Municipal Solid Waste Sector Research Articles

Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation strategies in China's municipal solid waste sector under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

With the continuous increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by MSW treatment have gradually become an important environmental concern. This study developed a comprehensive ten-factor analysis framework using the generalized Divisia index method (GDIM) to decompose the driving factors of GHG emissions from MSW sectors in China and its 31 provinces from 2010 to 2022, including population, economy, consumption, and waste generation. The heterogeneity of factor contributions was discussed from both temporal and spatial perspectives to propose mitigation strategies for provincial MSW sectors. The results indicated the following: (1) GHG emissions from the MSW sector increased from 2010 to 2019, followed by a 20.7% decrease from 2019 to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Regionally, emissions were greater in the eastern provinces than in the central and western provinces. (2) The main positive contributors to the increase in GHG emissions were the consumption expenditure of urban households (HCE, 27.61 MtCO2e) and GDP (25.71 MtCO2e). GHG emissions per HCE (-27.31 MtCO2e) and GHG emissions per GDP (-25.45 MtCO2e) were the main factors for emission reduction. (3) The contributions of ten driving factors to each province varied significantly across different periods, with the negative effect of emission reduction factors increasing under the impact of the pandemic. The findings of this study can support policymakers in developing differentiated mitigation strategies at the provincial level to promote the sustainable transformation of waste management in China.

A comprehensive evaluation of eco-productivity of the municipal solid waste service in Chile

AbstractMoving toward a circular economy requires improvement of the economic and environmental performance of municipalities in their provision of municipal solid waste (MSW) services. Understanding performance changes over years is fundamental to support decision-making. This study employs the Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator to evaluate eco-productivity change and its drivers in the MSW sector in Chile over the years 2015–2019. The further use of decision tree and linear regression analysis allows exploration of the interaction between operating characteristics and eco-productivity estimations. The results of the eco-productivity assessment show that, although the Chilean MSW sector was still facing a transitional period, from 2015 to 2019, eco-productivity increased 1.28% per year. Gains in eco-productivity were due to technical progress and small gains in efficiency, whereas scale effect had an adverse impact. Other factors such as waste spending per inhabitant and the amount of waste collected and recycled per inhabitant had a significant impact on the eco-productivity of Chilean municipalities.

Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Municipal Solid Waste Sector in Chinese Cites.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems play a crucial role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China. Although the government has implemented many policies to improve the MSW management system, the impact of these improvements on city-level GHG emission reduction remains largely unexplored. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of both direct and downstream GHG emissions from the MSW sector, encompassing sanitary landfill, dump, incineration, and biological treatment, across 352 Chinese cities from 2001 to 2021 by adopting inventory methods recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results reveal that (1) GHG emissions from the MSW sector in China peaked at 70.6 Tg of CO2 equiv in 2018, followed by a significant decline to 47.6 Tg of CO2 equiv in 2021, (2) cities with the highest GHG emission reduction benefits in the MSW sector were historical emission hotspots over the past 2 decades, and (3) with the potential achievement of zero-landfilling policy by 2030, an additional reduction of 203.7 Tg of CO2 equiv is projected, with the emission reduction focus toward cities in South China (21.9%), Northeast China (17.8%), and Southwest China (17.3%). This study highlights that, even without explicit emission reduction targets for the MSW sector, the improvements of this sector have significantly reduced GHG emissions in China.

Modelling the Nexus of municipal solid waste sector for climate resilience and adaptation to nature-based solutions: A case study of Pakistan

Municipal solid waste management is a major concern in developing economies, requiring collective international efforts to achieve carbon neutrality by diverting waste from disposal facilities. This study aims to highlight the importance of the waste sector as it has the potential to significantly contribute to climate change and its toxicity impact on the local ecosystem. Out of the total municipal solid waste generated, only 78 % is collected, either open dumped or thrown in sanitary landfills. The waste sector's ecological impact value is calculated for the Earth's regions, and it is very high at >50 % in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. This sectoral impact value is mainly responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and degradation of the local ecosystem health. Current business‒as‒usual practices attribute 3.42 % of global emissions to the waste sector. Various scenarios are developed based on waste diversion and related emissions modelling, and it is found that scenarios 3 and 4 will support the policymakers of the regions in attaining zero carbon footprints in the waste sector. Our findings conclude that cost-effective nature-based solutions will help low‒income countries reduce emissions from disposal sites and significantly improve the local ecosystem's health. Developed economies have established robust waste‒handling policies and implementation frameworks, and there is a need for collaboration and knowledge sharing with developing economies at the regional level to sustain the sector globally.

