51 times) in all the tested vegetable samples and Pb is in high concentration (1.28 times) in 11 vegetable samples; Ag and Fe are high in one vegetable sample each. Among the three locations highest Ba concentration is observed in S1 (Capsicum) of L2 followed by S5 (Musa) and S1 (Capsicum) of L1. The higher Pb concentration is present in S1 (Capsicum) of L3 followed by S1 (Capsicum) of L2. The results reveal that out of the six vegetables tested, Capsicum shows high concentrations of Ba and Pb. The variation in the levels of trace elements and heavy metals with regard to location and vegetable samples may be due to soil and or due to groundwater.

Identifikasi Musa Paradisiaca Dan Musa X Paradisiaca

Musa paradisiaca and Musa x paradisiaca are two common banana species found worldwide. Banana is a fruit plant that comes from the Musaceae family and is an important staple food in many countries. Musa paradisiaca, which is also known as plantain banana, is a species of banana that is consumed ripe or after cooking. These bananas are generally larger and stiffer than other banana varieties. Musa paradisiaca has a richer taste and is usually used in dishes or preparations such as fried bananas. Musa x paradisiaca is a hybrid between Musa paradisiaca and other banana species, such as Musa acuminata or Musa balbisiana. This hybrid is commonly known as banana kepok or plantain. Musa x paradisiaca has a larger size than regular bananas and is usually consumed ripe. It tastes sweet and delicious, and is often used for direct consumption or in the preparation of desserts. The method we use is observation, where we directly observe Kp. Jadaria, Rt.02 Rw.05. Cibiu Wetan Village.

Development of pulp and paper using stem and fruit stem of Musa Species

Paper is a thin material mainly used for writing, printing, and packaging. The stem and fruit stem of two Musa species, Musa Acuminata Balbisiana (Banana stem) and Musa Paradisiaca (Plantain stem), were expanded. This research aimed to find other alternatives to reduce the use of wood fibers that are being converted into paper. The stem chips were charged into a digester with different percentages (5, 10, and 15%) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and were subjected to the impregnating temperature (60oC) for 1 hour before heating to 100oC for 3 hours. The stems were pounded finely with mortar and pestle and then bleached using 15% hydrogen peroxide. Calcium carbonate (10%) was added to both pulps obtained as filler, while 5% glue was added as a sizing agent. The mixture was agitated, pressurized, and air-dried, and mechanical tests were carried out. It was shown that the tearing resistance, tensile strength, and elongation tests obtained using 5% NaOH for banana, plantain and banana fruit stems were 0.84 mN, 17.82 N/m2, and 4.90 mm; 1.35 mN, 14.95 N/m, and 2.17 mm; and 1.90 mN, 24.77 N/m2, and 5.49 mm while the pulp yields were 36.7%, 35.5%, and 38.5%, respectively. The results obtained using 10% NaOH for banana, plantain, and banana fruit stems were 0.80 mN, 17.30 N/m2, and 4.85 mm; 1.25 mN, 14.73 N/m2, and 2.0 mm; 1.85 mN, 23.60 N/m2, and 5.35 mm while the pulp yields were 35.80%, 34.12%, and 32.25% in that order. Moreover, using 15% of NaOH for banana, plantain, and banana fruit stems gave 0.70 mN, 6.89 N/m2, and 1.86 mm; 0.79 mN, 8.70 N/m2, and 2.90 mm; and 1.5 mN, 12.62 N/m2, and 3.03 mm while the pulp yields were 33.8, 33.11, and 31.03%, respectively. This showed that banana fruit stems pulped at 5% NaOH gave better results than banana and plantain stems. In conclusion, the pulp is suitable for producing fiberboards and cartons.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa Paradisiaca L) Terhadap Candida albicans dan Streptococcus mutans Sebagai Pembersih Basis Akrilik Gigi Tiruan Lepasan

Background: Banana peels are always thrown away because they are considered items that cannot be eaten or reused, but recent study prove that it contains effective ingredients that can be used as antibacterial and antifungal agent. Kepok banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L) can kill and inhibit certain types of bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca L) as a denture cleanser on the removable denture acrylic plate. Methods: This is an experimental laboratory using 48 denture acrylic plates, size 10x10x2 mm. Kepok banana peels were extracted by maceration technique to concentration of 25%, 50% and 75% and used aquadest as control group. Moreover, 24 acrylic plates in each group that cultured by Candida albicans ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 10231 dan dan Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 were soaked into four solutions (6 plates in each treatment), then total colony was counted by the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The data was analyzed by computerized by one-way Annova with posttest only-control group design. Results: Reducing the amount of Candida albicans was most effective at a concentration of 75% with an average of 62.33 ± 25.91 (p=0.000), meanwhile the 50% concentration was the most effective on Streptococcus mutans with an average of 0.43 ± 0.41 (p=0.035). Conclusion: Kepok banana peel extract had an good effect on reducing the number of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans colonies on the removable denture acrylic plates.

