Munsell Value Research Articles

Optimal parameters based stochastic dot model for tone compensation of dither matrix

The image outputs of a laser printer are accompanied with nonlinear phenomena such as dot gains and losses. As a result, a laser printer model is necessary to suppress such nonlinear distortions. This paper proposes the optimal parameters based stochastic dot model (OPSDM) and applies it to the tone compensation of dither matrices. In the proposed model, Munsell value is taken as intermediate value and a conversion method for the printouts is established at first. Then, no printer model of printout result is measured, and recurrent parameters of model are modified to obtain the optimal parameters of the stochastic dot model of printer by calculating the minimum Munsell value error between the measure result and simulated result of model. Finally, the dither matrix thresholds are modified to make the simulated result of every gray level with dither matrix close to the given level. The results of experimental indicate that the modified dither matrix with proposed model can significantly restrain the influence of the nonlinear characteristics of printer.

Soil-color changes by sulfuricization induced from a pyritic surface sediment

Colors are widely used to describe hydroxysulfate minerals and acid sulfate soils but seldom to study an active sulfuricization process. Our research was designed to measure the spectrophotometric colors of a soil sulfuricized by pyritic sediment over 15years (8 profiles, 75 samples) and to determine whether color could be employed to identify the new soil materials. The Munsell value of gray sulfidic materials deposited on the soil surface changed over time from 3.0 to 5.6 (R2=0.97) because of Fe leaching and the formation of whitish sulfates. The underlying native soil was first pigmented yellowish brown by illuvial precipitates appearing in SEM as “bubble wrap” coating soil particles and having the EDX peaks of Fe, S and O, and the XRD peaks at 0.255 and 0.166nm. Between pH values 3 and 4 its spectral character in the second-derivative Kulbelka–Munk function registered a maximum at 440nm and a minimum at 480nm, both drastically attenuated after oxalate Fe-extraction. Therefore, we attributed most of precipitates to schwertmannite phases. Their subsequent progressive transformation to jarosite in parallel to a pH decline was colorimetrically detected by a displacement of the spectral maximum to 450nm, its intensity reduction with increasing jarosite content, and yellowing of aggregates and ground-soil samples from 8.5YR to 0.2Y. Finally, the dominance of jarosite below pH2.4 resulted in soil materials with a spectral minimum at 440nm and Munsell hue between 1.3Y and 5.3Y. Because sulfidic, schwertmannitic, and jarositic materials, as well as their compositional changes, were unambiguously identified, soil sulfuricization could be determined by colorimetry.

Tone compensation of amplitude modulation matrix via minimal Munsell value error based laser printer model

A laser printer model is required to help suppress non-linear distortions associated with laser printer outputs. A minimal Munsell value error based printer model is proposed and applied to compensate for the tone of the amplitude modulation (AM) matrix. A conversion method for printouts is established with Munsell values as intermediate values. Then, through recurrent parameter modifications and simulations, the optimal parameters of the stochastic dot model of the printer are obtained by calculating the minimum Munsell value error. Finally, the dither matrix is converted to a binary pattern with a given grey level, and the AM matrix thresholds are modified to make the simulated grey level of the binary pattern close to the given grey level. An experimental assessment of the proposed method, in which the difference between the corresponding Munsell values of printouts and ideal values is analysed, indicates that the method can significantly restrain the influence of non-linear characteristics of printers.

미역 추출물을 이용한 견직물의 천연염색

Fabric made of 100% silk was dyed with Undaria pinnatifida extracts under different conditions such as varing colorant concentration, temperature, time and dyebath pH. The dye uptake (K/S, value), CIE L*,a*,b* and Munsell values of the dyed samples and mordanted samples were measured. Colorfastness, antibacterial property and UV protection property were also evaluated. As colorants concentration increased, the dye uptake increased progressively and maximum color strength was obtained at 100% V/V. Dye uptake also increased with increasing temperature and time, and the maximum color strength was obtained at 80 and 60min.·With pre-mordanting, the color of the Al and Fe ℃ mordanted silk fabrics was yellow on the Munsell color system, while the Cu mordanted fabric was a greenish color. Al and Fe post-mordanted fabrics had a yellow tone, and the Cu post-mordanted fabric had a yellow greenish tone. The light fastness property of the Cu mordanted silk fabric was relatively good, The effect of Al and Fe mordanting on fastness was insignificant. The antibacterial activity of dyed and unmordanted silk fabric was excellent, whereas fabric dyed and mordanted with Undaria pinnatifida extract demonstrated superior ultraviolet protection.