Forecasting the Mitigation Potential of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Shenzhen through Municipal Solid Waste Treatment: A Combined Weight Forecasting Model

As a significant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the municipal solid waste sector’s greenhouse gas emission mode remains unknown, hampering effective decision-making on possible greenhouse gas emission reductions. Rapid urbanization and economic growth have resulted in massive volumes of municipal solid trash. As a result, identifying emission reduction routes for municipal solid waste treatment is critical. In this research, we investigate the potential of municipal solid waste treatment methods in lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Shenzhen, a typical Chinese major city. The results showed that the combined treatment of 58% incineration, 2% landfill, and 40% anaerobic digestion (AD) had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions of about 5.91 million tons under all scenarios. The implementation of waste sorting and anaerobic digestion treatment of organic municipal solid waste after separate collection can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by simply increasing the incineration ratio.

Innovative business models for the development of environmental entrepreneurship in the waste sector of Kazakstan

In modern conditions, most developed countries of the world have moved away from the linear model of economy, which leads to the depletion of natural resources, degradation of the environment and health. They have opted for a green growth strategy based on the use of innovative technologies. Despite the fact that production and consumption waste management is one of the main directions of implementation of the Concept on Transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) to a “green economy”, an effective system of collection and recycling has not been created in the sphere of municipal solid waste (MSW), which causes many problems. The aim of the study is to find opportunities for innovative business models for recycling and reuse of MSW in Kazakhstan. The theoretical significance of the article lies in the fact that based on the identification of the essence, principles and models of circular economy the necessity of active development of eco-entrepreneurship in the field of waste is justified. The practical significance lies in the problems of MSW sector and the main ways to solve them. To eliminate these problems and obstacles it is proposed to use innovative business models for waste recycling into secondary raw materials, to create conditions for the activation of the “green business”, based on the principles of closed-cycle economy. The study concluded that the MSW sector in Kazakhstan is a promising niche for the development of eco-entrepreneurship. It is recommended to use the circular principles, business models, create favourable conditions for business activities.

Spatio-temporal Change in City-level Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Sector in China During the Last Decade and Its Potential Mitigation

The waste sector is a significant source of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and clarifying its emission trends and characteristics is the premise for formulating GHG emission reduction strategies. Using the IPCC inventory model, the GHG emissions from the municipal solid waste(MSW) sector in China during 2010 to 2020 were estimated. The results showed that GHG emissions increased from 42.5 Mt in 2010 to 75.3 Mt in 2019, then decreased to 72.1 Mt in 2020. MSW landfills were the main source of GHG emissions. Further, with the increase in the proportion of waste incineration, the proportion of GHG incineration increased rapidly from 16.5% in 2010 to 60.1% in 2020. In terms of regional distribution, East and South China were the regions with the highest emissions, and Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were the provinces with the largest GHG emissions. Implementing MSW classification, changing the MSW disposal modes from landfilling to incineration, improving the LFG collection efficiency of landfills, and using biological functional materials as the cover soil to strengthen the methane oxidation efficiency are the main measures to achieve GHG emission reduction in waste sectors.

Greenhouse gas emissions mitigation potential of municipal solid waste management: A case study of 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province, China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment is one of the main anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). To mitigate the GHG emissions of the MSW sector, it is crucial to describe their emissions evolutions and mechanisms and propose localized mitigation measures on that basis. The logarithmic mean Divisia index model is used to identify the driving forces of MSW-related GHG emissions and explore the mitigation potential. Jiangsu, a typical province in China with 13 prefecture-level cities, is selected as the case study. The results showed that GHG emissions from Jiangsu's MSW treatment has increased by nearly 2.5 Mt in the last 20 years, as incineration replaces landfills. Economic development was the dominant positive driving force, and MSW generation intensity was the dominant negative driving force. Scenario analysis revealed that the carbon peak of MSW management could appear if MSW source separation and recycling (SSR) were implemented, reducing GHG accumulation emissions by approximately 0.3–0.4 Gt during 2022–2060. Referencing the SSR of the Shanghai pattern will generate the greatest mitigation potential of GHG emissions among the different scenario designs. Finally, policy recommendations for priority cities, consideration of population and economic factors, optimization of MSW treatment structures and improvements to SSR are proposed, which could help local- and national-level decision makers in China and other countries design policy guides to promote carbon neutrality, while simultaneously linking current research areas to waste management practices as well as promoting practices in environment and sustainability.