Analisis Morfologi Tanaman Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca Var. Balbisiana colla) di Desa Tanjung Selamat Kabupaten Labuhanbatu Selatan

Tanjung Selamat Village is one of the villages in South Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra Province. Tanjung Selamat Village has several types of bananas, one of which is the Kepok Banana. This study aims to determine and analyze the morphology of the Kepok Banana plant (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Balbisiana colla) in Tanjung Selamat Village, South Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra Province. This type of research is descriptive qualitative by making observations with survey techniques observing the morphology of Kepok Banana plants. The technique used in collecting data by way of observation or observations and interviews. The Kepok Banana plant (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Balbisiana colla) found in the village has several characteristics and characters in the morphology of the Kepok Banana plant, starting from the stem, size, color, and roots, leaves, flowers, stems, fruit, and others. In this case the Kepok Banana plant (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Balbisiana colla) in Tanjung Selamat Village from the results of the study showed that the morphology of the Kepok Banana plant had a green color, stem diameter 24 cm wide, 227 cm high, brown roots there are white fibrous roots, leaves are dark and light green, and the edges of the leaves are flat, the tips of the leaves are rounded. The flower stalk is 7-8 cm, the color is yellowish red the flowers are white inside, the length of the fruit is 13 cm and the diameter is 3 cm.

Study on biofuel efficiency of tropical banana leaf biomass using spectroscopy, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters

Bio-oils and biochar are some of the valuable products, which are usually harnessed through the pyrolysis process. Under the current investigation, three popular edible banana species were subjected to the pyrolysis process in order to decipher their bioenergy potential. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was utilized to determine the kinetic parameters. The levels of Eα were estimated to be 206 kJ/mol for Musa acuminata, 179 kJ/mol Musa chinichampa and 180 kJ/mol for Musa paradisiaca. Values of A in the range of 1012–1015 s−1, 1012–1015 s−1,1013–1015 s-1, and 1013–1015 s−1 were observed under FWO, KAS, Starink, and Tang model, respectively. From the master plot analysis, it was observed that the reaction mechanism involved in the thermal decay of major cell wall polymers was quite complex and followed a multi-step reaction mechanism. Analysis of the thermodynamic parameters, validated the endothermic nature of pyrolysis. Overall, combined with the different physical and chemical characteristics, it is observed that the leaf biomass of tropical banana species Musa chinichampa is a better feed stock for bioenergy production.

Heavy Metal Analysis of the leaf extracts of some Indian Medicinal Plants from Western Maharashtra

The investigation of heavy metals in herbal products is widely interesting in many countries over the world (China, India, Turkey, Poland, Germany, Australia etc.), where the herbal products have been used as “scientific medicines”. The heavy metal content of medicinal herb products is commonly studied from the viewpoint of toxicity and bioavailability. Heavy metals can be hazardous to human and animal health and thus their content in plants used for consumption or medicinal purposes must be limited and checked. For this reason upper limits for heavy metals have been set for foodstuffs and medicinal products by health authorities. In general, all medicinal products for human and animal use must meet regulatory guidelines for quality, safety, and efficacy. Heavy metal analysis of the extracts of leaves ofAegle marmelos (L.)Correa, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Annona squamosa Linn, Moringa oleifera Lam. and other plant parts of Musa paradisiaca L. andPunicagranatum L. was undertaken. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the extracts of the leaves and other plant parts of above mentioned medicinal plants showed no risk of heavy metal toxicity as most of the heavy metals analysed in these plant parts were well within the permissible levels, except for Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. which showed slightly higher levels of Chromium.