Introducing WLab—Going from Wpt (Waypoint) to a uniform material color equivalency space

AbstractA set of invertible non‐linear transforms was derived that adjusts Wpt (Waypoint) coordinates (based on Wpt normalization) to and from a perceptually more uniform coordinate system (WLab or Waypoint‐Lab) than that provided by Wpt that allows for the advantageous features of Wpt to be directly applied to situations where other standard color spaces are typically used. The proposed transformations were found by optimizing for perceptual uniformity over both large and small color difference scales. The Munsell color order system was used as a representation for optimizing large‐scale perceptual uniformity. Correlations with Munsell value, chroma and hue along with comparisons with CIELAB and CAM02‐UCS were used to correct and assess overall large‐scale uniformity. The ΔE*94 color difference formula was used for optimization purposes for small‐scale uniformity. A STRESS analysis was applied to compare color differences based on Euclidean WLab distances with color differences based upon ΔE*ab, ΔE*94, ΔE00, DIN99o, CIECAM02, and CAM02‐UCS. It was found that WLab is a reasonably uniform material color equivalency space with small Euclidean WLab distances not being statistically different from ΔE*94, ΔE00, and Euclidean distances of DIN99o and CAM02‐UCS under reference observing conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 550–563, 2015

Soil processes related to organic matter modifications following Douglas-fir mature reforestation

The aim of the study was to analyse the pedological, chemical and biochemical properties of soil in order to assess the effect of plant cover species (chestnut, Douglas-fir and mixed vegetation) on soil processes. The selected area under Douglas-fir reforestation was homogeneous for climate, morphology and parent material. The study involved three soils: under chestnut forest (CS), Douglas-fir reforestation (DF) and the transition zone (T). A soil profile differentiation occurred after 50 years of Douglas-fir plantation. The thickness of soil horizons at the surface varied, and the OH horizon in T site was fourfold thicker than that in DF site. The A1 mineral horizon in T site was also thicker than that in DF site. The Munsell value of mineral horizons was significantly lower in DF than CS site. Morphological differences (thickness and colour) probably reflect soil organic matter quality changes: in DF higher values of humification index were found in surface layers (OF/OH or OH and A1) and lower in deep organo-mineral and transition horizons (A2 and BA or AB) with respect to CS site. Also, a slight increase of weathering process was observed under Douglas-fir reforestation. The morphological, chemical and biological properties of soil were effective to assess the impact of various vegetation types on soil organic matter properties related to pedogenetic process. The various methodological approaches allow studying soil processes using a small–medium spatial scale sampling scheme.

Visual Assessment and Interpolation of Low Chroma Soil Colors

Color is one of the most obvious properties of soils and is utilized in many soil evaluation strategies. Color data are usually documented using Munsell notation of hue, value, and chroma, with the latter two parameters normally documented to the nearest whole unit. Soil colors with chroma less than or equal to 2 are particularly important in soil classification and soil interpretation, especially with regard to the identification of field indicators of hydric soils. During a field study of dune soils on late Holocene barrier island landscapes, the investigators sought to improve the quality of color data by noting color value and chroma to the nearest half unit by interpolating between chips in the Munsell book. To evaluate whether interpolating color to half units of value and chroma was justifiable, a study was initiated using 23 homogenized and randomized soil samples collected from dune profiles in the study area. Moist color values were generally 6 or less and moist chromas were 3 or less, while hue mostly ranged between 10YR and 5Y. As experienced soil morphologists, we estimated moist and dry colors to the nearest half unit of value and chroma, using the same reference color book and under fixed lighting conditions. A digital colorimeter was used to measure the color of the soil samples to the nearest 0.1 unit of hue, value, and chroma. This study demonstrates that when individuals are forced to select a whole chip rather than interpolating between chips, there is a significantly greater error in the estimation of both the Munsell value and chroma. Therefore, experienced soil morphologists appear to be justified in interpolating Munsell value and chroma to the nearest half unit.

