City Municipality Research Articles

A Coupling Coordination Assessment of the Land–Water–Food Nexus in China

The synergistic relation among land resources, water resources, and food production plays a crucial role in sustainable agricultural development. This research constructs a coupling coordination assessment system of the land–water–food (LWF) nexus from 2005 to 2020 for 31 provinces (municipal cities, autonomous regions) in China, and explores the current development status of land, water, and food systems at multiple scales as well as the coupling coordination characteristics of the LWF nexus. The exploring spatial data analysis and spatial Tobit model are used to explain the spatial correlations and influencing factors of coupling coordination development on the LWF nexus. On that basis, the gray GM (1,1) model is used to forecast the future development of the LWF nexus in China. The results show that the comprehensive development indexes of the land system, water system, food system, and LWF nexus are on the rise, but the land system lags behind the water system and food system. The coupling coordination degree of the LWF nexus in different regions ranges from 0.538 to 0.754, and the coupling coordination development of the LWF nexus in China has reached the preliminary coupled coordination type, with an evolutionary process similar to that of its comprehensive development level. Further empirical research shows that there is a significant positive spatial correlation between coupling coordination development levels for the LWF nexus in China. The level of urbanization and agricultural industry agglomeration have negative effects, while economic development, ecological environment, and scientific and technological progress have positive effects. The prediction results indicate that the coupling coordination degree of the LWF nexus in China will show a stable upward trend from 2024 to 2025, and most provinces will reach the intermediate coupled coordination type in 2025. This study can inform decision-making for policy-makers and practitioners and enrich the knowledge hierarchy of the LWF nexus’ sustainable development on the national and regional scales.

Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations in Cities vs. Suburbs: The Role of Communities’ Forms of Capital in Communities’ Health Sustainability

Urban areas are regarded as a sustainable form of settlement, while the planned and built environments of cities are considered essential for the development of healthier communities. Nonetheless, urban sprawl has caused disparities in the health of those living in cities vs. suburbs. One explanation for this disparity is the willingness of residents to comply with the recommendations and instructions of health care experts or public directives. Compliance is an essential part of what makes communities resilient. However, we know little about the factors that influence this compliance. To fill this gap, we examined data from Israeli municipalities in cities and suburbs about compliance with the government’s COVID-19 regulations. We investigated whether social and physical aspects of cities and suburbs explain differences in compliance. We researched how the residents’ economic, social, and cultural capital, as well as their spatial distribution, influenced their compliance during the pandemic. The results demonstrate the important role of the spatial distribution of these various forms of capital in the residents’ compliance. Specifically, those living in suburban areas benefited from their capital accumulation, making them more inclined to adhere to the health regulations. This new perspective on the dynamics between cities and suburbs may strengthen community resilience and help mitigate regional disparities.

Solemn and Cultural Events Organized by the Burgas City Municipality in the Period 1878–1912

Life in the newly liberated Bulgarian lands at the end of the 19th century was difficult and did not offer many opportunities for cultural events, and the funds available to the local government barely covered the most pressing needs of the city. Therefore, cultural events most often consisted of organizing citywide celebrations on various occasions, including the celebration of anniversaries of important events, religious holidays, welcoming higher persons, called in the protocols of the City Council “high guests“ and others. There were also other cultural events for entertainment or education of the citizens, but they were the work of private troupes or artists and the municipality even made a profit from them. At the end of the 19th century, it was impossible to talk about a real cultural life in Burgas, in the full sense of the word. The population of the city was small in number, and it had other, much more important problems related to its survival and nutrition. Therefore, the citizens and guests of the city were happy to join the few celebrations held by the municipality.