Nutritional composition and in vitro digestibility of two Plantain Cultivars (Musa Paradisiaca spp.) in Puerto Rico

Plantain is a basic component in the Puerto Ricans’ diet and one of the most economically important crops on the Island. Maricongo crops, the predominant cultivar, do not satisfy the demand for fresh and processed products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition and in vitro digestibility of Maiden and FHIA 20 plantains in stages 1 and 5 and compare these data to Maricongo. Estimated glycemic indexes (eGI) of cultivars under conventional cooking processes (i.e., boiling, fried, baked, and steamed) were performed as well. Baked Maricongo stood out because of its lowest rapidly available glucose value (22.06%), constituting a healthier and the first cooking alternative. eGI values were classified as medium and high, where frying and baking processes presented medium values, and boiling displayed the greatest eGI for both stages. In terms of nutritional profile, this research concludes that Maiden could constitute an option to substitute or supplement Maricongo.

Alkaloid, Protein, Dietary Fiber Content, and Acceptability of Lacto Cookies Substituted with Banana Blossom (Musa Paradisiaca Linn.) and Fish Flour (Rasbora Argyrotaenia)

Introduction: The smooth creation of bosom milk (ASI) given to infants can emphatically affect the wholesome status of children. Breast milk production can be smooth if the hormones oxytocin and prolactin increase. Banana heart (Musa paradisiaca) contains Laktagogum, which can stimulate hormones, Oxytocin, and Prolactin, such as alkaloids, polyphenols, steroids, and flavonoids. In seluang fish (Rasbora Argyrotaenia), there are nine essential amino acids (histidine, arginine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine. Objectives: This study analyzed the acceptability of five cookie formulations and alkaloids, protein, and fiber content. Methods: This study used a completely randomized AA design (CRD) D with N5 treatments. The research subjects were 25 people for the acceptability test. Alkaloids were carried out using the UV-is spectrophotometric method, proteins using the Kjeldahl method, and fiber using the enzymatic gravimetric method. Results: Regarding color, taste, and aroma, formula 2 (40% banana heart, 10% seluang fish) was significantly more acceptable with a mean p<0.001 (3.06±0.97). Formula 2 (40% banana heart, 10% seluang fish) in 100 grams contains 110.03 g/100 g alkaloids, 25.79% protein, and 21.06% crude fiber. Conclusions: The most preferred formula is formula 2, with alkaloid content of 110.03 g/100 g, protein of 25.79%, and crude fiber 21.0.

Control of biomaterial-associated infections through biofabrication of gold nanoparticles using Musa sapientum extract.

Biofilm-associated infections are a critical element in infectious diseases and play an important role in antibiotic resistance. Biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum unripe fruit were performed. The nanoparticles demonstrated an absorption peak at 554nm with particle sizes ranging from 5.45 to 104.44nm. High negative zeta potential value of -33.97mV confirmed the high stability of AuNPs. The presence of bioconstituents responsible for capping and stabilization was indicated by intensity changes of several peaks from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the biosynthesized AuNPs against important pathogens ranged from 10 to 40μgmL-1 . Synthesized nanoparticles at 0.062 to 0.5×MIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation in all the tested microorganisms (p<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy images clearly illustrated in disruption and architectural changes of microbial biofilms at sub-MIC of biosynthesized AuNPs. Excellent antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of AuNPs were observed. The biosynthesized AuNPs at 20μgmL-1 significantly inhibited nitric oxide production by 93% in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, compared with control (p<0.05). The biosynthesized AuNPs at 0.6 to 40μgmL-1 demonstrated no toxic effects on L929 fibroblast cells.

Agricultural Waste-Based Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel: A Ranking Study via the VIKOR Method

Agricultural waste-based heterogeneous catalysts are emerging as efficient and green catalysts. The present study explored the agricultural waste-based heterogeneous catalyst utilized in the production of biodiesel. The plant waste is composed of organic compounds and various metals which, on combustion, produces ashes that mainly consist of various metal carbonates and oxides. The most commonly employed approach for the solid catalyst preparation from plant materials is the calcination process, and it is performed at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1200°C. It is known that the temperature employed for calcination plays a vital role in the composition and development of the morphology of the catalyst. The variation in alkalinity, porosity, and, accordingly, the catalytic activity of the catalyst is significantly influenced by the calcination temperature. It was found that the potassium present in the form of oxide and carbonate as the main constituent in such catalysts played a significant role in delivering catalytic efficacy. Therefore, a number of agricultural waste-based catalysts were reported as efficient catalysts. The selection of the catalyst may be one of the important issues for application in large-scale biodiesel production. Thus, the present study was undertaken for the preparation of a rank list among the reported catalysts by following the VIKOR (Višekriterijumsko Kompromisno Rangiranje) multicriterion decision-making approach. In this work, the ranking study was performed considering the reported optimum reaction conditions (ORCs) of biodiesel synthesis reactions. The study was conducted strictly on the basis of the parameters, viz., catalyst concentration ( C 1 ), MTOR ( C 2 ), reaction temperature ( C 3 ), reaction time ( C 4 ), and biodiesel yield ( C 5 ). The parameters are considered good if C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 are low or minimum and if C 5 is high or maximum. The catalyst prepared from plantain peel showed the best performance and ranked as the first one followed by Musa paradisiaca peel and cocoa pod husk catalysts which are ranked second. Thus, the VIKOR method can be useful for comparison and ranking purposes if there are a large number of data, and this may be expanded for thorough study by considering more criteria which may give more fruitful results.