Assessing hydric soils in a gallery forest in the Brazilian Cerrado

AbstractHydric soils have important ecological functions such as biodiversity hotspots, hydrological buffering and C storage, but their spatial variability leads to mapping uncertainties. In the Brazilian Cerrado, gallery forests along first‐order streams are used to indicate the occurrence of hydric soils, but this relationship has seldom been tested. This project was designed to determine the occurrence of hydric soils and associated soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in a gallery forest in the Cerrado. Thus, a 19‐km‐long gallery forest was divided into nine transects perpendicular to the stream along which soils were sampled every 10 m with a 1‐m‐depth core sampler. From the 134 cores thus obtained, Munsell colours and redoximorphic features were assessed for each horizon, and the data were used to select the five main soil types for description and characterization. Three soils were well drained (Kandiustox, Plinthic Haplustox and Fluventic Dystrustept), and two were hydric (Plinthaquox and Endoaquent). Hydric soils comprised only 20–30% of the area based on the average transect area where floodplains, mottles, nodules and Munsell values <2 occurred, as well as on calculated hydromorphy indexes. Soil organic carbon stocks to 1 m depth ranged from ca. 120 Mg/ha in well‐drained Oxisols to 860 Mg/ha in the Endoaquent, with overall means between 200 and 400 Mg/ha. Large soil variability is a challenge to mapping hydric soils, which though of limited extent are highly susceptible to degradation following drainage and cultivation.

The measurement of the solar absorptance of the clothed human body – The case of Japanese, college-aged male subjects

In an outdoor environment, thermal comfort is affected by various factors, in particular solar radiation. Quantifying the solar absorptance of a human body is necessary for accurately assessing outdoor thermal comfort. Numerous studies have measured the solar absorptance of skin and fabrics. However, these measurements do not represent the solar absorptance of clothed humans. This study intends to determine the average solar absorptance of the human body wearing a combination of specific black and white garments and measure the average solar absorptance of Japanese, college-aged male subjects wearing casual summer, autumn, and winter clothing. The solar absorptance of the entire clothed human body was derived from these measurements. The solar absorptance of a black-shirt and black-trousers combination was found to be 0.76. For the combination of a white-shirt and white-trousers, the minimum solar absorptance was 0.38. Furthermore, the average solar absorptances of 30 Japanese, college-aged male subjects wearing casual clothing in summer, autumn, and winter were 0.66, 0.69, and 0.77, respectively. In summer, the average solar absorptance of the subjects in casual clothing depended on the color of tops. The average solar absorptances were suggested to be 0.76, 0.56, and 0.68 for subjects wearing black tops, white tops, and tops with Munsell values between 2 and 8, respectively.

모발의 탈색 및 손상에 미치는 천연 식물 트리트먼트제의 영향

In this study, we investigated the effect of natural vegetable treatment agent on the bleaching and damage of human hair during permanent wave formation. The vegetable treatment agent was prepared by fermenting the mixture of tea leaves (10g), black rice (100g), black bean (100g), corn (100g), malt (50g), and water(500g) at room temperature for 1 week. The degree of bleaching and damage was checked by Munsell value 'L' and morphological changes of hair in FE-SEM. When the hair was bleached, the Munsell value 'L' was almost same regardless of adding the vegetable treatment to the bleaching solution. But when the hair was permanently waved, the curl formation ability was high and the damage was low in the case of adding the vegetable treatment. This means that the vegetable treatment covers the scale of hair and protects the hair from the chemicals.

Genesis and characterization of manganiferous soils in the Eastern Piedmont, USA

Manganese is normally a trace element in soils, but it is important due to its effects on soil chemistry and morphology. There are rare, Mn-rich soils in the Eastern Piedmont of the USA that have not been previously studied. The morphology, mineralogy, and chemical and physical properties of these manganiferous soils were documented in order to better understand their pedogenesis. The soils were found to contain as much as 169 g kg −1 Fe and 140 g kg −1 Mn as oxides (dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate extractable). These high levels of Mn oxides impart an extremely dark color to the soil material (moist Munsell value and chroma commonly < 2/1). Manganiferous soil materials have unusual physical properties such as high particle density (up to 3.25 × 10 −6 Mg m −3 on bulk soil), low bulk density (as low as 0.39 × 10 −6 Mg m −3), and extremely high porosity (maximum calculated 88%). X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared spectra show that the dominant Fe oxide and Mn oxide minerals in the soils are hematite and lithiophorite, respectively. Samples of the parent marble were dissolved in acid for Fe and Mn analysis and collection of non-carbonate residues (NCR). Based on the quantities of Fe and Mn in the bedrock, the mineralogy of the NCR, and micromorphological observations, it appears that the black, porous, Mn-rich material is derived directly from the dissolution of marble bedrock and accumulation of silicate residues plus Mn and Fe from within the rock. These soils, which appear to have a similar origin to Mn wad deposits, offer a unique opportunity for future studies of soil Mn due to the naturally high concentration of this metal.