Probleme de salubritate și igienă în Alba Iulia interbelică

The chief hygienist, the coordinator of the Sanitary Service, had the obligation to periodically ascertain the state of hygiene of the city and to take measures, when necessary. During the inspections, he verified whether the legal provisions for the constructions of public and private buildings were respected, whether the authorizations, licenses were in order, all deviations, abuses, illegalities, being recorded in minutes and sanctioned with the support of local authorities (administrative and police), according to laws in force. In the Hygiene and Sanitation Commission of the city (municipality) and in the Hygiene Council of Alba County he presented the sanitary problems of the city and submitted proposals for solutions. The study presents the sanitation and hygiene problems that existed in interwar Alba Iulia, as well as the solutions decided at the local level.

A Comparative Study of Halal-Compliant and Non-Halal-Compliant Meat Prices and its Influence on Halal Certification in the Lanao Region, Philippines

The increasing concern regarding permissible food within Islamic communities has contributed to a recent surge in demand for Halal meat. To address this knowledge gap, the objective of this research is to examine the significance of factors influencing Halal certification and its effect on the pricing of Halal-compliant meat. The study employed a non-experimental descriptive research framework to explore the correlation between two primary uncontrolled variables: the price of Halal-compliant meat and Halal certification. Qualitative data were collected based on the demographic characteristics of meat store proprietors in selected municipalities in Lanao Del Sur and Iligan City. Based on the survey findings, it was determined that consumers in the selected research locale of the Lanao region are willing to pay an additional 10 to 50 pesos (PHP) for Halal-compliant meat compared to non-Halal options, depending on the prevailing market price. The respondents also evaluated the factors that influence halal compliance among proprietors of halal-compliant meat shops in Lanao del Sur. The variable representing accessibility to a Halal Certifying Body shows a coefficient of approximately 13.9605, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.028. This finding indicates a significant positive relationship between accessibility to halal certification and the pricing of Halal-compliant products. Economic planning that aligns with Halal principles is essential for advancing the Halal market by enhancing infrastructure and accreditation criteria, supporting small and medium enterprises, and increasing consumer awareness. By implementing these strategies, the Philippines can position itself as a significant player in the global Halal market, contributing to economic growth, job creation, and cultural diversity, particularly in the Lanao region.

Effects of Channelization on Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in a Small Stream: The Case of Awetu in Jimma City, Ethiopia

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly modified worldwide by anthropogenic activities. Land use change is one of the leading factors responsible for stream ecosystem degradation. Physical habitat disturbance due to channelization is among the factors responsible for the loss of biodiversity and degradation of river water quality worldwide. Since 2020, Jimma City municipality has been beautifying the city and one of the activities is channelizing using concrete embankment, a part of the Awetu stream that runs through the city. The main aim of this study is to assess the effect of channelization on macroinvertebrate assemblages and the water quality of the Awetu stream. A cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2022. Macroinvertebrates, water samples, and habitat data were collected from 21 sampling sites along the three segments of the stream (upstream, channelized, and downstream). Data were analyzed for different macroinvertebrate metrics and water quality parameters. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to examine the overall relationship between macroinvertebrate assemblages and water quality parameters. The upstream site has better macroinvertebrate assemblages than channelized and downstream sites (p<0.05). The downstream site showed better assemblage compared to the channelized site, though it was not significant. Regarding water quality parameters, a significant variation was observed between channelized and, un-channelized sites (upstream and downstream) (p<0.05). The habitat condition score varied from 47 (poor) at channelization to 150 (suboptimal) upstream. Upstream sites were found to have relatively better macroinvertebrate assemblages, better water quality, and good habitat conditions. The downstream sites had lower macroinvertebrate assemblages, poor habitat conditions, and degraded water quality compared to the upstream sites. The channelized segment had the poorest habitat, with poor macroinvertebrate assemblages and water quality. Thus, the conservation of habitat conditions along the channelized segments of the Awetu stream is recommended to improve the water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblage.

