Municipal Waste Generation Rate Research Articles

Towards a Circular Economy: an Analysis of Kazakhstani case

 A circular economy is an economic system in which resources are used, reused, and regenerated in a closed loop, rather than the traditional linear model of extraction, use, and disposal. The topic is particularly urgent for emerging countries as it can help address many of the economic, environmental, and social challenges these countries face. This article aims to analyze the current state of circular economy development in Kazakhstan and its progress in implementing circularity principles over the years. The research was conducted in two stages: (1) a statistical analysis based on secondary data, which identifies patterns and trends in waste recycling; (2) a regression model for evaluating the impact of management costs on the level of recycling and reuse of waste in Kazakhstan. The data was collected for the period from 2015 to 2021. The results show that solid waste recycling has increased more than 11 times, while the municipal waste generation rate per capita slightly decreased. The regression analysis demonstrates that increasing management costs does not have the desired effect on the reuse and recycling of waste, backing the previous research results about the importance of other factors like environmental consciousness and state regulation. Despite the general positive changes, the progress of Kazakhstan in implementing a circular economy is still in its early stages. The article can provide valuable insights to policymakers and researchers in Kazakhstan on ways of assessing the waste management system and promoting a circular economy in the country. Keywords: circular economy, waste management, regression analysis, environmental consciousness

SEKTOR BARU PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA, KABUPATEN SLEMAN DAN BANTUL)

The rate of municipal waste generation increases along with the increase in population, infrastructure and supporting activities in it. But in developing countries, the amount of waste is not comparable with the government's performance in handling it. The role of the government in waste management, in this study is referred to as the formal sector. Various limitations arise in this formal sector, such as minimal funding, human resources and the availability of infrastructure. In addition to the formal sector, there are also informal activities that play a role, but the motives for their activities are not environmental issue, but economic motives for individuals and groups, so that their large role is not considered in municipal solidwaste management and planning. The Indonesian government presents other sectors in the Solidwaste Bank and TPS 3R programs, this sector is referred to as the semi-formal sector, because of the government's involvement but operated by the community. The motive is also integrated between environment and economy as a step of empowerment. This study aims to present the semi-formal sector, whose task is to assist in the handling and reduction of waste at both at the source and the larger scale (comunal), as a new sector in the solidwaste management system in Indonesia. Keywords : Semi-formal sector, Solidwaste Bank, Solidwaste management , TPS3R

Electric power generation from municipal solid waste: A techno-economical assessment under different scenarios in Iran

Due to the increasing rate of municipal waste generation, Waste-to-Energy technologies for waste management have been noticed in the last two decades. The objective of the present study was to investigate and review the sensitivity analysis of different scenarios for choosing an effective and efficient technology using a gasification or incineration system from municipal solid waste in Iran. The challenge was to find the best suitable scenario according to economic aspects. For this purpose, factors of the costs of waste disposal (gate fee) and electricity power purchase agreement in the economic recovery plan for the two technologies (waste gasification and incineration) were evaluated. The investigation data analysis showed significant difference between gasification and incineration technologies. Due to the higher efficiency of gasification technology compared to incineration technology, scenarios of energy recovery from waste by gasification technology, taking into account the effect of gate fee or electricity power purchase agreement (scenario 5 and 6) were the best scenario among the evaluated scenarios. The calculation indicates that the most appropriate of payback periods for gasification technology 4.17 and 4.06 years in the gate fee of US$ 0.126 and electricity power purchase agreement of US$ 0.276, respectively.

Analysis of municipal waste generation rate in Poland compared to selected European countries

The generated municipal waste rates provided in the planning documents are a tool for forecasting the mass of waste generated in individual waste management regions. An important issue is the decisive separation of two concepts: waste generated and waste collected. The study includes analysis of the generation rate for Poland with division into urban and rural areas. The estimated and projected rate of municipal waste generation for Poland provided in subsequent editions of National Waste Management Plans (KPGO) changed since 2000 within wide range from about 300 to more than 500 kg per capita in an individual year (kg/pc/year). Currently, the National Waste Management Plan for the years 2017-2022 estimates municipal waste generation rate at approx. 270 kg/per capita/year with a projected increase to 330 kg/per capita/year in 2030. Most European countries adopt higher municipal waste generation rate, often exceeding 600 kg/per capita/year. The objective of the paper is therefore to analyze the causes of this difference in the declared values. The morphological composition of municipal waste stream in Poland and in selected European countries (e.g. France, Belgium, Switzerland) was analyzed. At present it is not possible to balance the value of the generation rate with the rate of waste collection in Poland. The conducted analyzes allow for determining a number of reasons for variation of the rate value in particular countries, mostly morphological composition of municipal waste, inclusion of household-like waste from infrastructure facilities or not and amount of waste collected in rural areas. The differences in the generation rates and provided possible reasons indicate the need to harmonize the methodology for estimating rates of municipal waste generation in various countries, including Poland.

생활폐기물 자원화시설의 편익분석 -강원도 중심으로-

본 연구에서는 자원화 가능한 폐기물의 양이 분석되었으며, 폐기물 자원화시설을 단독 또는 광역시설로 추진할 경우의 설치비 및 운영비를 산정하고, 매립비용과 비교, 분석함으로서 자원화시설의 타당성을 검토하고자 하였다. 자원화시설로는 고형연료화(RDF) 시설과 자원회수시설(소각)에 대한 검토를 수행하였다. 그리고, 강원도 각 시 군별 생활폐기물의 발생량과 가연성 폐기물의 비율을 고려하여 비용분석을 위한 광역권역을 설정하였다. 분석 결과, 단독시설의 경우에는 RDF 및 자원회수시설(소각) 모두 매립방식에 비교하여 경제적 편익이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 광역 시설의 경우, RDF 방식은 매립방식에 비해 많은 비용을 절감하는 것으로 나타났지만, 자소각 방식은 그렇지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 경제적 편익과는 별개로 화석 연료의 고갈, 지구온난화, 환경적 위해성, 그리고 사회적 갈등 등을 고려할 때 폐기물의 자원화는 중요하게 고려되어야 한다. 특히, 향후 CDM 사업이 활성화될 경우 CERs(온실가스 저감인증)에 의한 추가적인 경제적 부가가치도 기대할 수 있을 것으로 나타났다. RDF 시설에 의한 CERs는 약 2,565억원, 자원회수시설에 의한 CERs는 약 540억원(단독시설) 및 774억원(광역시설)으로 분석되었다. In this study, the amount of waste resource that could be recovered was analyzed. The installation and operation costs of waste resource recovery for both single- and multi-regional facility were calculated, and compared with the costs of landfill to investigate the feasibility of them. RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) process and resource recovery by incineration process were considered as waste resource recovery facility. And, the multi-regions for cost analysis were established on the basis of the proper generation rate of municipal waste with the consideration of combustible ratio. The study results showed that single region facility for both RDF and incineration process has no economic benefit, compared with the landfill method. For the multi-regional facility, RDF process could save a large cost than the landfill method, but the incineration facility couldn't. Separate from the economic benefits, the waste resource recovery should be importantly considered when considering the depletion of fossil fuel, global warming, environmental toxicity, and the enormous expenses due to social conflict and confuse. When the CDM(Clean Development Mechanism) is vitalized in the near future, the additional economic benefits by CERs(Certified Emission Reductions) could be expected. CERs for RDF facility is corresponding to about 256.5 billion won, and CERs for incineration facility is corresponding to about 54 and 77.4 billion won for single- and multi-regional facility, respectively.