Formulation of fortified instant weaning food from Musa paradisiaca (banana) and Eleusine coracana.

Weaning food is a soft, easily digestible type of food other than breast milk for infants aged 6 to 24 months. The present study was conducted to develop cereal-fruit-based complementary foods for infants and evaluate the nutritional quality of such types of foods. Few researchers have focused on formulating weaning foods from locally available, nutritious, and rich ingredients without nutrient loss to reduce malnutrition and infant morbidity rates. In this study, the formulated infant food was prepared from Musa paradisiaca (Nendran banana) and Eleusine coracana (ragi). Formulated weaning food was analyzed using various standard methods, demonstrating that it could provide adequate nutrients to growing infants for their proper growth and development. The shelf life of the weaning food was also studied for a period of 3 months at ambient conditions in two different packaging materials: aluminum and plastic (low-density polyethylene or LDPE), with the aluminum foil pouch exhibiting the best shelf life. This ready-to-serve food, which is formulated and fortified with natural ingredients containing essential macronutrients and micronutrients, could be regarded as highly effective supplementary food for infants. Furthermore, this development has the potential to introduce an affordable weaning product specifically targeted at low socioeconomic groups.

Postharvest rot and efficacy of different plant leaves on the preservation of Okra

This study assessed the preservative efficacy of some plant species in order to enhance the shelf of Okra pods. Okra is a multiuse crop appreciated for its tender and delicious pods subjected to rapid deterioration due to its high moisture contents. Freshly harvest ‘Star of David Okra’ variety were wrapped in Colocasia esculenta (Cocoyam), Musa sapientum (Plantain), Carica papaya (Pawpaw), Persea americana (Avocado) and Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) leaves respectively for comparism against storage rot for a period of 28 days. At seven (7) days intervals, soft, rotten and wilted Okra pods were pick out, counted, and the leaves replaced with fresh ones. The Okra pods were visually observed and the results obtained from the observation showed that C. esculenta had 58%, M. sapientum 42%, P. americana 34%, V. amygdalina 22%, C. papaya 20%, Control 14% survival rate by the end of the 28 days treatment. Some organisms accountable for Okra pod deterioration were isolated and finally identified as: Geotrichum candidum, Aspergillus niger and Mucor irregularis organisms. As time duration stretches and due to lack of good refrigeration facility, food spoilage is eminent nevertheless these findings showed that Colocasia esculenta leaves enhanced the shelf life of Okra pods and reduced storage rot creating an alternative storage method that can be used when there is power outage.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN KRIM ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK METANOL KULIT BUAH PISANG RAJA (Musa paradisiaca L.)

Antioxidant compounds are compounds that counteract or reduce the negative impact of oxidants, which work by donating one electron charge so that the activity of these oxidant compounds can be prevented or inhibited. The aim of this study was to determine the formula for cream variation of extract from banana peel which has the best antioxidant activity with good quality and stability of the preparation. In this study, the antioxidant cream used 3 (three) series of concentrations of the methanol extract of the skin of the plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) fruit, namely 0.5%, 1% and 2%. The methanol extract of plantain peel was obtained by maceration method with methanol as solvent. Antioxidant cream was tested for physical quality and stability which included organoleptic test, viscosity test, pH test, homogeneity test, adhesion test, and spreadability test. The antioxidant power test was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 400-600 nm. The results of the study were further analyzed statistically using the Tukey method and one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the methanol extract of plantain peel had very strong antioxidant activity, and cream preparations could be made with various extract concentrations and the IC50 values of formula 1, formula 2 and formula 3 were 53.81 ppm, 53.29 ppm and 53.21 ppm.