Teachers’ Content Knowledge and Strategies Used in Teaching Physical Science in Selected Schools at Buffalo City Municipality, South Africa

Physical Science encourages an ethical and responsible approach to studying, creating, and applying the sciences. In South Africa, there is a devaluation of indigenous scientific knowledge and limited access to scientific knowledge due to a history of poor, non-existent, or inadequate schooling in some communities. This paper investigates teachers’ content knowledge and strategies for teaching Physical Science in selected schools at Buffalo City Municipality, East London, South Africa. This paper adopted a descriptive research design and used random sampling to select forty-two Physical Science teachers out of the total population of fifty-two. Self-designed structured questionnaire of Likert modified scale response, the Physical Science Teachers’ Content Knowledge and Strategies Questionnaire (PSTCKSQ), was used to collect participant feedback. Three research questions were set for the paper and revealed the following respectively, a Mean () 3.33 shows a general agreement across all items about the positive impact and importance of Physical Science education another Mean () 3.14 shows a general agreement across all items about the effectiveness and use of different teaching strategies in Physical Science education and the mean score ( = 2.79) indicates moderate agreement on the adequacy of teacher training in Physical Science content. It is recommended among others that Physical Science teachers should establish a stimulating and productive learning environment that encourages students’ curiosity, comprehension, and admiration of the topic by utilising their content expertise. The paper concludes that to address local and global concerns, assist economic development, promote scientific literacy, create employment possibilities, and encourage critical thinking and well-informed decision-making, Physical Science education is essential in South African schools for driving innovation and technological advancement.

Longitudinal association of urbanization and risk of myocardial infarction in China: an analysis from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

BackgroundThe association between urbanization and myocardial infarction in China was not fully understood. We aim to evaluate the association between urbanization level and the risk of myocardial infarction.MethodsParticipants’ data from China Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The survey is an ongoing open cohort with a multistage, random cluster process to draw a sample of over 30,000 individuals in 15 provinces and municipal cities. A multi-component score, urbanization index, was used to measure urbanization level. Urbanization index was categorized by cut-off values of 40, 60, and 80. Baseline characteristics were presented as percentage for categorical variables, and mean or median for continuous variables depending on normality. The association of urbanization index and myocardial infarction risk was evaluated longitudinally by a multilevel mixed-effects parametric survival model with urbanization index as a time-dependent variable using Stata software.ResultsA total of 16,565 participants without previous myocardial infarction were involved in the cohort. At baseline, urbanization index was positively correlated with myocardial infarction risk factors, including blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes, and stroke. In the univariate model, urbanization index was associated with risk of myocardial infarction in a “U-shape” manner, with the lowest myocardial infarction risk in urbanization index ranging from 40 to 60 (Hazard Ratio 0.55 and p = 0.013). However, in the multivariate model adjusting for myocardial infarction risk factors and other confounders, urbanization index ≥ 40 was consistently associated with lower MI risks (Hazard Ratio 0.46 and p = 0.002 for urbanization index 40–60; Hazard Ratio 0.56 and p = 0.021 for urbanization index 60–80; and Hazard Ratio 0.44 and p = 0.002 for urbanization index ≥ 80).ConclusionsOur study indicated that urbanization of living communities was associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction.

A graph-empowered agent-based simulation: Impacts of coordination schemes on critical infrastructures resilience

Critical infrastructure systems are governed by several sectors working together to maintain social, economic, and environmental well-being. Their cyber–physical interdependencies influence their performance and resilience to routine failures and extreme events. To balance investment and restoration decisions in the face of disruptive events, mostly centralized mathematical formulations and solutions were presented in the literature. However, not all physical and dynamic characteristics of infrastructure systems and their decision makers can be modeled via mathematical models. In this study, we take a different approach and utilize agent-based modeling to simulate city-scale interdependent infrastructure networks as a complex adaptive system. In specific, we design a flexible modular (object-oriented) simulation tool capable of capturing the dynamic behaviors of various networks. We first model each infrastructure as a weighted graph with relevant geospatial attributes. Decision makers for each infrastructure sector are represented by intelligent agents. We then define three information and coordination schemes among agents, including no communication, leader–follower, and decentralized coalitions. To show the applicability of the approach, we use publicly available interdependent water distribution and road networks for the City of Tampa, FL, which is prone to hurricanes. We simulate different magnitudes of physical, cyber, and cyber–physical failures, evaluate resource allocation decisions, made by agents under each coordination scheme, and quantify the aggregated resilience. The simulation platform will help municipalities in various cities to quantify the impact of their collective decision making and identify the best coordination structures when interdependencies are modeled in infrastructure systems.