Exploring the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the current municipal solid waste system of Kazakhstan: case study of Nur-Sultan city

As we move forward, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, particularly in developing countries, contribute notably to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the MSW sector plays a key role in planning strategies for developing countries such as Kazakhstan to decrease GHG emissions. With respect to the Paris Agreement, Kazakhstan has set the target of reducing GHG emissions to 15-25% by 2030 compared to the level of 1991, which will undoubtedly require certain measures in the field of MSW management. Several recent articles have been published on the waste management sector of Kazakhstan; however, none have explicitly focused on the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and possible pathways towards sustainable management. Thus, this paper describes the existing MSW system in Nur Sultan city as representative for the rest of the country. The quantitative evaluation of GHG emissions from the existing MSW system in the capital is carried out based on the IPCC methodology using the SWM-GHG calculator developed by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IFEU). An assessment and cost analysis of a set of several suitable MSW management scenarios, such as scenario 1: existing case (15% recycling rate and 85% disposal), scenario 2: 30% recyclable materials, and 70% sanitary landfill with gas collection; scenario 3: 30% recyclable materials and 70% biological stabilization and landfill without gas collection; scenario 4: 30% recyclable materials, 20% composting and 50% waste to be sent to the WtE plant (incineration). The level of GHG emissions decreases with the introduction of more integrated waste management methods, but requires more financial investments. Therefore, Scenario 3 is the most efficient to implement in terms of the combination of cost of €19.4 million/year and magnitude of GHG emissions of 48 kt of CO2 eq/year. The outcomes of this work will help to extrapolate the model to other large cities in Kazakhstan

How much does it cost to collect recyclable and residual waste in medium-income countries? A case study in the Chilean waste sector

ABSTRACT Improper municipal solid waste (MSW) management leads to contamination of water, soil and air with negative impacts on human health. Moreover, not dealing with residual waste has huge implications for meeting circular economy targets. Understanding how much it costs could lead to a better quality of service and boost environmental sustainability. This study estimates an input distance function using econometric techniques to measure the technical efficiency of the MSW sector in Chile. This approach further allows us to estimate the shadow price of residual waste in terms of total costs. The results indicated that the average technical efficiency of the waste sector was 0.592. This means that the potential savings in costs and residual waste among municipalities could be at the level of 40.8%. Large divergences among municipalities were found since efficiency scores ranged between 0.029 and 0.863. It is found that for 53% of the municipalities evaluated, efficiency scores varied between 0.61 and 0.80. On average, the cost of reducing residual waste was 81.10 US $ per kilogram. This means that on average the cost of preventing one more kilogram of residual waste not being collected and recycled was 81.10 US $. It was also found that on average as population density increased, the shadow price of residual waste increased as well.Implications: The study provides a methodology that allows the policy makers to estimate the efficiency of the solid waste sector where limited available statistical data usually exists in developing and medium-income countries. They have the opportunity to understand what drives costs and identify the best and worst performers. This information is essential to develop local initiatives to enhance waste recycling and therefore, achieving the targets established at national level. Managers can also see if there are other operating factors that could influence performance such as population density. The proposed methodology allows integrating other exogenous variables that might be interesting to policy makers. For instance, a tourism index could be included in the assessment to evaluate whether tourism impacts on the efficiency of municipalities in the provision of municipal solid waste services and therefore, to analyze the implementation of an eco-tax for tourists.