Testing of Fabric Dynamic Moisture Transfer Based on Munsell Color HV/C Value

Based on munsell color HV/C value to test dynamic surface wetness of fabrics can be seen more intuitive to the dynamic permeability characteristics of fabrics. This paper selects 44 kinds of knitted fabrics to do the experiment with the of sweat simulation device, and get the complete label HV/C of Munsell color space of fabrics and moisture content of fabric from 0 to 30 minutes, and analyze their relational with the method of the grey relational analysis. The results show that in the 44 kinds of testing varieties, they are 20 kinds of samples having the maximum correlation coefficient between Munsell color index and moisture content ,and 21 kinds of samples having maximum correlation coefficient between Munsell color value and moisture content , we can see that their proportion is close , so by existing methods only using Munsell color index evaluating dynamic moisture transfer properties of fabrics had omitted the information of Munsell color value and Munsell color chroma, therefore it is necessary comprehensive considering the Munsell color HV/C value of the complete label information ,and establish a composite indicator of evaluation dynamic surface moisture transfer.

Comparing large colour‐difference data sets

AbstractThis study investigated the differences between different large colour‐difference (LCD) data sets (with a mean ΔE value about 10). Six data sets were studied. For each data set, various CIELAB based colour difference models were derived to fit the data. These models were compared to shed light on the difference between the different data sets. It was found that all data sets have very similar characteristics except for the Munsell data. Detailed investigation showed that the discrepancy is mainly due to the balance between the lightness and chromatic differences used previously for the Munsell data set. It was found that one unit of Munsell Value appears to be three times as large colour difference as one unit of Munsell Chroma at least under the experimental conditions for the data sets studied here. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011

Natural Dyeability of Cow leather dyeing with Turmeric powder

Dyeing properties of cow leather was investigated with Tumeric powder . The effects of dyeing conditions, mordanting conditions, color change, and color fastnesses were studied. The results were as follows. The dye uptake increased as dye concentration, dyeing temperature, and bath ratio increased. In the effect of dyeing time, the highest dye uptakes showed at 20 minutes and decreased after that point. Pre mordanting was more effective than the post mordanting, and the dye uptakes improved all mordanted fabrics. The highest K/S values showed in pre-Al sample, and the lowest K/S values showed in post-Cu one. The values of Hunter on the samples were more changeable L * and b * than a * , and all samples showed Yellow color in Munsell value. But the mordanting methods and mordanting agents were not significant in the color changes. The light fastness of dyed samples showed 1 grade, the dry cleaning and abrasion fastnesses did not improved except post-Fe wet sample.

Iron oxide distribution and color studies of well-drained Alfisols developed on calcareous alluvial deposits in Greece

Six well-drained Alfisols pedons, three from Eastern Greece (Thessaly) and three from Western Greece (Agrinio), were studied focusing on iron oxides distribution and color characteristics. The primary assumption was not confirmed that rainfall was the main factor controlling their color and pedogenetic characteristics. Additionally, pedogenetic indices could not be used to distinguish the soils of Thessaly and Agrinio area. Results indicated a significant correlation between Munsell value (lightness) and chroma (purity of color) with amorphous oxides. An isomorphous replacement of Fe for Al is considered as probable. Second derivative spectroscopy indicated that goethite was probably the prevalent iron oxide.