An assessment of household solid waste management in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India

&lt;p&gt;Rapid industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and migration from rural areas have resulted in increased solid waste generation in developing cities, which is commonly regarded as the most significant urban issue. The improper disposal of waste and inefficient collection methods is a significant problem in most of the municipalities in Indian cities. This challenge is further compounded by unscientific waste treatment practices, lack of modern technology, and limited resources. This study aims to assess the status of solid waste generation and disposal across different household income groups and to evaluate how Mainpuri manage and handles the solid waste management system. The study is based on primary data collected through a household survey in Mainpuri city, covering a sample of 1,836 households from various income groups. The data used in this assessment was collected from household surveys and government records. Although there is a recycling plant in operation, its capacity is inadequate to address the increasing waste generation and demands of the community. This shortfall underscores the need for enhanced waste management strategies and infrastructure to effectively cope with the rising volumes of solid waste. As a result, large quantities of solid waste accumulate in low-lying areas near the Isan River and the proximity of the plant. Without a comprehensive solid waste management plan in the municipality, the situation is likely to deteriorate further. Mainpuri City urgently needs a sustainable strategy to effectively manage its solid waste, addressing both current challenges and future demands. Implementing such a strategy is essential for improving public health, environmental conditions, and overall quality of life in the city.&lt;/p&gt;

Exploring the Contribution Roles from Municipal Cities in the Rise in Household CO2 Emissions in China: From a Local Scale Analysis in the Global Context

A major source of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) arises from the household sector. Recent studies have reported increasing household CO2 emissions (HCO2) in many countries. Cities represent a key administrative level in China and can be managed to mitigate HCO2 if spatial and temporal variations in HCO2 are understood at fine scales. Here, we applied panel data analysis to map HCO2 at a pixel scale of 1 km in China using remotely sensed time series nighttime light data, grid population density data, and provincial energy consumption statistics from 2000 to 2020. Spatial and temporal variations in HCO2 were observed with four growth modes, including high growth (HG), low growth (LG), negative growth (NG), and high negative growth (HNG), for different periods, i.e., 2000–2010, 2010–2020, and 2000–2020. We proposed a local scale analysis of HCO2 growth patterns within a global context to assess the contribution roles of 372 municipal cities to the changes in the national total HCO2 (T-HCO2). The results indicated that T-HCO2 has tripled in the last two decades, but the roles of the contribution to the increase varied among cities. The local scale analysis revealed that more cities contributed to the rise in T-HCO2 through HG and LG than those that suppressed it through NG and HNG. The majority of the cities displayed contributions to the rise in T-HCO2 through two or more of the growth modes, confirming a significant variation in HCO2 across locations, even within a city. This study provides a new approach to understanding the roles cities play in the long-term dynamics of T-HCO2. We recommend increased efforts to encourage HCO2 mitigation in cities that have contributed to the rise in T-HCO2 to help neutralize carbon emissions at the national level.

High variability in the attractiveness of municipally-planted decorative plants to insects.