The Impact of Solid Waste Management to the Economic Growth in selected OECD Countries and Philippines

Solid waste was an unavoidable by-product of most human activities. Solid waste management played a significant role in reducing waste and increasing recycling in the MSW sector. The purpose of this study was to discuss the effects of environmental factors on variables such as municipal solid waste (MSW), MSW per capita, and recycling rate to socioeconomic factors such as population and economic performance from selected countries or economies. The study used selected OECD countries, namely, South Korea, the USA, Spain, Switzerland, and the Philippines utilizing their annual data from 1990 to 2018. This study employed panel regression analysis to examine the effect of environmental factors on the individual economy and Granger Causality test with the basis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) to conduct empirical verification of the theoretical basis. The result indicated that municipal solid waste (MSW) has a significant positive effect on a country's economic growth (GDP per capita). However, for material recycling, Spain was the only country that has shown a positive relationship between material recycling (Recycling Rate) and economic growth (GDP per capita). While the rest of the selected countries have shown no significant effect on the country's economic growth. The results of the granger causality test are confirmed bidirectionally between municipal solid waste per capita (MSW), GDP per capita growth in %(EG), and Recycling Rate(RR). The research strongly recommended that solid waste management policies/practices of the selected OECD Countries should be considered and applied in the Philippines to decrease the amount of waste and increase the recycling in the MSW.

China's changing city-level greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste treatment and driving factors

With cities’ intertwined challenges of garbage siege and climate change, it is imperative to explore the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment and the determinants of the emissions change. However, related quantitative analysis with high spatial resolution in China has been lacking, which hinder tailored policymaking. To fill the gap, this study develops a long time-series inventory of GHG emissions (including CH4, CO2 and N2O) from MSW for 294 Chinese prefecture-level cities. The temporal and spatial logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) model is further used to reveal the drivers behind the emissions change and difference. Results showed that domestic GHG emissions from MSW treatment increased from 39.24 Mt CO2e in 2006 to 128.81 Mt CO2e in 2019, 63.41%-88.95% of which were CH4 emissions accounting for 8.13%-10.22% of China's total CH4 emissions. First-tier cities and new first-tier cities (6.44%) contributed 35.44% to the national emissions in 2019. Furthermore, the national increased emissions were primarily driven by economic output (66.09%), while the MSW treatment intensity per GDP caused emissions reduction by 5.23%. The spatial decomposition verified that the population size was the dominant driving factor for differences between the national average and city-level emissions. Improvements in MSW treatment structure may be the effective abatement strategy for cities in Northwestern China (e.g., Yinchuan, Xining and Lanzhou). These findings could provide insights into the GHG emission mitigation of cities’ MSW sector for a future carbon-neutral society.

Eco-Productivity Analysis of the Municipal Solid Waste Service in the Apulia Region from 2010 to 2017

This paper presents a dynamic efficiency study of the solid waste management in the municipalities of the Apulia region (Southern Italy). The study employs the non-parametric Global Malmquist Index to measure the change in productivity of the municipal solid waste service from 2010 to 2017. Three different DEA-based models are implemented to measure productivity. The first model computes the service productivity solely from the economic perspective, while the second and third models compute the service productivity from both the economic and environmental perspectives. Adopting two distinct perspectives provides a more comprehensive insight into the performance of the waste management service considering the productivity and the eco-productivity of service provision. The results from the productivity analysis show that, between 2010 and 2017, the municipal solid waste sector was still facing a transitional period characterized by low cost-efficiency and productivity growth measurements. Vice versa, the efficiency and productivity indicators improve when the analysis is performed accounting for the environmental impact. Indeed, both the eco-efficiency and eco-productivity measures increase from 2010 to 2017. Findings demonstrate the critical importance to include environmental indicators in the efficiency and productivity analysis.

The Cost of Reducing Municipal Unsorted Solid Waste: Evidence from Municipalities in Chile

The management of municipal solid waste sector is crucial for a sustainable circular economy. Waste utilities are expected to provide high quality solid waste services at an affordable price. The efficient management of solid waste requires its assessment from an economic and environmental perspective, i.e., eco-efficiency assessment. Although the reduction of unsorted waste incurs an economic cost, its positive externalities are huge for the well-being of society, the environment, and people. Our study quantifies the marginal cost of reducing any unsorted waste using stochastic frontier analysis techniques which allow us to estimate the eco-efficiency of the waste sector. Our empirical approach focuses on the municipal solid waste collection and recycling services provided by several waste utilities in Chile. The results indicate that substantial eco-inefficiency in the sector exists, since the average eco-efficiency score is roughly 0.5 which means that the municipalities could approximately halve their operational costs and unsorted waste to produce the same level of output. The average marginal cost of reducing unsorted waste is 32.28 Chilean pesos per ton, although notable differences are revealed among the waste utilities evaluated. The results provided by this study are of great interest to stakeholders to promote sustainable management solutions and resource efficient solid waste services.

Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Energy Utilization Potential in Major Cities of Indonesia

Problems in municipal solid waste sector remains a challenge to solve for the government of Indonesia. Processing waste into fuel, or known as refuse derived fuel (RDF), are some of the technological alternatives considered to tackle the waste problem. This paper aims to describe recent information on municipal solid waste generation in major cities of Indonesia, including DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi, Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta, Surabaya, Makassar, Denpasar, and Palembang, and to overview its potential for energy utilization as refuse derived fuel (RDF). Municipal solid waste generation in Indonesia was assessed based on sources, generation rate, and composition data by year of 2018. Data was obtained from the State Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s (SMEF) national inventory of waste generation website, the National Waste Information System (SIPSN). To assess refuse derived fuel (RDF) potential, waste characteristics such as calorific value, water content, volatile content, ash content is evaluated for each composition. In those cities, municipal solid waste generation rate was 0,69 kg/capita-day, with 1780 tonnes/day generated on an average per city. Household sector was significantly the largest source of municipal solid waste generation in all cities in Indonesia, which contributed 44-75% to total waste generated. The composition of municipal waste consists of 43.78% of food waste, 16.05% of paper, and 14.08% of plastics. The result of calculations showed that, mixed municipal solid waste from those cities has high water content with average of 49.94%, high volatile content with average of 53.34%, and low ash content with average of 6.12%. Calculated heating value of the mixed municipal solid waste is 9.5 MJ/kg which is lower than standard for refuse derived fuel of 12.56 MJ/kg. Therefore, sorting and pre-treatment mixed municipal solid waste in Indonesia is necessary to meet the criteria of refuse derived fuel material.

Effect of energy from waste technologies on the risk profile of public-private partnership waste treatment projects of India

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have been increasingly employed in the delivery of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) projects of India. Particular interest has been on the energy from waste (EfW) projects. But many projects have failed. Studies on risk management that cater to the needs of Indian MSW sector on EfW projects is still in a nascent stage for Indian PPP body of knowledge, especially from the perspective of practitioners and policymakers. Accordingly, this study assessed the risks in four EfW technologies namely biomethanation, refuse derived fuel to power, incineration, and pyrolysis-gasification used in MSW management projects of India. The paper identified the risk factors of Indian MSW PPP projects through a comprehensive literature review. Subsequently, a questionnaire survey and structured interviews with Indian stakeholders are carried to capture the risk magnitude and maps the results of the general perception of the risk allocation preference. The findings show that the risk profiles are very different across these four EfW technologies. So, future projects would need to specifically focus those critical risks to procure EfW PPP projects successfully and bring value for money. Governments need to appropriately weigh the risks in EfW projects to resolve how to deal with market and human factors mainly related to the PPP aspects of the public assets and services.

The analysis of electricity production and greenhouse-gas emission reduction from municipal solid waste sector in Oman

Oman has witnessed a steady growth in greenhouse-gas emissions due to the increase in population and generation of municipal solid waste. Therefore, with the growing greenhouse-gas emissions, waste and energy demands, establishing waste-to-energy technologies is becoming an absolute necessity in Oman. The opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gas from the waste sector in Oman are not exploited or studied, and therefore, this study proposes a holistic quantification model to analyze future municipal solid waste management options. The quantification model is created through a set of assessment tools, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change models and emissions factors, and inputs to the model are based on the conditions of Oman. Total emissions from the disposal of municipal solid waste in landfills are estimated to increase from 2849 GgCO2eq in 2010 to 5565 GgCO2eq in 2030, whereas implementation of incineration, gasification and anaerobic digestion could reduce a total of 6257, 5489 and 4958 GgCO2eq in 2030, respectively, and could simultaneously generate 2096, 1205 and 136 GWh of electricity, respectively. Therefore, through carbon credits and sale of electricity, incineration could attract a total revenue of US$192 million, higher than gasification (US$139 million) and anaerobic digestion (US$81 million) in 2030. The higher potential of incineration to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions is attributed to its ability of treating higher amounts of waste and generating higher energy than gasification and anaerobic digestion. Therefore, this study concludes that incineration is the most optimum technology for Oman in terms of reducing volume of waste and greenhouse-gas emissions and generating energy and revenue.