Local and regional environmental variation influences the growth of tropical trees in selection trials in the Republic of Panama

Native Neotropical trees are being increasingly planted for restoration purposes and timber production, but we lack species-specific data on growth responses to different regional climates and local environmental variation. We used regression trees and variance components to quantify the effects of within- and among-site environmental variation on the basal area ( BA) of 21 Neotropical and two exotic tree species at three selection trials in the Republic of Panama. Sites represented distinct regional climates in which annual rainfall varied from 1100 to 2226 mm, with dry seasons of 4.1–6.7 months. Local environmental variables included measures of slope steepness and position, soil texture, soil color, and indicators of soil condition, such as subsoil rockiness. Basal area in 17 species responded primarily to regional differences among sites, and explained between 32% and 72% of species BA. Low BA plots of most species were located in the driest site, while high BA plots were found in the two wetter sites (mean BA difference = 117 ± 20.6 cm 2). Local variables also influenced the growth of 12 species, with percent slope, soil texture at 5–10 cm, subsoil rockiness and Munsell value from 20 to 50 cm explaining between 0.2% and 24.5% of within-site variance in BA. For these variables, BA differences across adjacent branches of regression trees ranged from 59 ± 23.4 cm 2 (subsoil rockiness) to 176 ± 45.9 cm 2 (Munsell value). Our results support the growing evidence that local as well as regional environmental variation influences tree community composition, growth and survival in mature forests. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of responses to local variables among environmentally sensitive species allowed us to make some preliminary site and species-specific silvicultural recommendations. For site generalists, future research should extend the current trials to multiple sites within each regional climate to separate climatic influences from those of the local environment.

견직물의 양파외피 염색 시 오배자의 매염 효과

This study examines the mordanting effect and multi functional properties of silk fabrics dyed with onion shell extracts that were mordanted with gallnut. The contents of this study are as follows. First, the optimum dyeing conditions were investigated by measuring the K/S value that depended the on dyeing conditions when silk fabrics were dyed with onion shell extracts. Second, the color, brightness, and chroma differences that appear after mordanting with gallnut were investigated by measuring the K/S and Munsell value. Third, the color fastness and antimicrobial activity were measured. When silk fabrics were dyed with onion shell extracts, the optimum dyeing conditions were a dyeing temperature of , a dyeing concentration of 160%, and a dyeing of time 30min. After mordanting with gallnut extracts, the K/S value increased remarkably and was larger in pre-mordanting than post-mordanting. The H value displayed yellow-red in all cases of pre and post mordanting. However, the H value was more reddish in the order of non-mordanting

Colour category foci of Munsell colour spectra revealed by two computational methods

Colour names and psychophysical colour categories play an important role on human communication. For several application areas from computer vision to Internet shopping, it would be useful to manage colour information using methods of computational colour naming in a similar manner as people do in their everyday life. In this study, we applied two computational methods, the nonnegative matrix factorization and self-organizing maps, to derive basic colours from a spectral database of Munsell colours, and a subset of it. The subset was generated to include only the most saturated samples of each Munsell Hue and Munsell Value pair of the original database. Using both the methods and both the databases, we calculated the sets of 3, 4, 6, and 8 basis vectors to represent the focal colours of colour categories. Colour names of the calculated focal colours were investigated using the results by Sturges and Whitfield as a reference. Nonnegative matrix factorization yields calculated colours more compatible with human basic colours, but the spectra generated by self-organizing maps are more similar to natural spectra as their shape is smoother. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010

Predictions of Munsell values with the same perceived lightness at any specified chroma irrespective of hues-Determination of any tonal colors

Simple formulas are proposed for predicting the Munsell value of colors with the same tone (the same values for whiteness-blackness, perceived lightness, and chroma irrespective of hue). The formulas can be used for any tone. In other words, the method can determine the Munsell value with the same perceived lightness at any specified chroma irrespective of hue. The chromatic strength (CS) function is only used for the derivations. The formulas are very simple, and can be used not only in the colorimetry but also in the color design field. The concept described in this study is that a common CS function can be used for transforming each of the three color attributes (hue, lightness, and chroma) from their uniform color space metric to their corresponding color appearance space attribute. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLORS AND SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE, REFLECTANCE AND ABSORPTANCE OF CLOTHING

Solar transmittance τcl, reflectance ρcl and absorptance αcl of eight different colors of clothing were measured. Solar transmittance increased and reflectance decreased with decreasing solar incidence angle to clothing. Solar absorptance was nearly constant regardless of solar incidence angle. The relationships between colors of clothing and solar transmittance, reflectance and absorptance were studied. Solar reflectance was expressed as a linear function of Munsell value regardless of hue and chroma. Solar transmittance, reflectance and absorptance were expressed as a function of luminance reflectance Y:τcl = 0.146 + 0.0017Y, ρcl = 0.320+ 0.0052Y, αcl = 0.535 - 0.0069Y.