Insect populations are declining globally. A major driver of this decline is land use change, including urbanisation. However, urban environments can also offer a wide range of floral resources to pollinators, through ornamental plantings, but these can vary widely in their attractiveness to insects. Often, the largest single planter of ornamental plants in an urban area is the municipality. Here we evaluated the decorative plantings carried out by the city municipality of Regensburg, Germany, by systematically surveying insect visitations on different plant types in late summer, when forage is often limited for pollinators. We found a 130-fold difference from the least to the most attractive plants, and high variation in which insect groups were attracted to which plants. While honey bees, which are not a conservation concern, were the most common insect visitors, some decorative plants attracted a very large proportion of wild bees, flies, and wasps. Our results demonstrate that there is great scope for increasing the supply of urban forage to pollinators in general, and specific groups in particular, without requiring new decorative plant types to be sourced or planted. We argue that providing local evidence-based guidance to municipalities offers a quick and potentially cost-neutral method for supporting urban insect populations.

REIMAGINING SOUTH AFRICA’S URBAN FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION THROUGH THE LENS OF INFORMAL FOOD SECTOR: THE CASE OF BUFFALO CITY MUNICIPALITY

The African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN)survey found that over 70% of low-income households in South Africa sourced their food from informal outlets. Despite the importance that the informal food retail sector plays in food security, it remains neglected by policy support and institutional funding. The paper focused on the role of local informal food markets in addressing urban household food security in Buffalo City Municipality (BCM), South Africa. This paper argued that informal food markets including food vendors have a potential to improve household food insecurity levels but face many barriers. The study sought to identify these barriers and make an understanding of how these local food markets adopt coping mechanisms in meeting their basic needs including addressing household food insecurity. A qualitative approach was adopted for this study. Data was collected from 40 food vendors, particualrly street vendors and home-based enterprises in the township of Duncan, through interviews, observations, and archival research. Interviews included semi structured interviews to gather insights from street vendors, while interviews with city officials provided key informant perspectives. This study’s findings show that households without access to networked infrastructure use informal food markets as: (i) a food source, (ii) a food kitchen and a cookstove and (iii) a refrigerator, to purchase their foodstuff and other ready-to-eat meals.

‘HepGenç’: A youth festival to promote health and well-being via films, photography, music, and arts

Abstract Background The ‘Lifelong Health’ framework of WHO emphasizes that investing in health during young ages fosters better health and higher quality of life in later years. When working with and for youth, using innovative and participatory approaches have become more important for effective health communication, especially in an era of increased environmental stimuli, digitalization, and decreased attention span for many young people, who are less attracted with traditional/ didactic health education and communication methods. Objectives This paper aims to share practical experiences of a multidisciplinary team of professionals with backgrounds in public health, psychiatry, communication, music, and arts, in collaboration with young people to organize a series of youth health festivals in different cities of Turkiye to promote youth health literacy and access to health care, with a special focus on mental health and well-being. Results HepGenc (ForeverYoung) Festivals are organized by academics and youth from different universities in Turkiye, in collaboration with NGOs and local municipalities of cities, where the events take place. These events encourage young people to think about health and well-being, including social and environmental determinants of health via short films, photography, music, and arts. The series of festivals use creative workshops to introduce different health and well-being topics to youth, who may not always find these issues ‘attractive.’ Social and mental health, including resilience and ability to adapt are also addressed, which help young participants to build a holistic and comprehensive look on health and its determinants. Conclusions Organizing health-focused festivals using films, photography, music, and arts encourages young people to be creative and productive, while raising their awareness on healthy lifestyles and healthy cities, and how they can be agents of positive change. Key messages • Using films, music, and arts help with greater engagement of young people and facilitates their learning, as well as their creativity and productivity. • Collaboration of health, communication, and arts professionals strengthens health communication/ education programs, with additional beneficial outcomes for all disciplines including shared learning.