Granular Bioorganic Chicken Manure and Banana Peel (Musa Paradisiaca): an Alternative to Complete Fertilizer (14-14-14) for Rice Production

This study explored the prospect of granular bioorganic chicken manure and banana peel (Musa paradisiaca) as an alternative to complete fertilizer (14-14-14) for rice production. It sought to attain the following objectives: (1) determine the level of effectiveness of granular chicken manure and banana peel mixture as an alternative fertilizer for rice production; (2) create a comparative analysis between the yields produced with the alternative fertilizer and complete fertilizer (14-14-14); and (3) assess the advantages, disadvantages, and effects of the organic fertilizer application on rice cultivation through observations. The data for the study were obtained through an experimentalevaluative method. To analyze the gathered data, descriptive statistics were used, specifically the measure of central tendency (MCT) using the mean and percentage of the sample and the measure of variability (MOV) using range. The chicken manure (CM) was air-dried for eight months, while the banana peel (BP) was stripped and solar-dried for three to five days. These were applied in different treatments: (T1) no application (pure application of complete fertilizer (CF)); (T2) a mixture of 1.225 kilograms (kg) of CM and 0.5 kg of BP applied with 50% of the CF in T1; (T3) a mixture of 2.45 kg of CM and 1 kg of BP; and (T4) a mixture of 3.675 kg of CM and 1.5 kg of BP. Considering the average height, rate of growth, and rate of water absorption, the results revealed that the treatment with an application of both organic fertilizer and complete fertilizer generated the highest level of effectiveness compared to the treatments with a pure application of either complete or organic fertilizer. However, when it comes to product yields, the treatment that had the highest product yield and number of panicle initiations during the reproductive phase was T3, the treatment with a standard application of organic fertilizer. Nonetheless, these implied that the mixture of chicken manure and banana peel could be an economical alternative to complete fertilizer for rice production.

Banana Peel: A potential waste product with numerous pharmacological activities

Plants have been used as a traditional medicine for generations. Recently the pharmaceutical industries are showing a great interest in using plant extracts in pharmaceutical product development due to the uses of the plants in the treatment of various diseases. Banana is a world-wide edible fruit which comes from south-east Asia. It belongs to the genus Musa and is of two types, sweet banana, and plantain. It has many different species in the world, which are divided into 50 groups. The scientific names of cultivated bananas are Musa accuminata, Musa balbisiana and Musa paradisiaca belonging to the family Musaceae. The present review discusses the various pharmacological activities of the banana peel.

Chromatography-Spectroscopic Isolated MO11 (Moringa oleifera) and MS06 (Musa sapientum) Positively Immunomodulated ACE2 Levels in Blood, Kidney and Liver of Rats

Moringa oleifera (MO) and Musa sapientum (MS) are ethno-medicinal plants, while cadmium is a carcinogen. SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 for host’s cell invasion and infection. This study evaluated the effects of MO11 (isolated from MO leaves) and MS06 (isolated from MS suckers) on ACE2 levels in cadmium chloride (CdCl)-induced toxicity in rats. Twentyfour adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 4). Group 1 was control. Groups 2–4 received single 1.5 mg/kg bodyweight of CdCl (i.p.) (Day 1). Groups 3 and 4 were post-treated with MO11 and MO11 + MS06 doses, respectively (Days 1–17). Groups 5 and 6 received only MO11 and olive oil (vehicle), respectively (Days 1–17). MO leaves and MS suckers were subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures using chromatography and spectroscopic techniques. ACE2 levels (ELISA) were evaluated in blood, kidney and liver of rats. MO11 and MS06 were the most active antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds isolated from MO leaves and MS suckers, respectively. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed presence of therapeutic compounds and amino-acids in MO11 and MS06, which are part of 14 shared amino-acids used by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 for ACE2-binding. Post-treatments of CdCl-exposure with MO11 and MS06 showed decreased ACE2 levels in Group 4 (20.63 ± 4.33 ng/mL and 16.11 ± 0.49 ng/mL in blood and kidney samples, respectively), compared with Group 2 (39.39 ± 3.15 ng/mL and 85.39 ± 3.10 ng/mL in blood and kidney samples, respectively). In conclusion, MO11 and MS06 possess significant ethno-medicinal potentials, may compete with SARS-CoV-2 for ACE2 binding, and are recommended for evaluations as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.