Assessment of the municipal solid waste management sector development in Jordan towards green growth by sustainability window analysis

It has been argued recently that green growth is the only economic development pathway to secure a sustainable future. The Government of Jordan has launched a National Green Growth Plan aiming to facilitate the transition towards green growth in six priority sectors; amongst those is the solid waste management sector. Jordan Vision 2025 has set a 33% reduction target in the solid waste amounts disposed in landfills or dumpsites by 2025. This study examines the development of the municipal solid waste management sector in Jordan from sustainability standpoint and presents potential scenarios to attain Jordan Vision 2025 target and gradually place this sector on a green growth path. The Sustainability Window analysis tool was used to assess the sustainability of this sector over the 2010–2015 period. This tool identifies whether the economic growth maintains the social and environmental wellbeing using strong and weak environmental, social inclusion, and economic indicators. Three scenarios to address Jordan Vision 2025 target were proposed and compared using the Sustainability Window tool: Mechanical biological treatment-anaerobic digestion, mechanical biological treatment-composting, and incineration. It was concluded from the sustainability window analysis of the 2010–2015 data that the total number of jobs in the municipal solid waste management sector is a weak social inclusion indicator compared to the stronger one “jobs per 10,000 tonnes”. Likewise, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per tonne is a weak environmental indicator unlike the stronger “net GHG emissions”. It was also inferred from the Sustainability Window analysis that the 2010–2015 Jordanian municipal solid waste sector growth did not fulfill all sustainability criteria. The proposed future scenarios were compared and it was determined that the mechanical biological treatment alternatives fulfill all sustainability criteria regardless of the indicators’ strength, whereas the incineration scenario only satisfies the sustainability criteria using weak environmental indicators. Nonetheless, mechanical biological treatment-composting is the most attractive scenario from an economic perspective owing to the lower GHG mitigation cost of $18.3 per tCO2-eq compared to $35.5/tCO2-eq for the mechanical biological treatment-anaerobic digestion and $161.7/tCO2-eq for incineration.

Factors affecting public-private partnership preference in Indian municipal waste sector

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management has been a crucial social sector and is part of millennium development goals. Government of India started to use public-private partnerships for this infrastructure provision but without knowing the rationale of its adoption. To this end, this study purposes to draw lessons on factors affecting PPP preference in Indian MSW sector. Questionnaire survey and interviews with the stakeholders of the PPP project provided the data for analysis. Factor analysis technique on the survey data resulted in four components each for attractive and negative factors. The findings suggest that MSW services primarily and importantly procured because of the PPP mode is more favoured on account of the dire need of MSW services in India and benefits. But, stakeholders perceived that PPP caused unfavourable results such as failed projects, high transaction costs, and overexploitation by the private sector. They attributed this negativity to the inappropriate procurement process. Hence, deliberation of the attractive factors and devising strategies to overcome the negative factors will help the public sector to successfully adopt PPP in MSW sector and to frame policies for the procurement of MSW projects through PPP route. This work is novel for providing sector-specific nuances.

Mitigation of CO2e Emissions from the Municipal Solid Waste Sector in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Mitigating climate change to limit the global temperature increase (relative to pre-industrial temperatures) to 2 °C is receiving considerable attention around the world. Here, historical and future carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Bahrain were calculated using the revised Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1996 and IPCC 2006 methods. The extent to which waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies can contribute to climate change mitigation was assessed by performing a multicriteria analysis. The results indicated that CO2e emissions from MSW in Bahrain have been increasing since the Askar landfill was constructed in 1986. Emission recalculations indicated that CO2e emissions from MSW contribute 6.2% of total emissions in Bahrain rather than the 11.6% reported in the second national communication. Methane emissions from MSW in 2030 are predicted to be 22–63 Gg. The WtE technologies anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery gave the best and gasification the worst multicriteria analysis model results. A database of WtE plants around the world should be compiled to allow decisions around the world to be based on best practices. The potential for maximizing energy recovery and decreasing costs needs to be investigated to allow WtE plants to compete better with renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.