Household Solid Waste Management and Environmental Impacts in the Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Given the current rate of urbanization, municipalities in most Nigerian cities have struggled with the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste. This is due to waste generation, both residential and commercial, occurring in a dispersed manner across homes, buildings, streets, parks, and even vacant spaces within communities. This manuscript aims to evaluate the state of municipal solid waste management in Ibadan, household solid waste storage practices, and the locations of solid waste storage containers (skip points) in relation to accessibility and health risks to the community, in accordance with Nigerian National Solid Waste Management Standards and other pertinent international standards. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 21 micro and small firms and 250 homes in each of the three local government areas of the metropolis, with descriptive statistics used to interpret the data. According to the study results, inadequate Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) service delivery in the Ibadan metropolitan area can be attributed to several issues, including a lack of institutional coordination among urban planners. The study’s conclusions indicate that the state of MSWM in the sampled areas is either inadequate or has poor spatial coverage and container utilization. Lastly, the study primarily suggests that these measures can reduce problems associated with MSWM by encouraging public-private partnerships, fostering effective institutional coordination with urban planner consultants in MSWM and skip-point location, and motivating the community to adopt integrated sustainable Solid Waste Management (SWM) strategies.

Genomic epidemiology reveals the variation and transmission properties of SARS-CoV-2 in a single-source community outbreak.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is still a global public health concern. During March 2022, a rapid and confined single-source outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was identified in a community in Nanjing municipal city. Overall, 95 individuals had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The whole genomes of 61 viral samples were obtained, which were all members of the BA.2.2 lineage and clearly demonstrated the presence of one large clade, and all the infections could be traced back to the original index case. The most distant sequence from the index case presented a difference of 4 SNPs, and 118 intrahost single-nucleotide variants (iSNVs) at 74 genomic sites were identified. Some minor iSNVs can be transmitted and subsequently rapidly fixed in the viral population. The minor iSNVs transmission resulted in at least two nucleotide substitutions among all seven SNPs identified in the outbreak, generating genetically diverse populations. We estimated the overall transmission bottleneck size to be 3 using 11 convincing donor-recipient transmission pairs. Our study provides new insights into genomic epidemiology and viral transmission, revealing how iSNVs become fixed in local clusters, followed by viral transmission across the community, which contributes to population diversity.

Exploring the pathway to innovation: the mediating role of employee engagement in the Trust-Creativity Nexus

ABSTRACT This study investigates how employee engagement mediates the relationship between trust and creativity within local government agencies in Ranong Province, Thailand. The research collected data from 401 participants across 31 units, including one Provincial Administrative Organization, two City Municipalities, five Town Municipalities, and 23 Sub-district Administrative Organizations. This diverse sample provides a strong foundation for exploring how trust in supervisors influences employee creativity, with employee engagement serving as a key mediator. By employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through Smart PLS, the study demonstrates that employee engagement positively impacts creativity, which in turn fosters trust-based relationships that drive organizational innovation. The findings offer valuable theoretical insights and practical guidance for stimulating innovation in local government units, not only in Thailand but also in other global contexts.

Challenges of Conducting Point-Of-Care Testing Operations In The Municipal Public Health System Based Ambulatory Care Clinics In New York City

Abstract Introduction/Objective Our New York City Municipal Public Health System- based multisite ambulatory clinics that offer various waived POCT (point of care tests) and provider-performed microscopy (PPM) to our communities, ensure standardization and quality of POC testing across our health system. Our laboratory service conducts system-wide centralized implementation, monitoring and oversight of the POCT operations regarding regulatory compliance, test performance, quality control and training. With our day-to-day POCT operations, like all other clinical laboratories, our ambulatory care clinics encounter various hurdles and challenges. Here we elaborated on the issues we encounter and how we manage to overcome them. Methods/Case Report We identified and stratified the challenges that affect our managerial as well as field-level laboratory operations and devised ways to deal with those POCT operational issues. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Among the staffing issues, rapid staff turnover causes significant delays or cessation of POCT operations in our ambulatory care clinics, due to orientation, re-education and ensuring competency to the staff, that conducts POCT in our clinics. Besides, supply shortages, staff shortages and absences due to illness and overwork are the issues, noted at the laboratory field operational level. Delays in the processing of paperwork and new staff recruitments and in the laboratory supply chains are notable management issues. Conclusion Even though the vastness and complexity of our multisite ambulatory care network sometimes affect our ambulatory care clinic POCT operation in various challenging way, our timely, planned and coordinated intervention, close monitoring and communication and rapid initiatives handle those issues very effectively to ensure the quality of POC testing for the patient safety and care across our health system, which is one of the largest municipal-based public health care, in the country.

Cross-Sectoral and Multilevel Dimensions of Risk and Resilience Management in Urban Areas Enabled by Geospatial Data Processing

The growing complexity of cities and the unprecedented pace of urbanisation create exposure and vulnerabilities to extreme events and crises that are difficult to manage and plan for as widely acknowledged by the existing literature. In this paper, three main challenges to be tackled are identified based on the selected literature according to the interpretation of the authors based on extended research in the field. Those challenges relate to the multi-risk environment characterising many contemporary cities, the need to overcome sectoral approaches towards increased alignment of emergency and spatial planning at different scales, and the opportunities that derive from integrated risk and resilience management. Such challenges are evidenced in the Pozzuoli case study, a densely inhabited municipality of the metropolitan city of Naples, placed into a volcanic caldera, that has been analysed in the light of the above challenges for an extended period of time of about fifty years. The in-depth assessment of the quality of urban development has been enabled by geospatial data management. Advanced geospatial information systems are not only instrumental in depicting the history of urban development in the period of consideration but also as an enabler to tackle the above-mentioned challenges. In fact, such systems permit a much more dynamic and updatable assessment of multirisk conditions and provide the basis for shared knowledge among the large number of stakeholders that are responsible for different sectoral and comprehensive urban and risk-related plans.

LANDSLIDES IN SARAJEVO CANTON OBSERVED THROUGH VALID REGULATIONS AND COMPETENT INSTITUTIONS, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ADOPTING A UNIFORM REGULATION ON LANDSLIDES

Landslides, as modern processes on the surface of the terrain, present a challenge in spatial planning, planning and construction of new settlements, and construction of infrastructure facilities. A special challenge is the planning and construction of settlements and infrastructure facilities in hillside areas. The City of Sarajevo, with its four city municipalities, represents the most populated part of Sarajevo Canton. The situation is similar with non-urban municipalities. A special challenge is the illegal settlements created on hillside areas of the four city municipalities. Many hillside settlements were created unplanned, often within the scope of registered landslides and unstable terrain. The construction of such settlements was not accompanied by the construction of the necessary infrastructure (road communications, fecal and storm sewers), which poses a danger of starting new and reactivating calmed landslides. Society's commitment to climate change brings into focus the landslides that occur as a product of climate change. Special attention is paid to unplanned urban areas on the slopes, where the risk of landslides is increased due to climate change. According to official information, about 1,000 landslides have been registered in Sarajevo Canton. The data on the number of landslides in the area of the Sarajevo Canton date back deep into the past and as such have been updated on several occasions. The last addition of data was carried out in the phase of amending the Spatial Plan, in 2010, when the Terrain Stability Map of Sarajevo Canton was updated. In Sarajevo Canton, special attention is paid to the rehabilitation of landslides that endanger people and material goods, and to the stabilization of the terrain during the development of construction land, for which considerable financial resources are allocated from different levels of government (Federation, Canton and municipalities). Aggravating circumstance are regulations that only partially treat landslides. Certain regulations are unclear, some of them set strict requirements for emergency landslide rehabilitation, while certain regulations are in conflict. The institutional approach for the purpose of research, registration, rehabilitation and monitoring of landslides is not fully aligned with the current regulations. Jurisdiction is partially prescribed and as such is often unclear. The mandated competences of individual levels of government are not harmonized. Remedial measures were implemented on many landslides in the past period, but without clear indications of the effects of the remediation. As a solution to the problem, a proposal for the adoption of a single regulation on landslides was initiated. This paper cites the example of the Sarajevo Canton, where the activities for the adoption of a law on landslides were initiated, but ended unsuccessfully several times, with recommendations for further activities.